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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry: Lesson 1: Relations and Functions
Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry: Lesson 1: Relations and Functions
A relation is a non empty collection of ordered pairs. The set of all first elements of the ordered
pairs is called the domain of the relation. The set which the y values are taken is the co-domain and the
actual set of all second elements of the ordered pairs is called range.
Function is a relation in which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first component or element.
Illustrative examples:
5.
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
6.
4 0
6 -2
7 -3
10.
Examples 7 and 8 are not function because the value of x is repeated. Example 9, 4 is paired to
0 and -2 which is x element is also repeated. Example 10 do not pass the vertical line test because if you
draw a vertical line on the graph it will intersect the graph twice.
Web link:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function.html
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/intermediate-algebra/relations-and-functions/
http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/152A/functgraph/relfun.htm
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0MtFlLD-k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxZ0JL4Bjzk
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Illustrative Examples:
1. f(x) = 2x + 1, find:
a. f(2)
b. f(-2)
c. f(3x – 1)
2. q(x) = x2 – 2x + 2, find:
a. q(0)
b. q( )
c. q(a + b)
= ( ) – 2( ) + 2 Substitute
=
=
=
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
3. p(x) = , find:
a. p(3)
b. p( )
= Substitute
=
= -10
p( ) = Given function
= Substitute
Web link:
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/evaluating-a-function/
https://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/TEXTGROUP-15-
19_RESOURCE/U17_L2_T1_text_final.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/evaluate-and-solve-functions/
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvFeAVWHo_Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e0EdFGpcvc
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Illustrative Examples:
2. (f ● p)(x) = (x + 3)( 2x – 7)
= 2x2 – x – 21
3. (f + h)(x) = (x + 3) +
=
4. (p – f)(x) = (2x – 7 ) – (x + 3)
= 2x – 7 – x – 3
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
= x – 10
5. ( ) =
Web link:
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcnops.htm
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/U17_L3_T
1_text_final.html
https://www.math10.com/en/algebra/functions/operations-on-functions.html
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gaxVHVI4cI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fieyNGo8Tbw
Illustrative Examples:
Use the following function to simplify the following
f(x) = 2x + 1 g(x) = √
q(x) = x2 – 2x + 2 p(x) =
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
1. (q ◦ f)(x) = q(f(x))
q(2x + 1) = x2 – 2x + 2
q(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)2 – 2(2x + 1) + 2
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 – 4x – 2 + 2
= 4x2 + 4x – 4x + 1 – 2 + 2
= 4x2 + 1
2. (g ◦ f)(x) = g(f(x))
g(2x + 1) =√
g(2x + 1) =√
g(2x + 1) =√
g(2x + 1) =√
3. (p ◦ q)(1) = p(q(1))
p(q(1)) =
= =
Other method
(p ◦ q)(1) = p(q(1))
q(1) = x2 – 2x + 2 Evaluate first the q(1).
q(1) = 12 – 2(1) + 2
q(1) =1–2+2
q(1) =1
p(1) =
p(1) =
p(1) = =
4. f(f(f(f(5))))
We need to substitute the value solved to f(x) four times.
f(5) = 2(5) + 1 = 11
f(11) = 2(11) + 1 = 23
f(23) = 2(23) + 1 = 47
f(47) = 2(47) + 1 = 95
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Web link:
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/composite-functions.html
https://www.shsu.edu/~kws006/Precalculus/1.5_Function_Composition_files/Notes%201.5%20Functio
n%20Composition.pdf
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFPkQkURSxk
Examples:
1. You have a summer job that pays time and half for overtime. (If you work more than 40
hours). After that it is 1.5 times your hourly rate of P70.00/hr.
a. Write a piecewise function to represent this problem.
b. How much money do you make if you work 45 hours?
Solution:
a.
