Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Tagum College
i
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
I. Rationale
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted in massive social
and physical distancing, prohibition of mass gatherings, suspension of classes and
extended community quarantine/lockdown, there is a need to fast-track the
development of the SIM/SDL manuals to respond to the segmentized and unique
instructional needs of students.
The University is fully aware of the drawbacks and limitations of the online
blended teaching modes using self-instructional manuals particularly for laboratory
and practicum courses, competency appraisal courses, undergraduate research
courses, and a host of demonstration courses, not to mention the lack or poor
internet connections among the faculty and students. But with the quality assurance
procedures and academic innovations in place, the institution is confident that the
same quality of teaching and learning will be enjoyed by the students.
II. Objectives
ii
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2. The SIM/SDL Manual aims to provide avenues for innovative and flexible
alternative modes of delivery in response to the quarantine/lockdown
requirements.
(1) Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) refers to the teachers’ manual that consists of all
instructional contents and activities necessary for students’ learning. SIMs come
from the context of teachers; SIMs are conceptualized, designed, developed,
monitored and evaluation by the teachers.
(2) Self-Directed Learning (SDL) refers to the learning processes of the students. It
is self-directed because the students manage their own learning. It is directed
learning because the students follow the instructions provided in the SIMs. SDL
comes from the context of students and is intended for the students.
(3) Online Learning refers to the virtual class through the Blackboard (BB) Learning
Management System (LMS). Online learning requires computer hardware and
internet connection at home.
(4) Blended Learning refers to the combination of online learning and on-campus/on-
site learning (face to face). The SIMs shall provide the distribution of instructions
and activities done online and done on-campus/on-site.
(5) Distance Education refers to off-campus learning, which can be done with or
without online learning. It is a modular and seminar type of instructional delivery
that requires the use of traditional contact and social media platforms combined
with on-campus/onsite learning (face-to-face). The SIMs shall provide the
distribution of instructions and activities for distance education mode.
(7) Social media platforms refer to email, Private Messenger, Facebook, Viber,
WhatsApp, Line, Zoom and other similar applications.
iii
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
choose. OBD and DED courses shall continue to be based on the appropriate
course syllabi in terms of learning outcomes, content and coverage.
(1) OBD courses and classes shall be offered during the quarantine/lockdown
period. For Summer Classes and Semestral Classes determined by the
University, the online component shall be held for the entire Summer and
Semestral periods and the on-campus/onsite component can be conducted
anytime on the last week, where the quarantine/lockdown period shall be slowly
lifted and allows resumption of classes. In the event that the quarantine/lockdown
period is neither lifted nor eased off, proper instructions shall be given for flexible
arrangements. What is important is for one 3-unit course/subject to meet the 54-
hours class requirement.
(2) The on-campus/onsite component shall be conducted in 2 days – one whole day
for review and synthesis, and another one whole day for final examinations. The
review and examination schedules shall be determined and announced in the
proper time depending on the quarantine/lockdown conditions.
(3) The faculty who will teach/handle an OBD course is required to have and use
their computer hardware and internet connection at home. The faculty in charge
of a course shall design the SIM and deploy in the BlackBoard LMS after the
review and approval by the Program Head and the Dean.
(4) The students who wish to enroll in OBD course are required to have and use
their own computer hardware and internet connection at home. After receiving
the course SIM, the students shall follow the instructions and activities as
provided and shall proceed their paced learning through SDL.
(5) Both the faculty and students under the OBD mode need to use their umindanao
email account and BlackBoard LMS account to access the BlackBoard LMS
virtual/online classes.
(6) For safety and security, SIMs and all its lecture and reading materials, need to be
converted to PDF files before distribution to enrolled students.
(7) A separate Blackboard LMS manual shall be given to the faculty for the use of
the Blackboard LMS program. The faculty shall be in charge of giving instructions
to the students on how to use the Blackboard LMS virtual class.
iv
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
(1) DED courses shall be offered with caution by the University, taking into
consideration the quarantine/lockdown prohibitions as well as quality delivery.
The University may opt to limit the offering of DED courses for reasons of
instructional delivery and logistical constraints.
(2) Depending on the available DED courses, the students can choose the DED
mode if they do not have computer hardware and internet connection at home,
and thus they do not have access to the BlackBoard LMS.
(3) The students can claim their course manual or course SIM from the University
(home college) and follow instructions for paced learning for SDL. If prohibited by
the quarantine/lockdown orders, the University through the Admissions Office
shall send the course manual/SIM to the students by courier.
(4) For safety and security, SIMs and all its lecture and reading materials, need to be
converted to PDF files before distribution to enrolled students.
