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WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT- TECHNIQUES IN

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WATER MANAGEMENT

Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and

managing the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of water cycle
management.

HOW CAN WE DO WATER MANAGEMENT ?

For this we need some well planned strategies for example :

1. If we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there
in order to save water for future use.
2. Educate people that how they can manage and save water in their homes.
3. A lot of water gets wasted due to leakage in water pipes. If we check all the pipes and
connections timely, then we can avoid leakage problem.
WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE

01 02
RAINWATER GROUNDWATER
HARVESTING RECHARGE

03 04
DRIP IRRIGATION GREYWATER
WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE
1. RAINWATER HARVESTING
● Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the
collection and storage of rain, rather
than allowing it to run off.
● Rainwater is collected from a roof-like
surface and redirected to a tank,
cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with
percolation.
● Its uses include watering gardens,
livestock, irrigation, domestic use with
proper treatment, and domestic
heating.
● Tamil nadu was the first state to make
rainwater harvesting compulsory for
every building to avoid groundwater
depletion.
2. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE
● Groundwater recharge is the enhancement
of natural groundwater supplies using
man-made conveyances such as infiltration
basins, trenches, dams, or injection wells.
● Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain
and snowmelt and to a smaller extent by
surface water (rivers and lakes).
● Recharge may be impeded somewhat by
human activities including paving,
development, or logging.
● These activities can result in loss of topsoil
resulting in reduced water infiltration,
enhanced surface runoff and reduction in
recharge.
● Groundwater recharge is an important
process for sustainable groundwater
management since the volume-rate
abstracted from an aquifer in the long term
should be less than or equal to the
volume-rate that is recharged.
3. DRIP IRRIGATION

● Drip irrigation is a type of

micro-irrigation system that has the
potential to save water and nutrients
by allowing water to drip slowly to the
roots of plants, either from above the
soil surface or buried below the
surface.
● The goal is to place water directly into
the root zone and minimize
evaporation.
4. GREYWATER

● Greywater is gently used water from

your bathroom sinks, showers, tubs,
and washing machines. It is not water
that has come into contact with feces,
either from the toilet or from washing
diapers.
● Greywater is water from basins, baths
and showers that is piped to a surge
tank. The greywater is held briefly in
the tank before being discharged to
an irrigation or treatment system. The
greywater can be diverted either by
gravity or by using a pump.
WHAT IS WASTEWATER TREATMENT?

Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and

convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the
water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for
various purposes

SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater,

containing mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater. Physical, chemical,
and biological processes are used to remove contaminants and produce treated
wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the environment. A
by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge. The
sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or application
to land
Sustainable Groundwater Management in Lucknow City
The study includes assessment of availability, demand, extraction, and usage
of groundwater in different sectors within the urban limits of the city.

Key findings from the demand survey conducted under the study are as follows:

● 72 percent households in Lucknow use groundwater

● Almost 90 percent of multistory housing societies and 70 percent of
commercial users are dependent on groundwater

The study suggests the following strategies for its sustainable

management -

● Rainwater harvesting
● Reduction in groundwater demand
● Decentralized wastewater recycling
● Substitution of groundwater with surface water
SOME TRADITIONAL WATER CONSERVATION SYSTEMS

