Ge 4 Sim Updated

DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION
Math & Science Dicipline

Mabini Street, Tagum City
Telefax: (084) 655-9591/ Local 115
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Tagum College
Department of Arts & Sciences Education
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning

(SDL)
Course/Subject: GE 4 (Math in the Modern World)
Name of Teacher: Noel T. Casocot, EdD
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

FOR REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS
INTENDED USE. THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF
THE STUDENTS WHO ARE OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE
COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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Course Outline: GE 4 – Math in the Modern World
Course Coordinator: NOEL T. CASOCOT, EdD

Email: charice_kaeu@yahoo.com
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: +639307453952
Effectivity Date: August 2020
Mode of Delivery: Distance Education Delivery
Time Frame: 54 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required
at all scheduled sessions.
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact This 3-unit course self-directed manual is
Hours designed for distance education delivery mode of
instructional delivery with scheduled face to face
or virtual sessions. The expected number of hours
will be 54 including the face to face or virtual
sessions. The face to face sessions shall include
the presentation/defense of the summative
assessment tasks.
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3rd,
5th, 7th and 9th week of the term. The
assessment paper shall be attached with a cover
page indicating the title of the assessment task (if
the task is performance), the name of the
course coordinator, date of submission and name
of the student. The document should be emailed
to the course coordinator. It is also expected that
you already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment task.
If the assessment task is done in real time
through the features in Quipper, the schedule
shall be arranged ahead of time by the course
coordinator.
Since this course is included in the licensure
examination for teachers, you will be required to
take the Multiple-Choice Question exam inside
the campus. This should be scheduled ahead of
time by your course coordinator. This is non-
negotiable for all licensure-based programs.
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Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all

(if necessary) assessment tasks are required to be submitted
through Turnitin with a maximum similarity index
of 30% allowed. This means that if your paper
goes beyond 30%, the students will either opt to
redo her/his paper or explain in writing addressed
to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached
more than 30% similarity index, the student may
be called for a disciplinary action in accordance
with the University’s OPM on Intellectual and
AcademicHonesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as
cheating and commissioning other students or
people to complete the task for you have severe
punishments (reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after
Assignments/Assessments the designated time on the due date, without an
approved extension of time, will be reduced by
5% of the possible maximum score for that
assessment item for each day or part day that the
assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment
paper has a valid reason, a letter of explanation
should be submitted and approved by the course
coordinator. If necessary, you will also be
required to present/attach evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2)
Assessments weeks after the submission. This will be returned
by email or via LMS portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course
coordinator will require some or few of the
students for online or virtual sessions to ask
clarificatory questions to validate the originality of
the assessment task submitted and to ensure that
all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the
course coordinator his/her intention to resubmit
an assessment task. The resubmission is
premised on the student’s failure to comply with
the similarity index and other reasonable grounds
such as academic literacy standards or other
reasonable circumstances e.g. illness, accidents
financial constraints
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the
Papers and Appeal program coordinator your intention to appeal or
contest the score given to an assessment task.
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The letter should explicitly explain the

reasons/points to contest the grade. The program
coordinator shall communicate with the students
on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can
elevate your case to the program head or the
dean with the original letter of request. The final
decision will come from the dean of the college.
Grading System
Assessment methods Weights
EXAMINATIONS 60%
A. Exam – 1st – 3rd 30%
B. Final Exam 30%
CLASS 40%
PARTICIPATIONS
C. Quizzes 10%
D. Assignments 5%
E. Research/Requirement 15%
F. Oral recitation 10%
Total 100%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the
usual University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or

inadequate, use the general practice of the APA
6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create an email account

which is a requirement to access the
Quipperportal. Then, the course coordinator shall
enroll the students to have access to the
materials and resources of the course. All
communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment papers, requests etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in

person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student

email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Gina Fe G. Israel, EdD
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CP # : Globe 09158325092
Smart 09099942314
Email Address:deansoffice@umindanao.edu.ph
Contact Details of the Program

Head CP # : Smart 09197944497
09091084077
Email Address: gstagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate
with the course coordinator about the nature of
his or her special needs. Depending on the nature
of the need, the course coordinator with the
approval of the program coordinator may provide
alternative assessment tasks or extension of the
deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks
should still be in the service of achieving the
desired course learning outcomes.
Help Desk Contact Cashiering Office:
Globe: 09458941623
Smart: 09494254457
Sun: 09336032028
cashiertagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Records and Admission Center:
Globe: 09752634831
09151825490
rac.tagum@umidanao.edu.ph
Student Accounts Office
Smart: 09075135112
09755119982
saotagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Library Contact Learning and Information Center

Smart: 09273951639
lictagum@umindanao.edu.ph
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Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Quipper
CC’s Voice: Good day freshmen! Welcome to this course GE 4: Math in the Modern
World. As of this time being, I believe that studying your course does not purely
require technical, computer, interpersonal, leadership or communication skills but
completing its course also necessitates mathematical and analytical abilities that are
indispensable in learning the processes of your course you are taking.
CO I believe that your exposures in Basic Mathematics, Algebra and Geometry

have equipped you analytical knowledge gained from various mathematical
experiences from theory-based to problem-based approaches. These gained
knowledge and experiences are vital in discussing the nature of Mathematics, its
types of reasoning, language, and symbols and use a variety of statistical tool to
process and manage numerical data, analyzing codes and coding schemes used for
identification, privacy and security purposes and applying Mathematics in areas such
as finance, voting, health and medicine, environment, arts and design and
recreation.
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BIG PICTURE A
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to
a. Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world and understand the
importance of Mathematics in one’s life;
b. Express language, symbols and conventions of Mathematics and perform
operations on Mathematical expressions correctly;
c. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments about
mathematical concepts and write clear logical proofs;
d. Employ variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a.Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the
world and understand the importance of Mathematics in one’s life.
Metalanguage
In our modern world, the usefulness of mathematics is inevitable.

Mathematics is used in different fields to calculate effectively the results of different
activities, predict the behavior of a variable when the other variables are known and
many more.
We look mathematics as a useful way to think about the nature and the world
in general; thus, the patterns and numbers that are useful in this world will be dealt
with – to think about the Fibonacci sequence and other arrays of numbers in order to
predict and control the behavior of nature and phenomena in this world.
Please proceed immediately to the “Essential Knowledge” part since the first
lesson is also definition of essential terms.
Essential Knowledge
To attend the following unit learning outcomes for the first lesson of the
course, you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be
laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not limited to
exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books
and other resources that are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary,
search.proquest.com etc.
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1. PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE

Pattern. It is a series or sequence that repeats.
Number Patterns. These are a sequence of numbers that are ordered based
upon a rule.
Let us look at the things that surround us. What numbers do we see? Do they
establish a pattern? If they do, what is the pattern?
SITUATIONS NUMBERS PATTERNS

46 - 1. This refers to the block number and the
lot number. This indicates that the house number
1. The number 46 - 1
after you is 46 - 3 and the house adjacent to you
where your
is 46 - 2.
house is situated
234. This indicates that your house is marked
234 the 234th and the house next to you is 235th and
so on.
III-A. This house is situated first on the third
III-A
block.
86, 75 and 99. These grades

2. The final represent the outcome of a
86
grades shown in student's performance using
your Grade 12 specific criteria.
subjects
75
99
3. The feast day Every 3rd This has no specific date since the 3rd Sunday
of the Infant Sunday of of January may fall on the 15th, 16th or even the
Jesus in Shrine January 17th.
Hills in Davao
City
2. FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
The Fibonacci Sequence. It is an array of numbers that given two terms, the
next term is determined by adding the given terms. Mathematically,
fn = fn-1 +fn-2
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Consider the following examples:
Given Terms Expansion Explanation

fo = 0; f1 = 1 fn = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13… 0+1 = 1
1+1 = 2
1+2 =3
2+3=5
3+5=8
5+8=13, and so on…
fo=1; f1=3 fn= 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29… 1+3=4
3+4-7
4+7=11
7+11=18
11+18=29, and so
on…
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
Aufmann et al. (2013). Mathematical excursions 3rd ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole,