The course manual or SIM which shall be designed by the faculty and used by the
students for their SDL shall contain the following components or parts:
Part 1. Quality Assurance Policies and Course Outline Policies
Part 2. Instruction Delivery
v
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Part 3. Course Schedules – daily and weekly programming of all lectures, activities
and requirements stipulated in Essential Knowledge, Let’s Check, and Let’s Analyze
portions.
The Online Code of Conduct, as provided herein as part of the guidelines,
shall be incorporated as part of the SIM/SDL manuals. This is to ensure that all
faculty/Course Facilitators and students are made aware of their agreement,
adherence and observance of professional conduct in OBD and DED courses.
vi
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Table of Contents
Page
Week 1-3
ULO a............................................................................................................6
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 6
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 6
Self-Help ............................................................................................... 20
Let’s Check ............................................................................................... 21
Let’s Analyze .................................................................................... 22
Nutshell ............................................................................................... 22
Q&A List ............................................................................................... 23
Keywords Index .................................................................................... 23
ULO b ......................................................................................................... 24
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 24
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 24
Self-Help ............................................................................................... 38
Let’s Check ............................................................................................... 38
Let’s Analyze .................................................................................... 39
Nutshell ............................................................................................... 39
Q&A List ............................................................................................... 40
Keywords Index .................................................................................... 40
Week 4-5
ULO a ......................................................................................................... 41
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 41
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 41
Self-Help ............................................................................................... 59
Let’s Check ............................................................................................... 59
Let’s Analyze .................................................................................... 59
Nutshell ............................................................................................... 60
Q&A List ............................................................................................... 60
Keywords Index .................................................................................... 60
vii
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
ULO b ......................................................................................................... 61
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 61
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 61
Self-Help ............................................................................................... 68
Let’s Check ............................................................................................... 68
Let’s Analyze .................................................................................... 69
Nutshell ............................................................................................... 69
Q&A List ............................................................................................... 70
Keywords Index .................................................................................... 70
Week 6-7
ULO a ......................................................................................................... 71
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 71
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 71
Self-Help …............................................................................................ 78
Let’s Check …............................................................................................ 78
Let’s Analyze …................................................................................. 79
Nutshell …............................................................................................ 80
Q&A List …............................................................................................ 80
Keywords Index …................................................................................. 80
ULO b ......................................................................................................... 81
Metalanguage .................................................................................... 81
Essential Knowledge ......................................................................... 81
Self-Help …............................................................................................ 92
Let’s Check …............................................................................................ 92
Let’s Analyze …................................................................................. 93
Nutshell …............................................................................................ 94
Q&A List …............................................................................................ 95
Keywords Index …................................................................................. 95
Week 8-9
ULO a …...................................................................................................... 96
Metalanguage …................................................................................. 96
Essential Knowledge …...................................................................... 96
Self-Help …............................................................................................ 103
Let’s Check …............................................................................................ 104
Let’s Analyze …................................................................................. 105
Nutshell …............................................................................................ 106
Q&A List …............................................................................................ 106
Keywords Index …................................................................................. 106
viii
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
ix
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
• Exam 1 – 3 - 30%
• Final Exam
MCQ and Performance-based - 30%
• Class Participation – 40%
3
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Let us begin!
4
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Big Picture A
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO)
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the importance of lesson plan preparation.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms and definition relevant to the subject
and to demonstrate ULOa will be operationally defined to establish a common frame
of reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career which is to
become a language teacher. You will encounter these terms as we go through the
study of curriculum. Please refer to these definitions in case you will encounter
difficulty in the in understanding the concepts.
• Lesson Plan. It is teacher’s tool. It is itinerary which contains all specific
activities that will direct and lead learners to reaching their ultimate
destinations-achieving competency in all three domains of learning. Lesson
plan is a guide for instruction and contains details of what a teacher and
learners will do in order to tackle a particular topic. Experts agree that a
lesson plan should aim to answer the following questions:
What should be taught?
How should it be taught?
How should learning be assessed?
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
weeks, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books,
research articles and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g.,
ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
5
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Management of Instruction
Effective lesson plans are important for teachers in all disciplines and subject
areas. Lesson plans allow a teacher to set specific student learning goals and
identify the concrete steps and activities to achieve those aims. When going through
teacher training courses, teachers are taught instructions on planning activities and
organizing lesson plans specific to their subject and certification. Regardless of
manageable instruction (Randall n.d.)
6
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2. Active planning phase. This is the actual writing of the lesson plan. It is in this
phase that final decisions are made as to content, strategies, activities, and
instructional materials.