Jhalara
Jhalaras are typically rectangular-shaped
stepwells that have tiered steps on three or
four sides. These stepwells collect the
subterranean seepage of an upstream
reservoir or a lake. Jhalaras were built to
ensure easy and regular supply of water for
religious rites, royal ceremonies and
community use. The city of Jodhpur has
eight jhalaras, the oldest being the
Mahamandir Jhalara.
BAWARIS
Bawaris are unique stepwells that were
once a part of the ancient networks of water
storage in the cities of Rajasthan. The little
rain that the region received would be
diverted to man-made tanks through canals
built on the hilly outskirts of cities. The
water would then percolate into the ground,
raising the water table and recharging a
deep and intricate network of aquifers. To
minimise water loss through evaporation, a
series of layered steps were built around the
reservoirs to narrow and deepen the wells.
 ERI
TAANKA
The Eri (tank) system of Tamil Nadu
Taanka is a traditional rainwater is one of the oldest water
harvesting technique indigenous management systems in India. Still
to the Thar desert region of widely used in the state, eris act as
Rajasthan. A Taanka is a flood-control systems, prevent soil
cylindrical paved underground pit erosion and wastage of runoff
into which rainwater from during periods of heavy rainfall, and
rooftops, courtyards or artificially also recharge the groundwater. Eris
prepared catchments flows. can either be a system eri, which is
fed by channels that divert river
water, or a non-system eri, that is fed
KUND solely by rain.
A kund is a saucer-shaped
catchment area that gently slope
towards the central circular
underground well. Its main purpose
is to harvest rainwater for drinking.
Kunds dot the sandier tracts of
western Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Traditionally, these well-pits were
covered in disinfectant lime and ash,
though many modern kunds have
been constructed simply with
cement.
EFFICIENT USE OF WATER
DURING CONSTRUCTION
Adopt strategies to reduce the
consumption of potable water
during construction:
• Use of gunny bags/hessian cloth
and ponding technique for
curing.
• Use of additives to reduce water
requirements during curing.
• Monitoring for leaks and water
wastage.
• Use of treated
wastewater/captured rainwater in
construction activities.
SOME TECHNIQUES FOR WATER
CONSERVATION
USED IN INDIRA PARYAVARAN
BHAWAN :-
● Recycling of waste water through
sewage treatment plant.
● Low discharge water fixtures
● Sensor urinals and dual flow
cisterns
● Low demand plants in
landscaping
● Grass paver blocks in pavements
and roads for groundwater
percolation
● Geothermal heat exchange system
in this system water is reused as
flushing water for the toilets.
WHAT IS WASTE?

Waste is any item beyond use in its

current form and discarded as
unwanted. It can be solid or liquid with
respective management methods.
Waste is an unavoidable by-product of
most human activity.
SOURCES OF WASTE
● The principal sources of solid waste are
residential households and the
agricultural, commercial, construction,
industrial and institutional sectors
● In rural areas, examples of solid waste
include wastes from kitchen, gardens,
cattle sheds, agriculture, and materials
such as metal, paper, plastic, cloth, and
so on. They are organic and inorganic
materials with no remaining economic
value to the owner produced by
households, commercial and industrial
establishments. Most household waste
in rural areas is organic, with little
inorganic material, and is non-toxic.
Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes

Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. bulky items, consumer electronics,
white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes

Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and
construction sites, power and chemical plants demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
etc. hazardous wastes

Construction and New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition demolition of buildings

Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas,
recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment water and wastewater treatment plants
plants

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g. pesticides)
WASTE MANAGEMENT
•Waste management refers to the practice of collecting, transporting,
processing or disposing of, managing and monitoring various waste
materials. It is important to observe sustainability in this aspect so that
every bit of waste can be managed in an efficient manner rather than just
dumping it all in landfills.
•In the waste management process, the wastes are collected from
different sources and are disposed of. This process includes collection,
transportation, treatment, analysis and disposal. It needs to be monitored
so that strict regulations and guidelines are followed.

TRANSPO RECYCLIN
COLLECTIO SEGREGATI
RTATION G/
N ON
DISPOSAL
IMPORTANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

● Waste management reduces the effect of waste on the environment, health,

and so on.
● It can also help reuse or recycle resources, such as; paper, cans, glass, and so
on. There is various type of waste management that include the disposal of
solid, liquid, gaseous, or hazardous substances.
● It helps environmental sustainability by minimizing emissions of greenhouse
gases and preserving natural resources.
● Reuse of non biodegradable waste at the household level to the extent possible.
● All the biodegradable waste should be composted at the community level