Cengage Learning
COMAP, Inc. (2013). For all practical purposes: mathematical literacy in today’s
world. NY: W.H.
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Let’s Check
1. Consider an event or a situation in your life. What mathematical patterns are
present?
Situations or Events Numbers Patterns
2. How useful patterns to you as a student?
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Let’s Analyze
1. Make a Fibonacci sequence of ten terms out of the following given two terms.
a. fo= 3; f1=5 __________________________________________________
b. fo= 1; f1=7 __________________________________________________
c. fo= 4; f1=6 __________________________________________________
d. fo= 2; f1=8 __________________________________________________
e. fo= 3; f1=7 __________________________________________________
2. Research. Is it possible for the Fibonacci sequence to have negative numbers

as the given first two terms? Support your answer with citations from reliable
sources
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In a Nutshell
In this section you may write what you have learned in this lesson:
1.
2.
3.
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Q&A List
In this section you are going to list what boggles you in this unit. You may
indicate your questions but noting you have to indicate the answers after your
question is being raised and clarified. You can write your questions below.
Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Pattern
Number Patterns
Fibonacci Sequence
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Express language, symbols and conventions of

Mathematics and perform operations on Mathematical expressions correctly.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
To attend the following unit learning outcomes for the lesson of the course,
you need to fully understand the following essential knowledge that will be laid down
in the succeeding pages. Furthermore, at the end of this lesson, you are expected to
explain the nature of mathematics as a language; perform operations on
mathematical expressions correctly and convert algebraic sentences to English
expressions.Please note that you are not limited to exclusively refer to these
resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize other books and other resources that
are available in the university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.
1. Conversion of English Expressions to Mathematical/Algebraic Sentences and

Vice-Versa
We begin by describing the basic mathematical operations in the English
language. There are only 5 basic operations in mathematics excluding
exponentiation. Each of these operations has a corresponding English
translation as shown in the table below
SYMBOLS/
BASIC ENGLISH TERMS
OPERATIONS
Equals, is equal to (most common mistake, "is equals to"),
represents, is the same as, is, are and the conjugations of the
= verb "to be", is similar to is equivalent to , exactly, results in.
Plus, sum, total, added to , added with, added by, augmented,
+ raised, more, more than, and, increased, put together.
Minus, difference, subtracted from, subtracted by, diminish,
- less, less than, decreased, separated.
Times, product, multiplied by, multiplied with, multiplied to,
or ( ) doubled, tripled (etc.), twice, thrice
/ Divide by quotient, per, ratio, halved, over, overall
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Mathematical and
Algebraic English Translations
Statements
Three plus four equals seven
3+4 = 7
Three increased by four is seven.
Twice the difference of twelve and four is sixteen.
2(12 - 4)=16
The product of two and twelve less two is sixteen.
The ratio of twice the sum of a number and one, and
2(x + 1)/3 = 5
three is equal to five
Aufmann et al. (2013). Mathematical excursions 3rd ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole,

Cengage Learning
COMAP, Inc. (2013). For all practical purposes: mathematical literacy in today’s
world. NY: W.H.
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Let’s Check
Activity 1. Convert the following English sentences to mathematical statements.

Write your final answers on the space provided.
1. The difference of eight and three is five.

2. The quotient of twenty-one and, five less two is seven.
3. Twice the difference of ten and eight is four.
4. The sum of six and four, diminished by seven is equal to three.
5. The ratio of the sum of nine and five, and seven is two.
Activity 2. Convert the following algebraic expressions to English sentences. Write

your final answers on the spaces provided.
1. 12x = 10 – 2 __________________________________________
2. 3x = 5 – 2x __________________________________________
3. 11- 3(x-4) = 5 __________________________________________
4. 2(x-1) = 3 __________________________________________
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5. 12- 4x = 3(x-5) __________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Mathematical Symbol
Algebraic Expressions
Symbols
Operations
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOc.Use different types of reasoning to justify statements

and arguments about mathematical concepts and write clear logical proofs.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
1. Inductive and deductive reasoning are two fundamental forms of reasoning for
mathematicians. The formal theorems and proofs that we rely on today all began
with these two types of reasoning.
Inductive Reasoning. It is the logical process in which multiple premises, all

believed to be true or found true most of the time are combined to obtain a
specific conclusion. This reasoning is used in applications that involve prediction,
forecasting or behavior.
Examples of Inductive Reasoning

a. Jenny leaves for school at 7:00am. Jenny is always on time. Therefore, Jenny
assumes then that if she leaves for school at 7:00am, she will always be on
time.
b. James is a grandfather.
James is bald.
Therefore, all grandfathers are bald.
c. Michael just moved here from Manila.
Michael has red hair.
Therefore, all people from Manila have red hair.
Deductive Reasoning. It is the process of reaching conclusions based on

previously known facts. The conclusions reached by this type of reasoning are
valid and can be relied on.
Examples of deductive reasoning

a. All men are mortal. (Major premise)
President Rody is a man. (Minor premise)
Therefore, Rody is mortal. (Conclusion)
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b. All Filipinos eat rice.

Ronnie is a Filipino.
Therefore, Ronnie eats rice.
c. All first-year college students in the new curriculum take mathematics in the
Modern World.
Noel is a first-year college student in the new curriculum.
Therefore, Noel take Mathematics in the Modern World.
2. Mathematical Induction
Mathematical Induction.It is a mathematical proof technique essentially used to
prove that a statement P(n) holds for every natural number n = 0, 1, 2, 3,...; that
is, the overall statement is a sequence of infinitely many
cases P(0), P(1), P(2), P(3),...
3. The Principle of Mathematical Induction
Assume that for each positive integer n we have a statement, S(n), that is
either true or false. Imagine that,
Basic step: S(1) is true
Inductive Step: We would want to show if S(k) is true, then S(k+1) is also
true.
To complete the inductive step for a proof using the principle of mathematical
induction., we assume that S(k) is true for an arbitrary positive integer k and show
that under this assumption, S(k+1) must also be true. The assumption that S(k) is
true is called the inductive hypothesis. Consider the example below:
Show by induction that the following summation are true:
a. åi(i+1) = 1(2) + 2(3)+3(4) + … + n(n+1) = n(n+1)(n+2)

3
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Basis Step:
For n= 1
k
åi(i+1)=1(1+1)(1+2)
i=1 3
1(2)(3) = 1(2) = 2
3
Inductive Step:
For n = k
k
åi(i+1)=k(k+1)(k+2)
i=1 3
For n = k + 1
k+1
åi(i+1)=(k+1)(k+1+1)(k+2+1)
i=1 3
= (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
3
Proof:
k+1 k
åi(i+1)= åi(i+1)+(k+1)(k+2)
i=1 i=1
= k(k+1)(k+2) + (k+1)(k+2)
3
= (k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 3(k+1)(k+2) factoring (k+1)(k+2)
3
= (k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
3
Black, K. (2010). Business statistics for contemporary decision making 6th ed. MA:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Lawsky et al. (2014). CK-12 advanced probability and statistics 2nd ed. CK-12
Foundation from http://psa.gov.ph/psada/index.php/catalog/173
Let’s Check
Activity 1. REASONING. Give 3 syllogisms that manifest a real-life scenario. Explain