3. Review planning phase. Here, the teacher addresses the need to find out how well
the objectives can be carried out and if adjustments are to be made in anticipation of
how the learners will be able to retain what will be taught and give possible
responses to stimuli, materials, and new experiences.
4. Closure planning phase. This is where planning for evaluation is done. A set of
criteria is drawn to facilitate pre-identification of objectives and the extent by which
such objectives may be attained. This phase involves determining possible areas for
developing learning competencies.
Pre-identification
Gathering data to create a Writing the Fine-tuning of criteria for
mental plan or image of the
teaching-learning process
lesson plan the lesson evaluation
7
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
• Course / subject goals. These are derived from program activities. The
course goals organize and categorize content, including concept, problems, or
behaviors. However, they do not suggest an exact content to be learned or
instructional materials to be used. Course objectives are usually stated in the
form of topics, concept, or general behavior.
- To develop ability to analyze a short story
- To further understand the salient features of a parliamentary system of
government
8
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
The lesson plan objectives are more specific than unit plan objectives. They
include outcomes and conditions for a specific mode of instruction which the unit
plan objectives do not.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Activity 2:
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Activity 3:
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1: Answer the following questions.
10
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2. Do you agree that effective teaching does not just happen? Why?
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In a Nutshell…
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1 question I have…
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11
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Questions & Answer List: In this part, you are encourage to write questions about
the topic. You may communicate these questions to your instructor/professor
through Quipper or any prescribed social media platform. After you get the answers
you may jot it down in the table below. This is to bridge the gap of learning between
vague concepts and your prior knowledge.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
12
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
13
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2. Share lesson objective with students. Like a seminar that begins with a
statement of purpose, our lesson ought to begin with a statement and clarification
of our lesson objective. Make known to our students our instructional objective
and encourage them to make the lesson objective their own. This lesson
objective when shared and possessed by our students will become their personal
target. It is against this personal target that they will evaluate themselves at the
end of the lesson. When our students set their own personal targets, we are
certain that they will become more self-motivated.
14
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
15
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
In short, SMART objectives increase our accountability for the learning of our
students. With SMART objectives we depart from the unsound practice of
teaching that is so spread out that in the end we find ourselves unclear on what
test we are going to give to assess learning. With SMART lesson objectives,
there is greater match between instruction and assessment. There is curriculum
alignment.
2. Measurable. The second criterion stresses the need for concrete standard
criteria for measuring progress towards the attainment of the goal. If a goal is
not measurable, it is not possible to know whether a team is making progress
towards successful completion. Measuring progress may help a team stay on
track, reach its target dates, and experience the joy of achievement that
motivate learners to continue the effort required to reach the ultimate goal.
A measurable goal will usually answer questions, such as:
- How much?
- How many?
- How will I know when it is accomplished?
3. Attainable. The third criterion points out the importance of goals that are
realistic and attainable. While an attainable goal may need more effort for a
team in order to achieve it, the goal is not extreme. That is, the goals are
neither out of reach nor below standard performance, as these may be
considered meaningless. When important goals are identified, there must be
specific ways to attain them. One way is to develop the attitudes, abilities,
skills, and financial capacity to reach them.
16
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
An attainable goal will usually answer the question: “How can the goal
be accomplished?”
4. Relevant. The fourth criterion stresses the importance of choosing goals that
matter. A bank manager’s goal to “make 50 peanut butter and jelly
sandwiches by 2:00 p.m.” may be specific, measurable, attainable, and time-
bound, but lacks relevance. Relevant goals are purpose-driven. They
make the team, department and organization forward. A goal that supports or
is in alignment with other goals would be considered a relevant goal. A
relevant goal can answer “yes” to these questions:
- Does this seem worthwhile?
- Is this the right time?
- Does this match our other efforts / needs?
- Are you the right person?
- Is it applicable in current socio-economic-technical environment?
Characteristic Description
Clearly stated tasks Free from jargon and complex vocabulary; describe specific
and achievable tasks (such as ‘describe’, ‘analyze’ or
‘evaluate’) NOT vague tasks (like ‘appreciate’, ‘understand’ or
‘explore’).
Important learning Describe the essential (rather than trivial) learning in the
goals course which a student must achieve.
17
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Fair and equitable All students, including those with disabilities or constraints,
have a fair chance of achieving them.
Linked to course and Consider the broader goals - i.e., course, program and
program objectives institutional goals.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
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18
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Activity 2
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1
What pedagogical benefits can you derive from formulating SMART
objectives?
