11

Business
Mathematics
(Quarter 2 – Module 8/ Lesson 2/
Week 8)

ESSENTIAL PARTS FOR

DATA PRESENTATION
Department of Education
SDO – City of San Fernando (LU)
Region I
 11

Business
Mathematics
(Quarter 2 – Module 8/ Lesson 2/
Week 8)

ESSENTIAL PARTS FOR

DATA PRESENTATION
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

 Describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data
presentation.
 Give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used.
(ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-8)
 Draw the graph/table to present the data. (ABM_BM11PAD-IIi-9)

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For the parents:

1. Please guide your child while he is studying and answering the tasks provided in this
module.
2. Remind your child about his study time and schedule so he can finish the module.
3. Let your child answer the module activities independently, however, assist him only
when necessary.
4. I will call on a certain time based on the schedule to explain the lessons in the module.
5. Kindly return the whole module and answer sheets on _________ during Fridays at
____________________.

For the learners:

1. Carefully read the directions so that you will know what to do.
2. If there are directions or topics in the module that are difficult for you to understand,
feel free to ask from your parents or companions at home. However, if you still could
not understand, you can call me at this number, _____________so I could explain it
to you clearly.
3. Answer the activities in the module on the specific day for the subject. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers. Avoid writing or tearing the pages of this module
because this will be used by other pupils/students like you.
4. Write important concepts in your notebook regarding your lesson. This will help you
in your review later.
5. You need to finish the activities in this module so that you can give this to your
parents on ___________________________.

Always remember these health tips:

1. Remember to wear your face mask properly and regularly.

2. Always wash your hands with clean water and soap.
3. Cover your mouth and nose with handkerchief whenever you cough or sneeze.
4. Follow the one-meter distance so that you will prevent the spread of the virus.

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Business Mathematics Self – Learning Module conforms to the requirement of the K to 12
Math curriculum which develops math skills and processes, critical thinking skills, and
problem solving skills. It emphasizes the development of values and attitudes as well as the
maximum use of mathematical tools in learning.

Business Mathematics Self – Learning Module attains the K to 12 Most Essential

Learning Competencies of DepEd. This is designed to educate the learners on the basic
concepts of business mathematics, preparing those who will be conquering the world of
business and finance in the near future. Furthermore, this module includes the following
components:

What I This will give you an idea of the skills or

Need to competencies you are expected to learn in the
Know module.
This part includes an activity that aims to check what
What I you already know about the lesson to take. If you get
Know all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to
skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the
What’s In current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to
What’s
you in various ways; a story, a song, a poem, a
New
problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to
What’s solidify your understanding and skills of the topic.
More You may check the answers to the exercises using
the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph
Have to be filled in to process what you learned from the
Learned lesson.
This section provides an activity which will help you
What I
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life
Can Do
situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of
Assessment mastery in achieving the learning competency.

In this portion, another activity will be given to you

Additional
to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson
Activities
learned.

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 What I Need to Know
This module will help you understand business data in graphs, charts, and tables. You
will be able to solve problems in real-life business situations, present data in graphical form,
and analyze them.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data presentation;
2. give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used and
3. draw the graph/table to present the data.

What I Know
Before we get started, let us find out how much you already know about this module
by answering the pre – test below.

INSTRUCTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the UPPERCASE LETTERS
ONLY on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is NOT a graphical presentation of business data?

A. bar graph B. histogram C. pie chart D. table

2. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a good graph?

A. It does not mislead.
B. It facilitates data analysis.
C. It grabs the reader’s attention and stimulates thinking.
D. It presents the information complexly, vaguely, and accurately.

