Mathematics Project

TOPIC: Tree Structure Of a Random Experiment

Done By: Siddhesh Thorat

Grade 11 ISC
Roll no. 13
 Section A
Aim Of this Project: To construct tree structure of random experiment’s outcomes
and also construction of a sample space with regards to a suitable example

To construct a tree of outcomes, we have to first of all understand what outcomes

are, and how they are calculated,

Outcomes are all possible results of experiments. Outcomes of experiments are

usually grouped into events. Example, rolling a dice has 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 outcomes.
These outcomes can be grouped into events

Figuring out probabilities in math can be confusing, especially since there

are many rules and procedures involved. Luckily, there is a visual tool called
a probability tree diagram that you can use to organize your thinking and
make calculating probabilities much easier.

Probability Tree Diagram

For this tree diagram, we will be using a simple experiment of tossing a coin twice
to construct tree diagram from possible outcomes.

For tossing a coin twice, the possible outcomes are:

Now, using this data(outcomes), we will construct a tree diagram.

Since there are 2 possible events, (As we flip the coin twice), the two
branches will further separate into 4 branches(2 from each event).
Although confusing to read in text, it is much easier to comprehend it
from a diagram below:

Using the tree diagram, you can see that there are four possible outcomes
when flipping a coin twice: Heads/Heads, Heads/Tails, Tails/Heads,
Tails/Tails.

And since there are four possible outcomes, there is a 0.25 (or ¼)
probability of each outcome occurring. So, for example, there is a 0.25
probability of getting heads twice in a row.

Hence Tree diagrams make it exceptionally easy to find outcomes and even
probabilities!
Now we will look into constructing a sample space from the given data.

To construct a sample space, we will have to understand the basic foundation i.e,
we have to understand what a sample space is.

In simple words, a sample space is the set of all possible outcomes/results of the
experiments being conducted. A sample space is usually denoted using set
notation, and the possible ordered outcomes are listed as elements in the set.

Now that we have understood what samples are, lets start looking into how to
construct a sample space.

Going back to our coin, the sample space is S = {H, T} … where H-heads and T-tails.
Similarly, when you roll a six-sided dice, the sample space is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Every possibility is a sample point or element of the sample space.

Further, an event is a subset of the sample space and can contain one or more
sample points.

For example, when you roll a dice, the event that an odd number appears has
three sample points.

Coming back to exhaustive events, the total number of possible outcomes of a

random experiment form an exhaustive set of events. In other words, events are
exhaustive if we consider all possible outcomes.

Constructing a sample space

Considering our outcomes from the coin experiment mentioned before(for tree
diagram), they were : HH,HT,TH,TT
Therefore their sample space will be {HH,HT,TH,TT}.
Each value must be separated by a comma and the sample space should start and
end with a curly bracket{}.
 Conclusion
Tree diagrams are one of the fundamentals of probability in maths. and they
greatly help in comprehension and finding resulting outcomes/probabilities.

Although hard to understand in theory, tree diagrams are easily understood in

their diagrammatical format.

Sample Spaces are another fundamental key in probability. Not only do they store
outcomes, but also help in generating events and solving each sum of probability
efficiently. They are the basics of probability and make work of mathematicians
easier.

All in all, Sample space start and end in {‘’,’’,’’} . They contain outcomes. Events are
usually derived from sample spaces and are therefore the subsets of sample
spaces.

Tree diagrams are branched out chains containing finite number of events and
help in finding out probability and outcomes. Although not as efficient as other
methods, they still help by creating easily interpretable visuals.
 Webliography

Sites used in this project were:

-wikipedia.org
-toppr.com
-mashupmath.com
-genneso.edu