{
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
overtime will take effect only if you worked more than 40 hours, so the interval of the number
of hours is less than or equal to 40. (x ≤ 40)
the first function is 70x if x ≤ 40
b. x = 45
f(45) = 105x – 1, 400 since it is more than 40 hours
f(45) = 105(45) – 1,400
f(45) = 4,725 – 1,400
f(45) = 3,325
2. You plan to sell I Love Math t-shirts as a fundraiser. The wholesale t-shirt company charges
you P200 a shirt for the first 75 shirts. After the first 75 shirts you purchase up to 150 shirts, the
company will lower its price to P175 per shirts. After you purchase 150 shirts, the price will
decrease to P150 per shirt.
a. Write a piecewise function that model this situation.
b. How much will you pay if you purchase 125 t-shirts?
a.
For more than 75 but less than or equal to 150 (75 < x ≤ 150) the price will reduced to 175
200 (75) = 15,000 for the first 75 t-shirt purchased
15,000 + 175(x – 75) for 75 < x ≤ 150
15,000 + 175x – 13,125
175x + 1,875
the second function is 175x + 1,875 if 75 < x ≤ 150
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
b. x = 125
f(125) = 175(125) + 1,875 since it is in the interval of 75 < x ≤ 150
f(125) = 21,875 + 1,875
f(125) = 23, 750
Web link:
https://www.tes.com/lessons/HvimsPoYgHkVKQ/write-a-piecewise-function-from-a-word-problem
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JT2ZfXMDOvY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GfIBxeS0i4
One-to-One Function
The function f is one-to-one if for x1, x2 in the domain of f, then f(x1) ≠ f(x2). That is, the same y-
value is never paired with two different x- values
Example:
Determine whether the relation is a function. If it is a function, determine whether it is one-to-
one or not.
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
3. Airport codes are three letter codes used to uniquely identify airports around the
world and prominently displayed on checked-in bags to denote the destination of these bags.
Here are some examples of airport codes:
MNL – Ninoy Aquino International Airport (All terminals)
CEB – Mactan-Cebu International Airport
DVO – Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao)
JFK – John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City
CDG – Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Paris, France)
Definition: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the
inverse of f, denoted by f-1, is a function with domain B and range A
defined by f-1(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y for any y in B.
Examples:
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Web link:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/InverseFunctions.aspx
https://www.coolmath.com/algebra/16-inverse-functions/05-how-to-find-the-inverse-of-a-function-01
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W84lObmOp8M
Exponential equation
An exponential expression with base a ● bx – c + d, where (b > 0, b ≠ 1)
2.
3.
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
2x2 = x + 3
2x2 – x – 3 = 0
(2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x – 3 = 0 x+1=0
2x = 3 x = -1
x = or x = -1
( )
x + 1 = -2
x = -2 – 1
x = -3
=
10x – 26 = -3x
10x + 3x = 26
13x = 26
x=
x=2
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Exponential Inequality
An inequality involving exponential expressions
Examples:
1.
2. 2 ≥ ( )
3. 7 <
Solution. ( ) ≥
( ) ≥
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
( ) ≥
-2x ≥ 1 + 2
-2x ≥ 3
The inequality symbol greater than will be less
than if it is divided by negative sign
x≤
x > -2
Solution ( )
( )
( ) ( )
x ≥ -2
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Web link:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveExpEqns.aspx
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/ExpLogEqns.aspx
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV1mUjnrGY4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reAvJoGVqqI
Definition: Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm
of a with base b is denoted by logba, and is defined as
c = logba if and only if a = bc
Reminders.
1. In both the logarithm and exponential forms, b is the base. In the exponential form, c is an
exponent; this implies that the logarithm is actually an exponent. Hence, logarithmic and
exponential functions are inverses.
Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; logx is a short notation for log 10x.
Natural logarithms are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2. 71828), and are denoted by “ln”. In
other words, lnx is another way of writing logex.
Illustrative examples
1. 53 = 125 log5125 = 3
2. 7-2 = log7( )
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
3. ( ) =
5. e2 = x lnx = 2
2. log381 = 4 34 = 81
3. √
5=2 (√ ) = 5
4. ( )
1. logb1 = 0
2. logbbx = x
3. If x > 0, then
Examples:
Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the following logarithmic expressions.
1. log10
Solution: log10 = log10101= 1 Property 2
2. lne3
Solution: lne3 = logee3 = 3 Property 2
3. log464
Solution: log464 = log443 = 3 Property 2
4.