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In a Nutshell…
19
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
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1 question I have…
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Questions & Answer List: In this part, you are encourage to write questions about
the topic. You may communicate these questions to your instructor/professor
through Quipper or any prescribed social media platform. After you get the answers
you may jot it down in the table below. This is to bridge the gap of learning between
vague concepts and your prior knowledge.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
20
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Cognitive – It refers to mental skills (knowledge). This deals with the recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and
skills.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
21
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
Taxonomy of Objectives
With educational taxonomy, learning is classified into three domains
namely: (1) cognitive, (2) affective, and (3) psychomotor.
Benjamin Bloom (1956) led his group in coming up with the list of
instructional objectives in the cognitive domain. Arranged form lowest to the highest
level. They are as follows:
22
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
23
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
1.0 Knowledge
24
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2.0 Comprehension
2.1 Translation to translate, to transform, meanings, samples,
to give in own words, to definitions, abstractions,
illustrate, to prepare, to representations, words,
read, to represent, to phrases
change, to rephrase, to
restate
25
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
26
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
plans, objectives,
5.2 Production of a plan or to propose, to plan, to specifications, schematics,
proposed set of operations product/to design, to operations, ways,
modify, to specify solutions, means
phenomena, taxonomies,
5.3 Derivation of a set of to produce, to derive, to concepts, schemes,
abstract relation develop, to combine, to theories, relationships,
organize, to synthesize, to abstractions,
classify, to deduce, to generalizations,
develop, to formulate, to hypotheses, perceptions,
modify ways, discoveries
6.0 Evaluation
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
27
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
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Activity 2:
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1: Formulate 3 SMART objectives in the 3 domains. Evaluate your objectives
with the help of the following questions?
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28
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
In a Nutshell…
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1 question I have…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Questions & Answer List: In this part, you are encourage to write questions about
the topic. You may communicate these questions to your instructor/professor
through Quipper or any prescribed social media platform. After you get the answers
you may jot it down in the table below. This is to bridge the gap of learning between
vague concepts and your prior knowledge.
29
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
Big Picture B
Week 4-5: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO)
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
30
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
31
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
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• Balance. Content but not be confined to a particular class, status, level, place
and person. It must not show bias. There should not be an exclusion of a
particular group or groups from representation. It must not assign rigid roles /
characteristics to all members of a group, individual attributes, and
differences. It must not present one interpretation of an issue, a situation, or a
group of people. Content regarding certain groups must not be physically a
visual fragment. Content includes not only facts but also concepts and values.
To observe the principle of balance, no topic must be extensively discussed at
the expense of the topics.
• Interest. Content should be able to develop interest in the learner. Real facts
and life situations are made more meaningful.
• Utility. Content should provide the necessary information for knowledge and
skills acquisitions which could be utilized as the needs arise. It will teach
learners the much-needed values.
• Feasibility. It is the capability of being done with conditions as they are; likely
probable; capable of being used to meet objectives; and capable of meeting
success.
2. At the base of the structure of cognitive subject matter content is fact. We can’t
do away with facts but be sure to go beyond facts by constructing an increasingly
richer and more sophisticated knowledge base and by working out a process of
conceptual understanding.
Here are a few ways cited by cognitive psychologist (Ormrod 2000) by which you
can help your students:
32
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
33
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
When planning learning activities, you should consider the types of activities
students will need to engage in, in order to develop the skills and knowledge
required to demonstrate effective learning in the course. Learning activities should
be directly related to the learning objectives of the course, and provide experiences
that will enable students to engage in, practice, and gain feedback on specific
progress towards those objectives.
As you plan your learning activities, estimate how much time you will spend on each.
Build in time for extended explanation or discussion, but also be prepared to move
on quickly to different applications or problems, and to identify strategies that check
for understanding. Some questions to think about as you design the learning
activities you will use are:
• What will I do to explain the topic?
• What will I do to illustrate the topic in a different way?
• How can I engage students in the topic?
• What are some relevant real-life examples, analogies, or situations that can
help students understand the topic?
• What will students need to do to help them understand the topic better?
Many activities can be used to engage learners. The activity types (i.e., what the
student is doing) and their examples provided below are by no means an exhaustive
list, but will help you in thinking through how best to design and deliver high impact
learning experiences for your students in a typical lesson.
Activity Type Learning Description
Activity
34
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35
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
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It is important that each learning activity in the lesson must be (1) aligned to the
lesson’s learning objectives, (2) meaningfully engage students in active,
constructive, authentic, and collaborative ways, and (3) useful where the student is
able to take what they have learnt from engaging with the activity and use it in
another context, or for another purpose.
