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Engineering Surveying
Chapter One
Introduction

Halabja University Bedar R.Hassan

Civil Engineering Department

• Surveying (Geomatics) : Is the art of determination the

relative position of different objects, and the relative
vertical distances of different points on the surface of the
earth.
• Oldest map in Egypt (1400 B.C.)
• First survey equipment refer to (120 B.C.) named the
(Dioptra).
• Surveyor: Is a professional person with the academic
qualification and technical expertise in surveying sector.
• Surveying work divided to main steps: Field work and
Office work.
• The Field work consists:
1. Determine relative location of points.
2. Set out or stake out of point.
• The Office work consists:
1. Research and analysis of data in preparing for surveys.
2. Processing the obtained data.
3. Preparing maps and charts.

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• Various applications of surveying: To prepare:

1. A topographic maps (Hills, and valleys).
2. A cadastral maps (Boundary)
3. A military maps.
4. A geological maps (under ground sources).
5. Archeological maps.
• Classification of surveying: Primary
classification
1. Plane Surveying: Is the type of surveying that
the curvature of the earth isn't taken into
consideration, used to small area of the earth (
not exceeding 250 𝑘𝑚2 ).
2. Geodetic surveying: Is the type of surveying that
the curvature of the earth is taken into
consideration, used to large area of the earth
(exceeding about 250 𝑘𝑚2 ).

• Specialized types of surveys:

1. Control Survey: Establish the network of monuments.
2. Topographic surveys: Locations and elevations of natural and
artificial features.
3. Cadastral surveys: establish property lines.
4. Hydrographic surveys: define shorelines and depths of lakes,
oceans, and reservoir.
5. Alignment (Route) surveys: define highways, railroad, and
electricity transmission lines, and channels.
6. Construction surveys: Layout surveys for construction works.
7. As-Built surveys: Final layout of engineering works.
8. Mine surveys: All operations associated with mine.
9. Solar Surveys: obstruction and access of solar sources.
10. Industrial surveys (Optical alignment): measurement of
manufacturing process.
11. Ground surveys: Level and total station.
12. Aerial surveys: Photogrammetry or remote sensing.
13. Satellite surveys: GPS

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• Sometimes field work may be in dangerous situation, safety precautions must

be performed, as:
1. Heavy machinery.
2. Poor visibility.
3. Noisy.
4. Weather.
5. Animals.
• For prevent it, notice that:
1. First aid kits.
2. Safety clothes.
3. Sign and safety string.
4. Colored flags.