Solution: =2 Property 3
5. log 1
Solution log 1 = 0 Property 1
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Laws of Logarithms
Examples:
Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in terms of the logarithms of the
factors. Assume each factor is positive.
2. log3( ) = 3log3( )
= 3(log33 – log3x) log33 = 1 Property 2
= 3(1 – log3x)
= 3 – 3log3x
= log5( )
= log5x-1
= - log5x
Change-of-base formula
Any logarithmic expression can be expressed as a quotient of two logarithmic expressions with a
common base. Let a, b, and x be positive real numbers, with a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1:
Examples: Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the following logarithmic expressions to the
indicated base.
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
= ln 1 = o
= -1
Examples:
2. log3(2x – 1) = 2
32 = 2x – 1 change in exponential form
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
9 = 2x – 1
2x = 9 + 1
2x = 10
x=
x=5
Check: 5 is a solution since log3(2(5) - 1) = log3(9) is defined, using a calculator log3(9) = 2
3. logx16 = 2
x2 = 16 change in exponential form
√ =√
x=±4 x=4
Check: 4 is a solution since logx16 = log416 is defined, however -4 is not a solution since
log-416 is not defined (the base cannot be negative).
4. log2(x + 1) + log2(x – 1) = 3
log2 [(x + 1)(x – 1)] = 3 using the property logbu+ logbv = logb(uv)
(x + 1)(x – 1) = 23 exponential form
x2 – 1 = 8
x2 = 8 + 1
x2 = 9
√ =√
x=±3 x=3
5. logx2 = 2
x2 = 102 exponential form (common logarithm, the base is 10)
x2 = 100
√ =√
x = ± 10 x = 10 and x = -10
Examples:
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
2x – 1 > x + 2
2x – x > 2 + 1
x>3
3x + 5 ≥ x – 9
3x – x ≥ -9 -5
2x ≥ -14
x≥
x ≥ -7
Check: x = 10 since values of that make both logarithms defined is x > 9 and 9 is greater
than -7.
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
x(x – 3) ≤ 10
x2 – 3x ≤ 10
x2 – 3x – 10 ≤ 0
(x – 5)(x + 2) ≤ 0
x ≤ 5 x ≤ -2
4. log8(3x – 5) < 2
(3x – 5) > 0 must be satisfied
3x – 5 > 0 implies x >
To make logarithms defined, then x >
log8(3x – 5) < 2
3x – 5 < 82
3x – 5 < 64
3x < 64 + 5
3x < 69
x<
x < 29 (note that x > from the first condition)
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
Web link:
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveLogEqns.aspx
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgNu41tB-Yg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUI0guz4od4
References:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function.html
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/intermediate-algebra/relations-and-functions/
http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/152A/functgraph/relfun.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uz0MtFlLD-k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxZ0JL4Bjzk
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/evaluating-a-function/
https://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/TEXTGROUP-15-
19_RESOURCE/U17_L2_T1_text_final.html
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/waymakercollegealgebra/chapter/evaluate-and-solve-functions/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvFeAVWHo_Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e0EdFGpcvc
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcnops.htm
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/U17_L3_T
1_text_final.html
https://www.math10.com/en/algebra/functions/operations-on-functions.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gaxVHVI4cI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fieyNGo8Tbw
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/composite-functions.html
https://www.shsu.edu/~kws006/Precalculus/1.5_Function_Composition_files/Notes%201.5%20Functio
n%20Composition.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFPkQkURSxk
https://www.tes.com/lessons/HvimsPoYgHkVKQ/write-a-piecewise-function-from-a-word-problem
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JT2ZfXMDOvY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GfIBxeS0i4
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/InverseFunctions.aspx
https://www.coolmath.com/algebra/16-inverse-functions/05-how-to-find-the-inverse-of-a-function-01
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W84lObmOp8M
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveExpEqns.aspx
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcI/ExpLogEqns.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV1mUjnrGY4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reAvJoGVqqI
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/Alg/SolveLogEqns.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgNu41tB-Yg
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Advanced Algebra and Trigonometry
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