1. Gain attention: Obtain students’ attention so that they will watch and listen while the
instructor presents the learning content.
• Present a story or a problem to be solved
• Utilize ice breaker activities, current news and events, case studies, YouTube
videos, and so on. The objective is to quickly grab student attention and interest
in the topic
• Utilize technologies such as clickers, and surveys to ask leading questions prior
to lecture, survey opinion, or gain a response to a controversial question
36
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
• Include learning objectives in lecture slides, the syllabus, and in instructions for
activities, projects and papers
• Describe required performance
• Describe criteria for standard performance
37
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
• Gagne, R. M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K. C. & Keller, J. M (2005). Principles of
Instructional Design (5th edition). California: Wadsworth.
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
38
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1: Answer the following questions.
Choose a topic and write appropriate objectives for it. Prepare at least 3
learning activities that you think are suited for the objectives
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 3:
How does the subject matter content determine the formulation of objective?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell…
39
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1 question I have…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
40
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Cognitive – It refers to mental skills (knowledge). This deals with the recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and
skills.
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
41
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
42
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
43
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
44
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
the concept is used. The purpose is for the student to “notice” by way of the
examples how to concept works.
Using the grammar situation as an example, the teacher would present
the students with variety of examples for a given concept without giving
definite rule on how the concept is used. As they see how the concept is
used, it is hoped that they will notice how the concept is used then determine
the grammar rule. The activity may be concluded by asking them to explain
the grammar rule as a final check if they understand the concept.
Noticing is the process of learners, becoming aware of something in
particular. Noticing can be used to teach a grammar concept when students
are given examples, and they come to understand the rule by noticing what
those examples have in common. In a more general classroom situation,
noticing can be used in many ways:
(a) When teachers speak at a more advanced level, they give the students
constant opportunities to notice the differences between the teacher’s
speech and theirs. This helps each student become aware of the
differences at his own pace.
(b) Teachers can provide students with opportunities for noticing simply by
putting posters up in the classroom in the target language. When the
students are ready, they will notice the difference.
(c) Language ladders are also used to promote students’ noticing skills. Once
they understand what each rung on the ladder means, they can
understand how to put them together and how they differ.
Steps in Inductive Method:
(a) Preparation. The first step which includes the preliminary things to be used
by the teacher at the start of the lesson, such as drill or review and motivation.
Example: “It is a certainty that you are reading the newspapers and watching
even the late news on television. You must be knowledgeable about the issue
on Constitutional change.”
(b) Presentation. This is actually the start of the lesson proper. The teacher
gives specific cases or problems to be investigated. Example: “Class, this is a
copy of the 1987 Constitution which provides for a republican system of
government.”
(c) Comparison and abstraction. Analytical questions are raised like “How do
you differentiate republican system from parliamentary system?” “What are
their salient features?” or “In what aspects do they differ?”
(d) Generalization. The teacher and learners decide on some common
concepts, principles, or law derived from the lesson. Example: “Why is the
republican system more responsible to the needs of the people?”
(e) Application. The last and final step of the method states the personal
preference. Example: State your personal preference for the system and
explain your choice.”
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
(a) How personalized should the learning be? Students are usually more involved
in the learning experience and tend to participate more actively when
inductive approach is used. If deductive approach is chosen, the learning
experience must be structured to be able to draw on students’ prior
experiences and learning, and to provide for their active involvement.
(b) Should learning experiences be predictable? The deductive approach is more
predictable because the teacher selects the information and the sequence of
presentation.
(c) What depth of understanding and degree of retention are desired? Students
tend to understand and remember more when learning occurs inductively.
(d) How much time is available to teach the material? The deductive approach is
faster and more efficient to teach a large number of facts and concrete
concepts.
There is a tendency for instructional methods to be either deductive or
inductive, but some methods use both. Many lessons can include both approaches.
46
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
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Teachers often discount the fact when they giving talks or lectures to
students. The students, if engaged, apply listening and observing skills using
their senses. Powerful inquiry models tend to serve the purpose when teachers
focus more on “how students come to know.” To achieve this is to prevent
evidence on information and encourage questioning, thus providing for a
collaborative meaning-making situation.
For example, discussion of the subject matter should not only include the
“what” but also focus more on the “why” and “how” of the content under study. To
enhance inquiry learning, the teacher should present evidence so that a more
effective understanding of the nature and cause of subject content is achieved.
47
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
How effective is the problem-solving method? This method is found effective in the
opportunity it provides in the development of desirable attitudes, such as critical
thinking and independence of mind, open-mindedness, and a sense of responsibility
which are all vital in an independent study.