There are many things that need to be taken into consideration when discussing
waste management, such as disposal methods, recycling methods, avoidance and
reduction methods, and transportation of waste. The process of waste management
involves treating solid and liquid waste. During the treatment, it also offers a variety
of solutions for recycling items that aren’t categorised as trash.
WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Composting:
Composting is an aerobic method of
decomposing organic solid wastes. It can
therefore be used to recycle organic
material. The process involves
decomposing organic material into a
humus-like material, known as compost,
which act as a good fertilizer for plants.
However, the process is slow and
consumes a significant amount of land.
Biological reprocessing tremendously
improves the fertility of the soil.
Thermal technique: Incineration
Incineration features combustion of
wastes to transform them into base
components, with the generated heat
being trapped for deriving energy.
Assorted gases and inert ash are
common by-products. Pollution is
caused by varied degrees dependent on
nature of waste combusted. Mass of
waste reduces by 95% when processed
through incineration plants. For places
that have a shortage of land, it can be a
good choice. It is operable in any
weather condition.
Plasma Gasification:
This is an extreme thermal process using
plasma which converts organic matter
into a syngas which is primarily made up
of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A
plasma torch powered by an electric arc
is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic
matter into syngas.
Landfill:
This involves the dumping of wastes into
a landfill. The base is prepared of a
protective lining, which serves as a
barrier between wastes and ground
water, and prevents the separation of
toxic chemicals into the water zone.
Landfills should be created in places with
low groundwater level and fair from
sources of flooding.
Bioplastic: Sustainable alternative
to conventional plastic.
● TERI worked on producing prototypes of disposable cups and plates developed
through soy-based nanocomposites which are 100% biodegradable. Since a large
section of the plastic waste is single use plastic, working towards replacing products
in this segment with this bioplastic can be of significant value.
● Bioplastic composites are made entirely of natural polymers and are completely
biodegradable, will benefit in resource utilisation and reduce waste and carbon
footprint. This sustainable alternative take significantly less time to decompose not
only benefits the environment, but also reduces the stress on land resources due to
lesser landfills and recycling centres.
OBJECTIVES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
RURAL AREAS
● To protect human health and improve
quality of life among people living in
rural areas
● To reduce environment pollution and
make rural areas clean
● To promote recycling and reuse of
solid waste
● To convert bio waste into organic
manure which is nutrient source of
agricultural and horticultural crop
● To generate employment for rural poor
by offering new opportunities in waste
management by adopting cost
effective and environmentally sound
solid waste treatment technologies
ESTABLISHMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS IN RURAL TAMIL NADU
In Tamil Nadu, MGNREGS workers are
engaged as Thooimai Kaavalars
(Environment Protectors) in solid waste
management (SWM) activities. One
Thooimai Kaavalar takes care of 150
households in selected 9,000 village
Panchayats. The SWM activities in the state
involve:
• Door-to-door collection, weighing and
segregation of waste
• Dumping of biodegradable waste into
compost, and non-biodegradable,
non-recyclable waste into landfill site.
• Sale of recyclable waste to scrap
merchants.
WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES
A. National Policies and Strategies
1. Stakeholders, Institutions and
Legislation
2. Waste Minimization and Recycling
3. Private Sector Participation
4. Economic and Financial Strategies
(a)User or Waste-end Fees
(b) Waste Disposal Fees
(c) Deposit-Refund System (DRS)
(d) Government Grants/Foreign Aid
e) Incentives
(f) Disincentives
(g) Pollution Fines
(h) Economic Sanctions
(i) Environment Funds
•B. Regional and International
Initiatives
1. Control of Transboundary
Movement of Hazardous
Waste
2. Activities of International
and Regional Organizations
 COMPOSTING AS TECHNOLOGY OPTION FOR
TREATMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
i) Pit method ii) Heap method iii) Vermicomposting
CONCLUSION

The rural India has tremendous wealth in terms of underutilized crop residues,
animal excretion and domestic refuge normally known as waste. A systematic
management and utilization approach applying the recent innovations will only help
in maintaining rural areas clean but will also provide sufficient energy, manure and
raw material for many industries. The sustainable waste management technologies
have brought about a positive change in the sanitation and hygiene behavioural
changes in the rural people. But, we have a long way to go before we can attain a
level of maturity in the areas of waste management in the rural areas.
REFERENCES

https://www.roadrunnerwm.com/blog/the-5-rs-of-waste-recycling

http://nirdpr.org.in/nird_docs/sb/doc5.pdf

https://www.teriin.org/article/bioplastics-sustainable-solution-our-plastic-waste-prob
lem

https://www.wateraidindia.in/sites/g/files/jkxoof336/files/solid-and-liquid-waste-man
agement-in-rural-areas.pdf
THANK YOU