the truthfulness of your major premise. Write your answers on the spaces provided.
1.
2.
3.
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Let’s Analyze
Prove by mathematical induction the truthfulness of the summation below.
n
1. å (2i-1)=1+3+5+7+9+…+(2n-1) = n2
i=1
n
2. å 2i= 2+4+6+8+10+…+2n = n(n+1)
i=1
3. Show that 2n> 5n for n = 5,6,7,8,…
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Step
Mathematical Induction
Proof
Big Picture in Focus: ULOd. Employ variety of statistical tools to process and
manage numerical data.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
Everyday most businesses make their decisions on whether their companies
will earn or lose on the information they gather about the economic environment, the
market, the competition, the labor force, and some other factors. This information is
usually associated with data.
Statistics provides us the toll through which such data are collected, analyzed
and presented to arrive at some rich and interesting information. These tools, which
are from mathematics, are useful in processing and managing numerical data to
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describe a phenomenon and predict values.
1. Statistics
In plural sense, can mean the data itself or some numerical computations
derived from a set of data.In singular sense, a branch of science that deals with the
development of methods for a more effective way of collecting, organizing,
presenting, and analyzing data.
2. Fields of Statistics
Mathematical Statistics. This deals with development and exposition of

theories that serve as bases of statistical methods.
Applied Statistics. It refers to the application of statistical methods to solve

real problems involving randomly generated data as well as the development of new
statistical method motivated by real problems
3. Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics. It refers to the methods of summarizing and

presenting data in the form which will make them easier to analyze
Inferential Statistics. This refers to the process of drawing and making

decision on the population based on evidence obtained from a sample.
4. Classification of Statistics
Parametric Statistics. It is an approach which assumes a random sample

from a normal distribution and involves testing of hypothesis about the population
parameter
Nonparametric Statistics. A statistical approach for estimating and

hypothesis testing when no underlying distribution is assumed
5. Data. They are the quantities (numbers) or qualities (attributes) measured or

observed that are to be collected and/or analyzed.
Sources of Data
Primary Source. This refers to the data that come from the original sources
and are collected especially for the task at hand.
Secondary Source. It refers to the data collected by others for another

purpose
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6. Measurement.The process of assigning a number or a numerical value to a

characteristic of the object that is being measured
Scales of Measurement
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Data that are collected must be organized and presented effectively for
analysis and interpretation. They can be presented in different forms as follows.
Tabular Presentation. It uses statistical tables such as frequency distribution

table, cross-tabulation table, etc.
Graphical Presentation. It uses illustrative materials in the form of graphs

like bar graph, pie chart, line graph, etc.
Textual Presentation.It uses statements with numerals in order to describe

the data purposely to get attention to some significant data.
7. Measures of Central Tendency

A. Arithmetic Mean.It is the sum of set of measurements divided by the number
of measurements in the set.
Population Mean
N
åx i
µ= i =1
Sample Mean
N
_ åx i
x= i =1
Weighted Mean
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åx w i i
µ= i -1
k
for population
åw
i =1
i
_ åx w i i
x= i -1
k
for sample
åw
i =1
i
B. Median.The middle value of a set of observations arranged in an increasing

or decreasing order of magnitude.
Population Median
é x N +1 if N is odd
~ ê 2
µ = êê 1 æ ö
ç x N + x N ÷ if N is even
ç
ê2 è 2 +1 ÷
ë 2 ø
Sample Median
é x n +1 if n is odd
~ ê 2
x êê 1 æ
= ö
ç x n + x n ÷ if n is even
ê 2 çè 2 +1 ÷
2 ø
ë
C. Mode.The value which occurs the most number of times in a set of

observations.
8. Measures of Dispersion
A. Range.The difference between the largest and smallest values in the set.
R = Highest value – Lowest value
B. Variance
Population Variance
N
å (x - µ)
2
i
s2 = i =1
Sample Variance
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2
n
æ _
ö
å ç xi - x ÷
s 2 = i =1 è ø
n -1
C. Standard Deviation
The positive square root of the variance.
Population Standard Deviation

s = s2
Sample Standard Deviation

s = s2
9. Measures of Relative Position
Percentiles. They are values that divide an ordered set of observations into
100 equal parts. These values, denoted by P1, P2, ...., P99, are such that 1% of the
data falls below P1, 2% falls below P2, ..., and 99% falls below P99.
Deciles.They are values that divide an ordered set of observations into 10

equal parts. These values, denoted by D1, D2, ...., D9, are such that 10% of the data
falls below D1, 20% falls below D2, ..., and 90% falls below D9.
Quartiles.They are values that divide an ordered set of observations into 4

equal parts. These values, denoted by Q1, Q2, and, Q3, are such that 25% of the
data falls below Q1, 50% falls below Q2, and 75% falls below Q3.
Procedure to compute for these values:
Step 1. Arrange the data in an increasing order of magnitude.
Step 2. Solve for the value of L, where

é mn
ê100 for Percentiles
ê
mn
L=ê for Deciles
ê 10
ê
ê mn for Quartiles
ëê 4
where m is the location of the percentile, decile, or quartile
n is the number of observations
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Step 3: If L is an integer, the desired fractile is the average of the Lth and
(L+1)thobservations. If L is fractional, get the next higher integer to find the required
location. The fractile corresponds to the value in that location.
Let’s Check
Part I – Write the correct word on the space provided before each question.
_____ 1. It is concerned about organizing, summarizing, presenting and

interpretation of data
_____ 2. A particular attribute of interest that is measurable or observable on each
and every individual or object
_____ 3. This deals with making generalizations about the population where only a
part of it is examined.
_____ 4. It is a subset or portion of the total populationsources.
_____ 5. A numerical value computed from the given observations that measures
how the data spreads from the central location.
_____ 6. The sum of set of measurements divided by the number of measurements
in the set.
_____ 7. The positive square root of the variance.
_____ 8. The difference between the largest and the smallest values in the set of
observations.
_____ 9. The value of a set of observations which occurs the most number of times.
_____ 10. A measure of relative variation expressed as percentage.
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Part II – Indicate if the data is nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio level of

measurements on the space provided.
_____ 1. social classes

_____ 2. score in an exam
_____ 3. speed of a car
_____ 4. family expenditures
_____ 5. temperature
_____ 6. severity of burns
_____ 7. ID numbers
_____ 8. response to a true-false test
_____ 9. ice cream flavor
_____ 10. emotional quotient
Let’s Analyze
Problem Solving. Show your solution
1. Cellphones, computers, and televisions have now improved so rapidly that to

make use of the latest technological breakthrough, people have replaced and
discarded most of the electronic equipment they possess. The discarded
items end up in landfills where the chemicals from batteries and the other
electronic parts add poisonous substances to the environment. The following
table shows that amount of tonnage of the most common types of electronic
equipment discarded in 2015.
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further
THOUSANDS OF
ELECTRONIC TONS
EQUIPMENT DISCARDED
CRT TV's 751.1
CRT Monitors 38.8
Printers, Keyboards,
Mice 32.9
Desktop Computers 25.5
Laptop Computers 3.8
Projection TV's 12.8

Cell Phones 0.7
LCD Monitors 0.9
Present and analyze the data using the bar graph and pie chart.
2. The mean salary of ten employees is P32,000 and the median is P30,000.The
highest paid employee gets a P5,000 raise.
a. What is the new mean salary of the ten employees?
b. What is the new median salary of the ten employees?
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3. The Department of Trade and Industry surveyed the price of unleaded

gasoline at gas stations in Tagum City and Digos City. The raw data, in pesos
per gallon, are given in the table below.
a. Find the mean price in each city. Which city has the lowest mean?
b. Find the standard deviation of prices in each city.
c. Which city has the more consistently-priced gasoline? Why?
4. The number of building permits issued last month to 12 construction firms

in a small mid-western city were 4, 7, 0, 7, 11, 4, 1, 15, 3, 5, 8, and 7. Treating the
data as a population, find the following. (30 pts., 3 pts. each)
a. range
b. variance
c. standard deviation
d. P25
e. D4
f. P80
g. Q2
5. The scores of two golfers for 10 rounds each are:

A: 58 59 60 54 65 66 52 75 69 52
B: 84 56 92 65 86 78 44 54 78 68
Which may be regarded as the more consistent? (5 pts.)
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
34
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Applied Statistics
Arithmetic Mean
Data
Deciles
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Interval Scale
Mathematical Statistics
Median
Mode
Nominal Scale
Non-Parametric Statistics
Ordinal Scale
Parametric Statistics
Percentile
Quintiles
Range
Ratio Scale
Standard Deviation
Statistics
Variance
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Big Picture B
expected to
a. Decipher binary codes, convert decimal numbers to binary and vice versa,
and use coding schemes to encode and decode different types of information
for identification, privacy, and security purposes
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Decipher binary codes, convert decimal numbers to
binary and vice versa, and use coding schemes to encode and decode different
types of information for identification, privacy, and security purposes
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
Computers represent information using bits. A bit is a symbol with two

possible values, namely,0(zero) and 1(one). This meaning of the word bit comes
from binary digit because zero and ones are the digits used in binary representations
of numbers. The well-known statistician John Turkey introduced this terminology in
1946. A bit can be used to represent a truth value; there are two truth values,
namely, true, when the statement is correct and false, if otherwise. As is customarily
done, we use a 1 bit to represent true (T) and a 0 bit to represent false (F).
The utility of mathematics goes beyond the unexpected. One of the utilities is
the development of the codes and ciphers that are useful to everybody. There are
coding schemes that are used to encode and decode different types of information
for identification, privacy, and security purposes.
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The Binary Codes
Suppose we want to write the word “LOVE” in a binary code. The process is to look
for the binary codes of the letter L, O, V, E. That is,
Letters Binary Codes

L 01001100
O 01001111
V 01010110
E 01000101
Bits
A bit is a binary digit, that is, 1 and 0. In a digital computer, data and
instructions are coded as bits.
The Decimal Number System

In a decimal number system, the symbol’s position is very important. Reading
from the right, the first symbol represents the unit digit; the second symbol, the tens
digit; the third symbol, the hundreds digit; and the fourth symbol, the thousands digit.
So if 2,658 is deciphered, we have
2,658 = 2(1000) + 6 (100) + 5(10) +8(1)
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Conversion of Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers
The binary 110112 (of length 5, read from the right to left) is expressed as:
110112 = 1(24) + 1(23)+0(22)+1(21)+1(20)
Computing the right hand side in decimal, we have,
=1(16)+1(8)+0(4)+1(2)+1(1)
=16+18+0+2+1
= 3710
Decimal to Binary
In converting decimal numbers to binary, the computational process is to

show successive division by 2’s with the remainders recorded. Below is an example.
Write the decimal 130 to binary.
DIVISION BY 2 QUOTIENT REMAINDER PLACE OF BITS

2)130 65 0 1's
2)65 32 1 2's
2)32 16 0 4's
2)16 8 0 8's
2)8 4 0 16's
2)4 2 0 32's
2)2 1 0 64's
2)1 0 1 128's
0
We need to stop when the quotient is now zero. Be reading backward, (the first digit
of the binary is the 128’s), we obtain: 13010 = 100000102
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LET'S CHECK
A. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal.
1. 110102
2. 11101012
3. 10101102
4. 10100112
5. 11100112
6. 1011101102
7. 101100112
8. 1011100112
9. 1011101102
10. 1101012
B. Write the following decimal numbers as binary
1. 442
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2. 301
3. 830
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
41
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Binary Codes
Bits
Decimal Number System
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Big Picture C
expected to
a. Determine the solution of linear inequalities and systems of linear

inequalities and the optimal solution of a linear programming problem
using the graphical method and the simplex method.
Big Picture In Focus: ULOa.Determine the solution of linear inequalities and

systems of linear inequalities and the optimal solution of a linear programming
problem using the graphical method and the simplex method.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
Manufacturers create products that consumers need to sustain their business,

their lifestyle, and their many other activities. In manufacturing, resources are
needed, and these resources are not unlimited. Some resources are even scarce or
costly. This is the reason resources needed in production should be used
economically. In effect, the cost in producing goods/products should be minimized
while the profit derived from these goods/products is to be maximized. There is a
mathematical technique called linear programming that achieves these goals.
Linear programming (LP) is one of the simplest ways to perform optimization
whether to maximize the profit and minimize the cost. It helps solve some very
complex optimization problems by making a few simplifying assumptions. The
objective is subject to constraints/restrictions imposed by the resources needed in
production.
Graphical Method
In this section, you need to have knowledge of graphing the solution of linear
inequalities and systems of linear inequalities in two variables. If you still remember,
linear inequalities are mathematical statements asserting that two quantities are not
equal. The symbols used to show an inequality relation is any of the following: >, <,
>, <.
Examples:
1. 4 < 5
2. 2x – y < 4
3. 3x – 6y > 12
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4. 4x + 3y – 24 > 0
System of Linear Inequalities
At this point we will show how to find the solution for a system of linear
inequalities. The solution to a system of linear inequalities is the set of all points that
satisfy all the given inequalities. Graphically, it is represented by the region where all
the regions representing the solution of the individual inequality intersect (or meet)
on the same Cartesian plane.
We will take one example below.
Illustrative Example 4.
Determine the solution to this system of linear inequalities.
4x + 3y – 24 < 0
x>1
y>2
Solution:
1. We first express the given inequalities as equation. So, we have,
4x + 3y – 24 = 0 (1)
x=0
y= 0
Also, express (1) in the form ax + by = c. Thus, we have 4x + 3y = 24. We
then draw the lines that correspond to these linear equations in one Cartesian
plane. The graphs are shown below.
2. We need to test the point (0,0) for each inequality.

Testing (0,0) for 4x + 3y – 24 < 0,
4(0) + 3 (0) – 24 < 0
0 + 0 – 24 < 0
-24 < 0 is true.
Therefore, the solution for 4x + 3y – 24 < 0 is the region below the graph of 4x
+ 3y = 24, including the points on the line,
Testing (0,0) for x > 1,

x> 1
0 > 1 is false.
Thus, the solution for x > 1 is the region to the right of the line representing x
= 1.
Testing (0,0) for y > 2,

y> 2
0 > 2 is false.
Thus, the solution is the region above the line representing y = 2.
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Steps in Formulating a Linear Programming Model
In formulating a linear programming model, the following steps are allowed.

1. Determine the decision variables (unknown quantities) in the problem and
represent them using the common symbols x, y or z.
2. Formulate the objective function, which is to be represented as a linear
function of the decision variables.
3. Determine all the restrictions in the problem and represent them in terms
of inequalities. These inequalities relate the unknown quantities to some
known value. Always include as implied constraints the value of decision
variables being strictly greater than or equal to zero.
Let us take an example.
Illustrative Example 6.
A retiree has 60 garden plots on which he could plant cabbage and pechay.
His friend told him that he could make a profit of P100 per slot of cabbage and
P90 per plot of pechay. His household could not possibly take care more than
20 plots of cabbage and 40 plots of pechay. How many plots of each
vegetable should he plant for him to have a maximum profit? What is
maximum profit?
Analysis and Discussion:

We follow the suggested steps.
Step 1. Determine the unknown in the problem and represent them using the
common variables x, y or z.
Clearly, the unknown quantities are: the number of plots to be planted with
cabbage and the number of plots to be planted with pechay.
Let
X = number of plots to be planted with cabbage
Y = number of plots to be planted with pechay
Step 2. Formulate the objective function, which is to be represented as a

linear function of the decision variables.
The quantity to be maximized is the profit, which is to be obtained from
planting cabbage and pechay. Since the profit per plot of cabbage is P100,
the total profit to be obtained by planting cabbage is gotten by multiplying the
profit per plot and the number of plots to be planted with cabbage (x), or 100x;
the profit on pechay is gotten the same way; hence, the total profit, which will
be obtained from planting pechay is 80y. Now, let Z be the total profit that will
be derived from these two vegetables, then our objective function is,
Z = 100x + 80y
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Step 3. Determine all the restrictions in the problem and represent them in
terms of inequalities. These inequalities relate the unknown quantities to
some known value. Always include as implied constraints the value of
decision variables being strictly greater than or equal to zero.
Going back to the problem, we can read three restrictions. The retiree could
not possibly take care of more than 20 plots of cabbage or more than 40 plots of
pechay. This means he could only take care of 20 plots cabbage or less and 40 plots
of pechay or less. You also have to remember that he only has 60 plots. This means
he can only have 60 plots or less to plant on. Translating these restrictions to
inequalities,
X < 20 restriction on the number of plots per cabbage

Y < 40 restriction on the number of plots for pechay
X + y < 60 restriction on the total number of plots that he can plant
on
We have to include our implied restriction that the decision variables can take
only nonnegative values.
X>0
Y>0
The full linear programming model is:
Maximize: Z = 100x + 80y

Subject to: x < 20
Y < 40
x + y < 60
x>0
y>0
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Let’s Check
A .Graph the following inequalities in the xy-plane
1. x > 8
2. y > 0
3. x – 4y > 12
4. 3x – y < 6
5. 2.5x – y < -5
6. 4x + 5y – 20 < 0
7. 18x – 12y > 36
8. X + y < -3
!
9. "
𝑥 + y >10
$ &
10. % + ! > 1
11. 0.5y – 0.3x > 0.4
12. 0.75x + 0.5y < 1.5
B. Graph the following systems of linear inequalities.
1. X > 8
Y>0
X+y>1
2. y < 3
x > -4
3. x > 3
4x + 5y < 20
4. y – 3x < 3
y – 2x < 6
5. x – 3y < -3
5x – y > 20
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"
6. '
x+y<6
4y – 5x > 20
7. X – 3y > -6
X–y<4
X–y<5
8. 2x + y < 6
Y<6
Y > 5x – 15
9. X > -4
-x + y < 2
X–y<0
X+y<1
10. 5x + 3y > 15
7x + 2y < 21
X>0
Y<7
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Let’s Analyze
Determine the optimal solution using graphical method for the following linear
programming problems.
1. Minimize: C = 500x + 750y

Subject to: 6x + 2y > 12
4x + 2y > 10
X + 2y > 4
X > 0; y > 0
2. Maximize: P = 25x + 30y

Subject to: 3x – 2y < 0
y<3
x+y>5
x–y<5
x > 0; y > 0
3. Minimize: C = 2x + 5y
Subject to: x+y>3
x < 2y
2x + 3y < 12
x>1
x > 0; y > 0
4. Maximize: P = 1250x + 3500y

Subject to: 5x + 4y < 60
x+y>9
y – 3x < 9
x > 0; y > 0
5. Minimize: C = 20x – 4y
Subject to: 2x + y > 8
4x + y > 12
2x + 3y > 12
x > 0; y > 0
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A. Read and understand the word problems below. Generate the full
linear programming model for each and determine the optimal
solution and the minimum/maximum value of the objective function.
1. XYZ Company in one of its minor manufacturing plants

produces speakers and headsets. The company earn P16,500
for each speaker produced and P1,800 per headsets. Each of
these product has to go through machines A and B. Each
speaker requires 5 hours in machine A and 1 hour in machine B
while each headset requires 1 hour in machine A and 1 hour in
machine B. Per production cycle, Machine A can only operate
for 20 hours nonstop while Machine B can operate nonstop for
only 26 hours. How many speakers and headsets should be
produced per production cycle to maximize the company’s
profit? How much is the maximum profit?
2. Mr. Panes has lands planted with kamagong and narra trees. He
spends P50,000 to harvest one hectare of kamagong and
P75,000 to harvest one hectare of narra. A hectare of kamagong
will yield 10 units of pulpwood, 5 units of resin, and 6 units of
lumber. A hectare of narra will yield 30 units of pulpwood, 10
units of resin, and 3 units of lumber. Mr. Panes has standing
orders of 60 units of pulpwood, 25 units of resin, and 12 units of
lumber. How many hectares of narra and kamagong must be
harvested to minimize cost while providing for the orders? How
much is the minimum cost.
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
51
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Graphical Method
Linear Inequalities
Linear Programming
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Big Picture D
expected to
a. Apply the different concepts of mathematics of finance in making wise

decisions related to personal finance and support the use of mathematics
in financial aspects and endeavors in life.
b. Describe the basic notions of apportionment and voting, apply the different
methods of apportionment and apply the different voting systems.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa.Apply the different concepts of mathematics of finance

in making wise decisions related to personal finance and support the use of
mathematics in financial aspects and endeavors in life.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
Your future is dependent on what you are doing now and how you are
preparing for it. A better future is associated with money because we believe that
money affects how we lead our life. If you have money, you can do many things you
want in life. But, if you have money and do not know how to manage it, you will end
up to nothing. That is why personal finance is one of the most important aspects in
your life, and being able to manage your money is one of the most important
accomplishments you can achieve.
You are responsible for your personal finance. The concepts you will learn in
this chapter will be a great help to your personal financial planning. At the end of this
lesson, you are expected to apply the different concepts of mathematics of finance in
making wise decisions related to personal financial and support the use of
mathematics in financial aspects and endeavors in life.
Interest
Interest is the cost for the use of money. When you deposit a money in a
bank, it will earn interest but when you borrow money from a bank, you will pay
interest.
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The amount deposited in a bank or borrowed from a bank is called the

principal, the percent used to determine the amount of interest is called the interest
rate, and the duration of deposit or loan is called time.
Simple interest
The interest paid on the original principle is called simple interest, and the
unit of time is usually expressed as annual interest rates. This means that we will
assume the interest rate to be annual unless specified. When the duration of a loan
is less than a year, the t shall have a value of a fraction of a year. For example, the
interest rate of a loan payable in 2 years is 2.5%, the value of t shall be 2 while a
(
loan that is due in 9 months with an interest rate of 1.7% shall have a t value of )%. A
daily/ monthly interest rate shall have a daily/monthly unit of time. For instance, a
two-year loan of Php 2,500 bears an interest rate of 0.05% monthly. In this example
the t shall have a value of 24 since there are 24 months in two years.
Simple Interest Formulas
In the computation of simple interest, we will use the formula I = Prt, where I is the
amount of interest, P is the principle amount, r is the rate of interest that must be
expressed in decimal, and t is the time.
Example: You have deposited Php 5,000 in a Savings Bank on January 1, 2016 with
an interest rate of 3% and have withdrawn it on January 1, 2017. Calculate the
simple interest.
Solution: Calculate the interest.
I = Prt
I = (Php5,000)(0.03)(1)
I = Php 150
Example: A loan of Php 3,000 bears an interest rate of 2% per month. If the loan
shall be paid in 4 months, how much is the interest?
Solution: In this example, Php 3000 is the principal amount (P), 2% is the interest
rate (r), and the time (t) is 4 since the interest rate is monthly.
Calculate the interest.
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I = Prt
I = (Php5,000)(0.02)(4)
I = Php 240
Example: Your saving deposit of Php 7,000 earns a simple interest of 5%. How
much is the interest for 9 months?
Solution: Here, Php 7,000 is the principal (P). 5% is the interest rate (r), and the time
( (
(t) is )%. It is )% since the interest rate is annual, and the duration of the savings
is 9 months.
Calculate the interest.
I = prt
(
I = (Php 7,000)(0.05)()%)
I = Php 262.50
The time shall be measured in the same period as the interest rate, now if the
interest rate is annual and the time is in days, we need to express the timeas a
fractional part of a year. We can use either the exact method or the ordinary method.
In exact method,
*+,-./0123&4
t= "5!
while in ordinary method,
*+,-./0123&4
t= "56
In most businesses, ordinary method is used unless otherwise stated.