Guidelines for an effective solving include the following:
(a) Problem must be clear and concise.
(b) Problem is adapted to the age, interest, skills of the student.
(c) Use cooperative learning to ensure a more active participation of group
members.
(d) Furnish leading questions in every step to monitor progress of the
undertaking.
(e) Prepare supplementary materials to substitute for materials that are
not available.
(f) See to it that the process or procedure is done correctly and well.
(g) Set criteria for evaluation.
• Project method. Project teaching of teaching according to Kilpatrick (1918) is
a whole-hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment.
48
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Venkateswarlu, Basha, and Rao (2004 & 2007) cited the definition of
Stevenson (1908), “A project is a problematic act carried to completion in its
natural setting.” They likewise quoted Ballard’s definition: “Projects is a bit of
real life that has been imparted into the school.”
The method involves the application of a principle or concept which
result from a group activity or an individual’s effort. This is also called “self-
directed” study. Students learn by doing where they do not only acquire
knowledge but also skills.
Effectiveness of the project method is as follows:
(a) Project is reflective of the amount of understanding the student have
for the concept developed.
(b) It provides avenues for self-expression and creativity
(c) It develops desirable attitudes like resourcefulness, cooperation,
independent judgement, industry, and responsibility.
(d) Group projects enhance cooperation and sharing of ideas.
Guidelines of the project method:
(a) Set clear objectives for evaluation.
(b) Encourage the use of available local materials.
(c) Assign projects according to the interest and ability of the students.
(d) Provide minimal supervision to set directions and monitor progress.
(e) Projects must not be duplications of previously done output of
students.
49
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
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Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
principle. This once again raises some of the same basic issues associated
with hedonism, as discussed in teleological theories. From the hedonist
perspectives, a good life consists solely in the pursuit and experience of
pleasure or happiness. The feelings of pleasure and pain are biological events
involving our central nervous system, which are controlled by the cerebral
cortex. People obviously experience pleasure when performing certain acts
that fulfill biological functions, such as eating, drinking, and having sex.
Pleasure is also experienced when performing certain intellectual activities,
such as reading a philosophy textbook, playing guitar or drawing a picture.
Sometimes, but not always, there is pleasure when doing the right thing.
Conversely, there is pain when these functions are left unfulfilled. (Mallick
n.d.)
(c) Principles of planning. A project can be used to purposely arouse interest
through topics that blend school life with the outside world. It makes the
students independent and gives them real work experience, thus also
developing responsibility and other social qualities and synergism in their
heart. This is where they start to organize and plan things in order. In any kind
of investigation, proper planning and organization works should be conducted
by the teacher and the students.
(d) Principle of freedom. Students are at liberty to execute the projects in
accordance with their interest and abilities, because in doing so, they get their
psychological needs satisfied to a considerable extend.
(e) Principles of activity. With this method, student engage in activity that
develops coordination of their mind and body. Through this method, the
teacher can lead a well-balance development of the students.
(f) Principle of reality. Through this method, science teaching in particular can
be done with considerable success, as science is a practical subject, and this
method also scientific and practical in nature. The selected project / topic
correlates with the real problems of life which students confront in their
everyday life. This is why they find it quite interesting to sort out such
problems. Through the information gained, they are also able to solve their
own life problems independently and effectively.
(g) Principle of social development. This method helps in promoting social
interaction and cooperation among the students as they work in a group and
interact with various persons for gathering information. As the student works
in full agreement of the social needs, he gets molded in accordance with the
social needs of the society. This method develops in the students a sense of
social cooperation and responsibility by which they become responsible
citizens in the future.
Advantages of project method:
50
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
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(1) Metacognitive. A method that requires students not only to acquire thinking
skills, but monitor, and control their commitment and attitude during the
learning process. It offers opportunity for creative thinking whereby students
are able to harness potential at their best, push their own limits, adapt new
situations as they focus on the task intensely.
(2) Constructivism. This method regards the learner as the core of the learning
process. He is at the center of the educational stage.
- In Constructivism, teacher builds knowledge, taking into consideration
what prior knowledge the student has acquired slowly gives cues,
penetrating questions, and then set of activities where student insight
can be challenge.
51
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
52
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
(b) Face-to-face interaction. This means that students promote each other's
success by sharing resources. They help, support, encourage, and praise
each other's efforts to learn. Both academic and personal support are part of
this mutual goal.
(c) Individual accountability. The group is accountable for achieving its goals,
and each member must be accountable for contributing a fair share of the
work toward the group goal. No one can "hitchhike" on the work of others. The
performance of each individual must be assessed and the results given back
to the group.