3. What type of graph are you going to use if you want to compare quantities in different
categories?
A. bar graph C. pictogram
B. histogram D. pie chart
 4. What type of graph are you going to use if you want to present categories as parts of a
whole?
A. bar graph C. pictogram
B. histogram D. pie chart

5. What type of graph are you going to use if you want to display data or information that
varies over time?
A. bar graph C. pie chart
B. line graph D. stacked bar graph

Lesson
Graphs of Business Data
2
A graph is a visual representation of data, in which data are represented using elements
like rectangles, circles, or lines. It is a very effective visual tool because it shows data quickly,
enables comparison, and uncovers trends and relationships within the data.
Graphical presentation of data is an essential part of data analysis and report writing. It
makes data more digestible and easily understood, allowing the reader or audience to quickly
get the important point(s) of an analysis or report. Graphs are particularly helpful when
information must be conveyed within a limited time period.
However, graphs are not always the most appropriate tools for presenting information.
Tables or even texts may sometimes provide a better explanation to your audience and save
you considerable time and effort. Graphs should add to the effectiveness of your message and
merely make it look impressive.
 What’s In
Before we proceed to the new lesson, let us review the concepts of salaries and wages
by answering the matching-type test below.

INSTRUCTION: Match the definition in column A to its corresponding term in column

B. Write the UPPERCASE LETTERS ONLY on your answer sheet.

Column A Column B
_____1. It is the data value or values that occur most frequently. A. Graphical
_____2. In this form, the data are organized and presented using rows and B. Mean
columns. C. Median
_____3. In this form, the data are presented using elements like rectangles, D. Mode
circles, or lines. E. Range
_____4. It is the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a F. Standard
given set of data. Deviation
_____5. In this form, the data are stated or explained in a straightforward G. Tabular
manner in sentences or paragraphs. H. Textual

What’s New
Graphical presentation of data is better understood and appreciated by humans and it
brings out the hidden pattern and trends of the complex data sets. Thus the reason for displaying
data graphically is twofold: (1) investigators can have a better look at the information collected
and the distribution of data; and (2) to communicate this information to others quickly We shall
discuss in detail some of the commonly used graphical presentations.
 What is It

Tips on Using Graphs

Once you have decided that a graph is the most appropriate way to present your data,
keep the following in mind:
1. Audience. Who is your audience? What do they know about the topic?
2. Message. What is it that you want to communicate?
3. Nature of Message. What is the nature of your message? Do you want to do a
comparison, analyze relationships, or show trends?

Attributes of a Good Graph

 It grabs the reader’s attention and stimulates thinking.
 It presents the information simply, clearly, and accurately.
 It does not mislead.
 It facilitates data analysis, like determining trends, relationships, and differences.

Essential Parts of a Graph

Graph components fall into three categories.
1. Data components that represent the data like bars, lines, or areas.
2. Support components that help the readers understand the data like title, data labels, and
gridlines.
 The title should give a clear idea of what the graph is all about. It has to be short and
concise.
 Data labels are displayed on or next to the data components to facilitate their
identification and understanding.
 Gridlines help users read and compare data values.
 The axis labels should identify the values displayed in the graph.
 A footnote may be used to provide definitions or information.
 The data source should be identified at the bottom of the graph.
3. Decorative features that are not related to the data.
Types of Graphs

1. BAR GRAPH
A bar graph is used to present data that includes frequencies and other measures for
distinct categories. It uses bars to represent data. It may be either a horizontal bar graph (in
which bars are drawn horizontally) or a vertical bar graph (in which bars are drawn vertically).
Generally, bar graphs are used to present the relative amounts or frequencies for certain
categories of data. And it helps us see relationships quickly.

(Source: Original Illustration by the writer.)

2. LINE GRAPH
A line graph is made up of connected segment. It is commonly used to present data that
occur sequentially over a period of time. It can show trends or patterns in a given set of data –
for example, if the values are either increasing or decreasing over time.
Usually, a line graph is an effective tool for visualizing trends. Time is usually
displayed on the horizontal axis while the variable is displayed on the vertical axis. Successive
data points are then connected by a line.
 (Source: Original Illustration by the writer.)

3. PIE CHART
A pie chart uses a circle that is divided into sections (or wedges) whose sizes are
proportional to the corresponding data. These sections usually represent parts of a whole. It is
commonly used to show how a whole population is divided into various groups or
classifications.
Generally, it presents categories as parts of a whole. It shows how much each category
contributes to the whole. The area of each section is proportional to the number of cases in that
category.

(Source: Original illustration by the writer.)

 4. STACKED BAR GRAPH
Another way to compare two populations is by using a stacked bar graph. In a stacked
bar graph, you have one bar for each population, and one piece of that bar for each category.
A stacked bar can be used to show and compare segments of totals.