Example: Calculate the simple interest due on a 72-day loan of Php 3,000 if the
annual interest rate is 4%.
Solution: We will substitute the following values in the simple interest formula:
7%
P = Php 3,000, r = 4%, and t = "56.
Hence, the interest is:

I = Prt
7%
I = (Php 3,000)(0.04)("56)
I = Php 24
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MATURITY OF FUTURE VALUE

The maturity or future value is the sum of the principal and the interest.
The formula is A = P + I. if we substitute Prt to I,
we will have A = P + PrtorA = P (1 + rt)
Example: A cooperative released a Php 9,000- emergency loan to Ana with a simple
interest of 4.5%. if she intends to pay it in 2 years, what amount will she
pay back to the cooperative.
Solution: To compute for the amount she will pay back after 2 years,
A = P + Prt
A = Php 9,000 + (Php9,000)(0.045)(2)
A = Php 9,000 + Php 810
A = Php 9,810
Present Value
The interest on loans may be deducted in advance from the principle amount,
so if a borrower applies for a loan of Php 10,000, he will receive an amount of less
than Php 10,000 since the interest is deducted from the principal loan before it is
released to him, the borrower.
For example, if you borrow Php 10,000 from a credit cooperative that charges
4% simple interest deducted in advance, the interest would be Php400 for 1 year.
Out of your Php10,000 loan application, you will receive Php9,600. This is called
present value (S) of the loan. The formula for present value is S = P – I. If we
substitute Prt to I, then S = P – Prt or S = P (1 – rt).
Example: Kleah needs Php25,000 now to buy a laptop. She has decided to borrow
money from a lending company that charges 8% simple interest deducted in
advance. How much loan will Kleah apply for if she pays it in 2 years?
Solution: in this example, the interest is deducted in advance. This means that Kleah
should apply for a loan of more than what she needs now. We will
calculate the principal amount. The Php 25,000 is the present value,
interest rate of 8%, and time is 2 years. The formula is S = P(1 – rt).
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S = P(1 – rt)
Php25,000 = P(1 – (.08)(2)
Php25,000 = P(1 – 0.16)
Php25,000 = P(0.84)
89: %!,666 8(6.?')

(6.?')
= (6.?')
𝑃 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 29, 761.90
Kleah should apply for a loan of Php29,761.90 for her to receive Php25,000,
which she needs now to buy a laptop.
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COMPOUND INTEREST
Compound interest is a method of calculating interest periodically on the sum

of the principal and the accumulated interest of previous periods. It means
that the earned interest will also earn interest.
The Compound Amount or Future-Value and Compound-Interest

Formulas
The compound amount can be calculated using the compound amount of
future-value formula,
/
A = P ( 1 + * )n
And for the compound interest, I = A – P

Where: A is the future value or compound amount
P is the original principal
r is the rate of interest
t is the time (duration of the loan/investment) in years
n is the number conversion periods per year
Iis the compound interest
Example: what is the compound amount of interest if Php6,000 is invested at

2% compounded monthly for 2 years?
Solution: To calculate the compound amount, we will substitute the following
values in the formula: P = Php6,000, r = 2%, n = 12, and t = 2.
/
A = P(1 + *)nt
6.6% (12)(2)
A = Php 6,000( 1 + )%
)
A = Php6,000(1 + 0.001667)24
A = Php 6,000(1.04078)24
A = Php 6,244.68
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The interest after 2 years is:

I=A–P
I = Php6,244.68 – Php6,000
I = Php244.68
STOCKS
Companies may raise money either by borrowing or by selling their shares of stocks
to finance the needs of their operations and probably plan an expansion of their
company.
The company may raise money through selling shares of ownership, which we call
stocks. The buyer of the stocks are called stockholders. Upon buying, the
stockholders receive stock certificates that indicate the number of shares of stock
they own. As a stockholder, you have a share in the profit or losses of the company.
Example: a stock pays an annual dividend of Php60 per share. Calculate the
dividend paid to Eva who has 120 shares of the company’s stock.
Solution: ( 120 shares)(Php60 per share) = Php7,200
Eva received Php7,200 in dividends.
DIVIDEND YIELD
Dividend yield is the amount of dividend divided by the price of the stock,
and it is expressed as percent, the same way as calling it the rate of the dividend in
reference to the stock price. The formula for calculating the dividend yield is the
simple interest formula, with the stock price as the principal, the dividend yield as the
interest earned, and the dividend yield as the rate of interest.
Example: a stock pays an annual dividend of Php80 per share. If the stock is trading
at Php1500, what is the dividend yield?
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Solution: we will use the simple interest formula for P = 1,500, I = 80, and t = 1.
I = Prt
I = (1,500)(r)(1)
?6 ),!66)/
)!66
= ( ),!66)
0.053 = r
R = 5.3%
The dividend yield is 5.3%.
MARKET VALUE
The market value of a share of stock is the price for which the stockholder is willing
to sell a share of stock, and a buyer is willing to purchase it. Stock trades may have
brokers who also charge commissions at varying levels. These things happen in the
stock market. In the case of the Philippines, it is the Philippine stock exchange
(PSE).
Example: You owned 50 shares of stocks in Company A. You purchased the shares
at a price of Php 1,200 per share and sold them at Php1400 per share. If your broker
charges 3.5% of the total sale price, what is your profit or loss on the sale of stock?
What is the commission of the broker?
Solution: Profit = Selling price – Purchase price

Profit = (1,400x50) – (1,200x50)
Profit = 70,000 – 60,000
Profit = 10,000
The profit on the sale of the stocks is Php10,000
Commission = 0.035x70,000
Commission = 2,400
The broker’s commission is Php2,400
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BONDS
Instead of selling stocks, the company may also issue a bond. When a bond is
issued, the company is borrowing money from the bondholder and promises to face
its value at a maturity date along with the given rate of interest called coupon.
When a company issues bonds, they are also considered as stocks. However, if the
company declares bankruptcy, the bondholders have the first claim to the assets of
the company before the stockholders. Changes in the prices of bonds vary according
to the demands of the market or according to market performance.
The par value or the face value of the bond is the original amount of money
borrowed by a particular company. Most companies issue a face value of
Php1,000.00.
Example: A bond with a face value of Php1,000 has a 4% coupon and a 15-year
maturity date.
Solution: the interest is calculated using the simple interest formula, where P =
1,000, r = 0.04, and t = 15.
I = Prt
I = (1,000)(0.04)(15)
I = 600
The bondholders will receive the face value of Php 1,000 plus Php600 for the
interest.
MUTUAL FUND
A mutual fund company is a business whose assets are stocks and bonds.
The nature of the business is not manufacturing but making investments. Mutual
funds are operated by full-time professional money managers whose job is to ensure
that the fund’s investments will produce capital gains and/or income for the investors.
If you are investing in mutual funds, you do not need to choose which stocks to buy
and when to sell them. Also, your shares of stocks are in many different companies.
Mutual fund units or shares can be purchased or redeemed as needed at the
funds current net asset value (NAV). The NAV is dependent on the performance of
the stocks in the fund, and it can be calculated using the formula below.
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Net Asset Value of a Mutual Fund