(d) Social skills. Interpersonal and small group skills are required to function as
part of a group. These are basic teamwork skills. Group members must know
how to - and be motivated to - provide effective leadership, make decisions,
build trust, communicate, and manage conflict.
(e) Group processing. Group members need to feel free to communicate openly
with each other to express concerns as well as to celebrate accomplishments.
They should discuss how well they are achieving their goals and maintaining
effective working relationships.
(2) Peer-mediated. Is a classroom-based practice where students work in pairs to
complete activities. One student (tutee) provides overt responses while the other
student (tutor) provides immediate corrective feedback, clarification of concepts,
or further instruction. Peer tutoring may come in the following arrangements:
(a) Instructional peer tutoring. There is an age difference between the tutor and
the tutee. the older helping the younger on a one-to-one encounter or on one-
to-group basis.
(b) Same age tutoring. Children are supposed to be interactive, working in pairs
with the more equipped, assisting the less abled.
(c) Monitorial tutoring. The monitor acts as the leader for the class divided into
groups. He assists the teacher in supervising the work of the groups.
(d) Structural peer tutoring. There is a definite procedure to follow, materials
are structured and are administered by trained tutors.
(e) Semi-structured peer tutoring. A combination of structure and unstructured
tutoring where the tutor teaches according to established learning guidelines.
Possibility of revisions or modification of the learning guide is allowed.
As a program and a process, students of the same age-group facilitate
resolving disputes between two people or small groups in peer mediation setting.
This process has been proven effective in changing the way students understand
and resolve conflict in their lives. Changes include improved self-esteem, listening
and critical thinking skills, and school climate for learning, as well as reduced
disciplinary actions and less bullying. These skills are transferable outside of the
classroom. (Study Guides and Strategies 2011)
The process is said to be voluntary for both sides. Peer mediators do not
“make decisions” but rather work toward a win-win resolution for both sides in order
53
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
54
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
Which approaches / methods are more direct? What are their features?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
Which approaches are more indirect and exploratory in nature? What are their
distinguishing features?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
55
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
56
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1 question I have…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Big Picture C
Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO)
At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Cognitive – It refers to mental skills (knowledge). This deals with the recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and
skills.
57
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
1. Learning is an active process. This means that we have to actively engage the
learners in learning activities if we want them to learn what we intend to teach.
We have to give our students opportunities to participate in classroom activities.
We have to give varied activities to our students for "hands-on-mind-on" learning.
2. The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the
learning. "Humans are intensely visual animals. The eyes contain nearly 70
percent of the body's receptors and send millions of signals along with optic
nerves to the visual processing centers of the brain... We take in more
information visually than through any of the other sense" (Wolfe, 2001) This
implies the use of a teaching methodology that makes use of more visual aids
(thus the term A-V aid which means audio-visual) however, is far more effective.
Most effective, of course, is the use of a combination of the three or more senses,
Thus the term "multi-sensory aids."
58
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
59
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
https://classroom20.com/forum/topics/problem-solving-
frameworks?groupUrl=inquirybasedlearning&commentId=649749%3AComment%3A490667&xg_source=activity&groupId=649
749%3AGroup%3A490015
Brain-Base Strategies
60
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
• Gagne, R. M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K. C. & Keller, J. M (2005). Principles of
Instructional Design (5th edition). California: Wadsworth.
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
Which approaches / methods are more direct? What are their features?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
Which approaches are more indirect and exploratory in nature? What are their
distinguishing features?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
61
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1: Answer the following questions.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Activity 2:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell…
62
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
1 question I have…
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to formulating learning objectives
are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the
texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of writing learning objectives. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Cognitive – It refers to mental skills (knowledge). This deals with the recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and
skills.
63
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Essential Knowledge
To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g., ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
Assessment of Learning
The teaching cycle is not complete without the assessment of learning. This
lesson will be devoted to discussion of the guiding principles in the assessment of
learning and on assessment of tools in the three phases of instruction. The
discussion and presentation will not be very detailed. It will be introductory to the two
separate courses on Assessment of Student Learning you have to take after this
course.
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Which assessment tool to use, which test to formulate must be based on our
performance objective. If our assessment tool is aligned with our performance
objective, we can claim our assessment tool to be valid. In the concrete, this
means that if we want to reach our students how to dance the cha-cha, and
we want find out in the end if they are now able to dance the cha-cha, we
simply play the music and see them dance it. Our performance test is aligned
with our performance objective; therefore, it is valid. If, however, we make use
of a written test and ask our students to write down the steps of cha-cha from
the first to the last step to measure their ability to dance it as explicitly stated
in our performance objective, our evaluation tool is far from being valid. To
write down the steps of cha-cha in order is one thing. To dance it is another
thing.