(Source: https://www.counterpointresearch.com/global-smartphone-share/)

5. PICTOGRAM
In a pictogram, (short for picture diagram), pictures are used to represent frequencies.
This contributes to making information more interesting to look at and easier to understand. A
pictogram must have a key to show what each symbol or picture means. Each symbol must be
of identical size and the number of symbols drawn should be proportional to the given data.
Parts of a symbol can be used to represent smaller numbers.
 (Source: https://www.math-only-math.com/pictograph-to-represent-the-collected-data.html#gallery[pageGallery]/2/)

6. HISTOGRAM
A histogram is similar to a bar chart except that the bars do not have gaps between
them. You get this effect by using class boundaries for the width of the bars. It is applicable to
quantitative (measured or counted) data. The 𝑦 − axis is used to record the absolute number of
observations or counts for each class interval and the area of each bar is proportional to its
frequency.

(Source: https://asq.org/quality-resources/histogram)
 ANALYZING AND INTERPRETING THE DATA PRESENTED IN THE GRAPH
Once a graph is used to present data, the reader must be able to figure out what message
the author is trying to convey. It is always a good idea to put yourself on the shoes of your
prospective audience and view the graph you have created from his or her perspective. Find
out if the data is easily analyzed and interpreted.

Example 1: Analyzing a Line Graph

The graph shows the sales of a mini-mart in a week.

(Source: Original Illustration by the writer.)

Questions:
1. Which day had the highest sale? How much was the sale?
2. Which day had the lowest sale? How much was the sale?
3. What is the mean of the sales during the week?
4. What is the median of the sales during the week?
5. How much is the most frequent sales amount?
6. Suppose you are the owner of the store. Based on your analysis of your mart’s
manpower requirements, you found out that you need to hire additional part-time
employees who can help man the store for three days every week. On which days should
the part-time employees be in the store?

Solutions and Answers:

1. The highest sale, which amounted to ₱7,500.00, was made on Friday.
 2. The lowest sale, which amounted to ₱2,700.00, was made on Wednesday.
3. The mean of the sales can be computed as follows:
5000 + 3300 + 2700 + 4100 + 7500 + 6800 + 5900
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = ≈ 5042.86
7
Therefore, the mean is ₱5,042.86.
4. Arranging the sales in increasing order, we have:
2,700 3,300 4,100 5,000 5,900 6,800 7,500
The middle vale is 5,000. Therefore, the median is ₱5,000.
5. The most frequent sales amount is none.
6. The part-time employees should be in store during the days when there are many
customers. Most probably, such days are those with the highest sales. These are Friday,
Saturday, and Sunday.

Example 2: Analyzing a Bar Graph

The graph shows the daily total amount of vegetables sold for three days. The
indicated amounts are in pounds.

(Source: https://www.ck12.org/statistics/Multiple-Bar-Graphs/lesson/Multiple-Bar-Graphs-MSM7/)

Questions:
1. In what day tomatoes have its highest total amount sold?
2. How much is the average total amount of squash sold in a day?
3. Which vegetable had the highest total amount sold during the three given days? How
much is the total amount?
4. In what day the six vegetables have the lowest total amount sold?
 5. What vegetables have the same total amount sold in day 1?
6. What is the average total amount vegetable sold in day 3?

Solutions and Answers:

1. Among the bars for tomatoes in the graph, day 3 corresponds to the longest bar.
Therefore, the highest total amount of tomatoes sold is in day 3.
2. Based on the graph, the following are the estimated total amount of squash sold during
each of the given days:
Day Amount
1 32 lbs.
2 36 lbs.
3 36 lbs.
The average total amount of squash sold in a day can be computed as follows:
32 + 36 + 36 104
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = ≈ 34.67
3 3
Therefore, the average total amount of squash sold in a day is about 34.67 lbs.
3. By simply looking at the bars in the graph, we can easily see that among the six
vegetables, the total amount sold every day is always highest in corn. The following
table shows the estimated total amount of corn sold during each of the given day:
Day Amount
1 56 lbs.
2 64 lbs.
3 66 lbs.
TOTAL 186 lbs.
Therefore, the total amount of squash sold during the three given days is about 186 lbs.
4. Four out of six vegetables have the lowest total amount sold in day 1.
5. None.
6. The following are the total amounts of vegetables sold in day 3:
Vegetable Squash Zucchini Corn Carrots Lettuce Tomatoes
Amount 36 lbs. 37 lbs. 68 lbs. 22 lbs. 34 lbs. 58 lbs.
 What’s More

INSTRUCTION: Show your solutions and answers on your answer sheet then present it
in a graph.