The net asset value of a mutual fund is
KLM
NAV = N
Where A is the total fund assets, L is the total liabilities, and N is the number of share
outstanding.
Example: A mutual fund has Php 450,000,000 worth of stock, Php 300,000,000
worth of bonds, and Php 35,000,000 in other assets. The funds’ total liabilities
amount to Php 2,100,000. There are 15,000,000 shares outstanding. You invest Php
50,000 in this fund. Find the net asset value of the mutual fund. How many shares
will you purchase?
Solution: Substitute the following values in the formula.
A = 450,000,000 + 300,000,000 + 35,000,000
L = 2,100,000
N = 15,000,000
KLM
NAV = N
7!,666,666L%,)66,66
NAV = )!,666,666
NAV = 52.1933
The net asset value of the fund is Php52.1933.
Now, to find the number of shares you will purchase, divide the amount you will
invest by the net asset value.
!6,666
Number of shares = !%.)(""
Number of shares = 957.98

With your Php 50,000 initial investment, you can purchase 957.98 shares.
When you invest in a mutual fund, you will be given a certificate indicating the name
of investment, date of your investment, and the amount invested with the
corresponding number of shares, which will also be presented once you redeem it.
Financial institutions release an account number for you to deposit your investment
as often as you like.
Example: you invested Php 20,000 in a financial institution for a trust fund with NAV
of Php 65 per share. How many shares have you invested?
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Solution: To find the number of shares you have invested, divide the amount
invested by the NAV.
3,0+*OP*Q.4O.2
Number of shares = NKR
%6,666
Number of shares = 5!
Number of shares = 307.69
HOME OWNERSHIP
When you do not have enough cash to purchase a home, you can apply for a
housing loan in any financial institution. Most Filipinos acquire a home through the
housing loan program from PAG-IBIG Fund. Usually the approved amount of loan
from PAG-IBIG Fund to purchase a home is less than the actual cost of the house-
and-lot, so the applicant needs to pay an additional amount, which is called equity.
Suppose the cost is Php 1,200,000, but your approved loan from PAG-IBIG is Php
1,000,000, you need to pay Php 200,000 to the developer/owner. The Php 200,000
payment is the equity. The amount of mortgage is the difference between the cost of
the property and the equity.
Mortgage: Is the amount that is borrowed to buy the property. The formula to find
the mortgage is
Mortgage = selling price – equity
Example: Suppose you buy a Php 1,700,000 house with an equity of Php 500,000.
Find the mortgage.
Solution: Mortgage = selling price – equity
Mortgage = 1,700,000 – 500,000
Mortgage = 1,200,000
When you apply for a home loan from a bank, you are required to pay a down
payment, which is atleast 10% of the selling price. The mortgage is
Mortgage = selling price – down payment
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Solution: to calculate the mortgage, we compute first the down payment and then
subtract it from the selling price. The down payment is:
Down payment = (0.10)(2,500,000)
Down payment = 250,000
The mortgage is:
Mortgage = selling price – down payment

Mortgage = 2,500,000 – 250,000
Other than down payment or equity, there are some other expenses associated with
the purchase. Some of them are processing fee, reservation fee, etc.
Upon takeout of your house and lot, you will start paying the monthly mortgage. The
term of the mortgage varies. It may be 15 years, 20 years, 20 years, or 25 years.
Usually it is 25 years. If you fail to make payments, the bank or the financial
institution has the right to foreclose. Once the property is foreclosed, the financial
institution/bank takes the possession of the property and has the right to sell it.
Example: you purchase a house-and-lot for Php 1,350,000 and obtain a 25-year
fixed rate mortgage of 6.5%. if the equity is Php 200,000, what is the mortgage, and
what is the monthly payment?
Solution: To find the mortgage, we subtract 200,000 from 1,350,000.
Mortgage = selling price – equity
Mortgage = 1,350,000 – 200,000
To calculate for the monthly payment, we substitute the following values in the
6.65!
formula: A = 1,150,000, n = 300 and I = )% = 0.0054.
P
PMT = A ()L()SP))
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http://www.wealth-steps.com/importance-of-personal-finance.html
http://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140617025503-173127176-importance-of-personal-
financial-planning
Let’s Check
A. Answer the following as indicated.

1. A loan of Php 20,000 with a simple interest rate of 5% will be paid within 10
months. What value will you substitute for t when you calculate the amount of
interest?
2. A loan of Php 65,000 in march 2014 with a simple interest of 3% has been
paid in March 2017 in the amount P72,000. What is the duration of the loan.
3. Anabelle borrowed Php 12,000 that bears a simple interest. She has fully paid
Php 12,750 after 3 months. How much interest did she pay.
4. Brian borrowed from his friend mark, Php 9,000. He repaid the Php 9,600
after 15 months. What was the simple interest rate.
5. Arah borrowed Php 14,000 from a cooperative and paid a Php 800-interest in
a year. What was the simple interest rate?
B. Solve the following problems. Round off to the nearest centavo.

1. Find the interest on Php 25,000 invested for 3 years at 7% compounded
quarterly.
2. What is the maturity value of Php 30,000 at the end of 41T2 years if the
interest rate is 4% compounded semi-annually?
3. A man deposited Php 15,000 in a savings bank that pays 2.5%
compounded monthly for 2 years and 9 months. What is the compound
amount at the end of the term?
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C. Evaluate the following problems.

1. Calculate the dividends paid to a stockholder who has 120 shares of stocks
that is paying Php 30 per share
2. A stock that pays annual dividend of Php40 per share has a current price of
Php 600. Find the dividend yield.
3. You purchased 50 stocks from a corporation at Php 400 per share and sold
them at Php 535 per share. Calculate your profit.
4. A corporation issued a bond with a face value of Php 2,000, a 6% coupon,
and a 10-year maturity date. How much will the corporation pay to the
bondholder?
5. A bond with the face value of Php 1,000 has a 3% coupon and an 8-year
maturity date. Fnd the interest.
6. A mutual fund has Php 560,000,000 worth of stock, Php 400,000,000 worth of
bonds, and Php 60,000,000, in other assets. The fund’s total liabilities amount
to Php 3,500,000. There are 40,000,000 shares outstanding. You invest Php
60,000 in this fund. Find the net asset value of the mutual fund. How many
shares will you purchase?
7. You invested Php 20,000 in an equity fund with an equivalent of 335 shares.
What is the cost per share at the same time you invested?
8. Three years ago, you opened an investment account with an initial 2,598
shares at Php 1.294 per share. If the current NAV of fund is Php 2.65, how
much is your current investment?
9. You invested Php 35,000 in a mutual fund with NAV of Php 1.98. Currently,
you will redeem it with a NAV of 2.56. What is the total amount you will
redeem?
10. How many shares can you purchase with your Php 5,000 if the NAV is 3.46
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Let’s Analyze
Answer the following as indicated.
1. Suppose you buy a Php 2,500,000 house-and-lot with an equity of Php

700,000. Find the mortgage.
2. You plan to buy a house-and-lot through home loan from a bank. The selling
price is Php 1,800,000, and the bank requires a down payment of 20% of the
selling price. How much is the down payment.
3. Suppose Anna purchases a condominium and secures a loan of Php
2,400,000 for 20 years at an annual interest rate of 6.5%. Find the monthly
mortgage payment.
4. You purchase a house-and-lot for Php 1,850,000 and obtain a 25-year fixed
rate mortgage of 8.5%. if the equity is Php 300,000, what is the monthly
payment?
5. Your Php 2,700,000 condominium is mortgaged for 15 years with an annual
interest rate of 4%. How many monthly payments will you have.
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In a Nutshell
1.
2.
3.
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Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Bonds
Compound Interest
Dividend Yield
Future Value
Home Ownership
Interest
Market Value
Mutual Fund
Present Value
Simple Interest
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOb.Describe the basic notions of apportionment and