Many a time we want to teach the skills of critical and creative thinking
to our students. How noble an objective! But we lament the observation that in
practice most of our assessment tools, say a written test, measure only simple
recall and comprehension.
Other than written and performance test as assessment
methodologies, is “product assessment classified into written and physical.”
(Danielson, 2002) Danielson gives examples of written products – term
papers, short play, laboratory report, newspaper articles, and letters to public
officials… Physical products are dioramas, sculpture, or photographs
(Danielson, 2002)
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
6. Emphasize on self-assessment.
If our pupils/students make learning objectives their own, it is but fitting and
proper that in the assessment stage they do their self-assessment against the
standard of criterion of success established at the beginning of the class in
the performance objective. Furthermore, if learning is personal process, then
the pupil or student is in the best position to measure his/her own progress
against the benchmark. Our students’ self-assessment coupled with our
objective our objective assessment may give a more complete and adequate
picture of how far or close they are to the established criterion of success. If
ever assessment results are used for comparison it is a comparison against
one’s past performance and against one’s standard and never against
another’s performance or standard. Danielson asserts: “Assessments should
not force students to compete against one another; any competition should
between students and their own prior performance”. (Danielson, 2002)
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
study. When we resort to this sort of practice, we veer away from the true
purpose of assessment, i.e., to validate learning. We also contribute in a
sense to the development of students who frown on any form of learning
assessment for this gets identified with punishment.
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
necessary, then we can do remedial teaching at once without having to wait for the
result of summative evaluation. If we wait until the end of the semester to check on
the status of pupils’ learning, it may be quite late because we have already wasted
time and energy pounding on the heads of our students/pupils without knowing that
their inability to learn was perhaps due to lack of mastery of pre-requisite skills.
After instruction – After you spend hours of less teaching, you would like to find out
proof of learning. You will do formative evaluation. If you give a pre-test prior to
instruction, then you give a post-test after instruction. If you used the KWL
technique, then go back to it and ask your students to share what they learner (L). If
you discover that your lesson objectives were not achieved, find out why and employ
remedial measures like re-teaching, peer tutoring, and the like.
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
• Acero, V et. al. (2015). Principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book
Store
• Casinto, A (2009). Handbook on principles of teaching 1. Sampaloc,
Manila: Rex Bookstore
• Corpuz, B & Salandanan, G. (2011). Principles of teaching 1. Quezon
City, Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
• Gagne, R. M., Wager, W.W., Golas, K. C. & Keller, J. M (2005). Principles of
Instructional Design (5th edition). California: Wadsworth.
Let’s Check
Activity 1:
What are some guiding principles in the assessment of learning? What are
the implications of these in the teaching-learning process?
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 1
What assessment tools are appropriate prior, during and after instruction?
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
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In a Nutshell…
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1 question I have…
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Course Schedule
Please be mindful of the schedules below to avoid future problems in complying with
your requirements.
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Please note that this schedule may change from time to time. It is advisable that you
always keep in contact with your teacher for updates and always check your LMS or
Group Chatrooms.
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
• Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to
others to further academic fraudulence online.
• By handling DED courses, teachers/Course Coordinators agree and abide by all
the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
• By enrolling in DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions of
the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in
handling online courses.
• The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective DED classes through the
LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e., monitoring of the
conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with generated utilization graphs
and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports shall be generated and
consolidated by program and by department.
• The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
• For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct of
DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs for
endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.
Approved by:
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
APPENDICES
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DEPARTMENT OF TEACHERS EDUCATION
Mabini Street, Tagum City
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084)655-9591 Local 116
Days
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Modality Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
Type of • Teacher to • Learner to • Learner to • Learner to • Teacher to • Learner to
interaction Learner Content Learner Content Learner Content
• Uploading of • Utilization of • Group Sharing • Utilization of • Discussion • Utilization of
Learning SIM a. Collab SIM (Clarification or SIM
Materials b. Forum New lessons)
• Videos c. Zoom • Videos a. Collab • Videos
• Discussion b. Forum
a.Collab • Self-directed • Consultation • Self-directed c. Zoom • Self-directed
b.Forum Activities Activities Activities
Suggested c. Zoom • Supplementary Rest Day
Activities Activities
• Giving of
Formative • Quiz
Assessment
• Consultation
• Giving of
Performance
Task
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