An amount of ₱300,000.00 is invested at 3% annual interest rate, compounded yearly.

Construct a line graph for the annual interest earned in 5 years, assuming that no withdrawal is
made during the period.

What I Have Learned

Remember the following:

Essential Parts of a Graph
 Data components that represent the data like bars, lines, or areas.
 Support components that help the readers understand the data like title, data labels,
and gridlines.
 Decorative features that are not related to the data.
Data may be presented in a graph.

Graph – it is a visual representation of data, in which data are represented using

elements like rectangles, circles, or lines.
The commonly used graph for presentation of data are the following:
 Bar Graph – it is used to present data that includes frequencies and other measures for
distinct categories.
 Line Graph – it is commonly used to present data that occur sequentially over a period
of time.
 Pie Chart – it is commonly used to show how a whole population is divided into various
groups or classifications.
 Stacked Bar Graph – it can be used to show and compare segments of totals.
 Pictogram – it uses pictures to represent frequencies.
  Histogram – it is applicable to quantitative (measured or counted) data.

What I Can Do
INSTRUCTION: Read, analyze, and then solve. Show your complete and organized
solutions and answers on your answer sheet.

The pie chart shows the gross earning of an employee during a particular month.

(Source: Original illustration by the writer.)

Suppose his gross earnings is ₱25,000.00. Answer the following questions.

1. How much is his basic salary?
2. How much is his overtime pay?
3. How much is his premium pay?
4. How much is his night shift differential?

Assessment
INSTRUCTION: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the UPPERCASE LETTERS
ONLY on your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT considered in using graphs?
A. audience C. message
B. decorative features D. nature of message
2. Which of the following is TRUE about the essential parts of a graph?
A. The title has to be long and redundant.
B. Data labels are displayed away to the data components.
C. The axis labels should identify the values displayed in graphs.
D. The data source should be identified at the right side of the graph.

3. What type of graph are you going to use if you want to show and compare segments of
totals?
A. bar graph C. pie chart
B. line graph D. stacked bar graph

4. What type of graph are you going to use if you want to use pictures to represent
frequencies?
A. bar graph C. pictogram
B. histogram D. stacked bar graph

5. What type of graph are you going to use if you are using quantitative data?
A. histogram C. pie chart
B. line graph D. stacked bar graph

Additional Activity

 WEB CONNECT. Instruction: Scan the QR code or access the link below for
instructional video about graphical forms of business data using MS Excel.

https://tinyurl.com/y2m4mwsa
 References

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Bacani, J. B., et al. (2017). Business Mathematics for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc.
 Lim, Y. F., et al. (2016). Math for Engaged Learning Grade 11 – Business Mathematics.
Quezon City, Philippines: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.

ONLINE RESOURCES
 https://www.slideshare.net/drasifk/graphical-presentation-of-data-10612074
 https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-
magazines/graphic-presentation
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: ROEGEN C. RIVERA
Editors/Evaluators/Reviewers: KWENIE A. PAJE
THEA ZONETTE S. MEDRANO, Ph. D.
BRENDA A. SABADO
LORENA C. SALVADOR, Ed. D.
Illustrator: ROEGEN C. RIVERA
Layout Artist: ROEGEN C. RIVERA
Management Team: Dr. Rowena C. Banzon, CESO V, SDS
Dr. Wilfredo E. Sindayen, ASDS
Dr. Agnes B. Cacap, Chief – CID
Dr. Jose Mari P. Almeida, Chief – SGOD
Genevieve B. Ugay, EPS – LRMS
Hazel B. Libatique, Librarian II
Aurelio C. Dayag, Jr., PDO II
Answer Key