voting, apply the different methods of apportionment and apply the different voting
systems.
Metalanguage
Essential Knowledge
To apportion means to make a proportionate distribution of some goods and
apportionment is the result of the apportioning. The mathematical investigation into
apportionment has its roots in US congress. Since 1790, the US House of
Representatives has employed different methods to apportion itself to decide how
many voters will be represented by each member of the House. Some of these
techniques include the Hamilton plan, the Jefferson plan, Webster method, and the
Huntington-Hill apportionment method.
The Hamilton Plan. It was proposed by Alexander Hamilton and was the first plan to
be approved by US Congress in 1790. President George Washington vetoed the
plan, so it was used only after the US government census from 1850 to 1900. Under
this plan, the total population of the country is divided by the required number of
representatives. The result is called the standard divisor, which gives the number of
citizens represented by each representatives.
O0O3U:0:+U3OP0*
Standard Divisor (d) = *+,-./01:.0:U.O03::0/OP0*
Dividing the population of each state by the standard divisor, the whole number part
of the quotient is called the standard quota. The standard quota is the allocated
number of representatives from each state. Now, if the sum of the standard quotas is
not equal to the required number of representatives, there is a need to revisit the
calculations of the quotients and assign additional representatives to the state with
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the largest decimal quotient. This process is continued until the sum of standard
quotas equals the required number of representatives
Example: Suppose the Galactic Republic has 5 states, namely, Naboo, Tatooine,
Scarif, Mustafar, and Jedha. The population of each state is shown in the table
below the Galactic constitution requires 40 representatives to be chosen from these
states. Use Hamilton plan to determine the number of representatives to be
apportioned to each state based on their respective populations.
STATE POPULATION
Naboo
22,185
Tatooine
10,534
Scarif
1,958
Mustafar
11,346
Jedha
3,977
Total 50,000
Solution: Calculate the standard divisor by dividing the total population by the
required number of representatives
!6,666
d = '6
d = 1,250
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Introduction to Voting
Voting is the process of choosing someone or something in an election. When we

vote to elect our leaders, the result depends on the number of votes received by the
candidates; when we vote to pass laws, the number of support and opposition to the
proposal determine its outcome. Determining the result of voting is not as simple as
it seems. There are different voting systems that have been used in many
democratic forms of government nowadays.
Plurality Method of Voting. The basis of this method of voting is to declare as
winner the candidate with the most number of votes. The winner does not
necessarily have the majority over the votes.
Example: Five friends are planning to buy pizza form MnR Shopping. There are
three choices of pizza available. They vote for their choice of pizza, and the results
are tabulated below. Using the plurality method of voting, which pizza will they buy?
NAME CHOICE OF PIZZA

Ruben Combo
Louie Pepperoni
Angel Combo
Bong Cheese
Lito Comb
Combo
Solution: Combo pizza receives three votes, pepperoni receives one vote, and
cheese also has one vote. The combo pizza receives the most number of votes;
therefore, combo is the winner. Likewise, combo receives the majority of the votes
(more than 50%), that is, three out of five votes or equivalent to 60%
Borda Count Method. This method was named after Jean-Charles de Borda (1733-
1799), who was a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He devised this
method thinking that the plurality method might not give the best outcome in the
election. If there are n candidates in an election, each voter selects his 1st choice,
and 2ndchoice,…,nth choice. Each candidate receives n points for each 1st-choice
vote, n – 1 points for each 2nd-choice vote, and so on, with the voter’s least favorite
receiving 1 point. The candidate with the most total points is declared the winner.
Example: Sixty teachers from St. Raphael University would like to hold their R & R
outside the city lights of Davao City. They were asked to rank the three locations
where they could possibly go: Use the Borda Count method to determine the
destination of their trip. The preference schedule is shown below.
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DESTINATION SIR NOEL PAGE 210 !!!!!!

Malagos Garden 3 1 2 3 1 1
Resort
blueJaz Water Park 2 3 1 1 2 3
Tamayong Prayer 1 2 3 2 3 2
Mountain
Number of voters 9 14 15 4 2 16
Solution: Using the Borda Count method, each 1st-place vote receives 3 points, each
2nd – place vote receives 2 points, and each 3rd – place vote receives 1 point.
Malagos Garden Resort:
1st – place votes 32 x 3 = 96
nd
2 – place votes 15 x 2 = 30
3rd – place votes 13 x 1 = 13
Total 139
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A coalition in a weighted voting system is a set of voters in which they vote the
same way. A winning coalition is a set of voters in which the number of combined
votes is greater than or equal to quota. A losing coalition is a set of voters in which
the combined votes is less than the quota. When a voter leaves a winning coalition
and turns it into losing coalition, that voter is called critical voter. The number of
coalitions that can be possibly be formed in a system with n voters is 2n – 1.
Example: A corporation has four shareholders, A, B, C, and D, with 49, 48, 2 and 1
shares, respectively. It uses the weighted voting system,
{51: 49, 48, 2, 1}
a. Determine the winning coalitions.
b. For each winning coalition, determine the critical voters.
Solution:
A. The winning coalitions are voters with total votes equal to or greater than the
quota.
WINNING COALITION NUMBER OF VOTES
{A, B} 97
{A, C} 51
{A, B, C} 99
{A, B, D} 98
{B, C, D} 51
{A, B, C, D} 100
B. The critical voter of a winning coalition is a voter that will turn the coalition into a
loser after he leaves the coalition. The table below shows the critical voter for
each winning coalition
WINNING COALITION NUMBER OF VOTES CRITICAL VOTERS
{A, B} 97 A, B
{A, C} 51 A, C
{A, B, C} 99 A
{A, B, D} 98 A, B
{B, C, D} 51 B, C, D
{A, B, C, D} 100 none
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Lawsky et al. (2014). CK-12 advanced probability and statistics 2nd ed. CK-12 Foundation
from http://psa.gov.ph/psada/index.php/catalog/173
Q&A List
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Keyword Index
Borda Count Method
Coalition
Hamilton Plan
Voting
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Course Schedules
Activities Date Where to Submit
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOa: Let’s Check Aug. 22, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOa: Let’s Aug. 26, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity 1
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOa: Let’s Aug. 26, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity 2
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOa: In a Aug. 27, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOb: Let’s Check Aug. 29, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 1-3) ULOb: In a Aug. 29, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
FIRST EXAM Sept. 4, 2020 Quipper
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOa: Let’s Check Sept. 8, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOa: Let’s Sept. 9, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOa: In a Sept. 9, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOb: Let’s Check Sept. 11, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOb: Let’s Sept. 12, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity 1
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOb: Let’s Sept. 12, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity 2
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOb: In a Sept. 12, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOc: Let’s Check Sept. 15, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOc: Let’s Sept. 16, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activity
Big Picture (Week 4-5) ULOc: In a Sept. 16, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
SECOND EXAM Sept. 18, 2020 Quipper
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Big Picture (Week 6-7) ULOa: Let’s Check Sept. 22, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 6-7) ULOa: In a Sept. 24, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
Big Picture (Week 6-7) ULOb: Let’s Check Sept. 28, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 6-7) ULOb: In a Sept, 29, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
THIRD EXAM Oct. 2, 2020 Quipper
Big Picture (Week 8-9) ULOa: Let’s Check Oct. 6, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 8-9) ULOa: In a Oct. 8, 2020 CF email/ Quipper

Nutshell Activity
Big Picture (Week 8-9) ULOb: Let’s Check Oct. 10, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Activity
Big Picture (Week 8-9) ULOb: Let’s Oct. 12, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Analyze Activities
Big Picture (Week 8-9) ULOb: In a Oct. 13, 2020 CF email/ Quipper
Nutshell Activity
FINAL EXAM Oct. 15-16, Quipper

2020
Online Code of Conduct

1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an
honor code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise
self-management and self-regulation.
2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning

facilitators in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall
be dealt with properly under existing guidelines, specifically on social media
conduct (OPM 21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
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3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in

attending OBD or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with
properly under existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student
Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the

University’s Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual
honesty and integrity; academic excellence by giving due diligence in virtual
class participation in all lectures and activities, as well as fidelity in doing
and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal discipline in
complying with all deadlines; and observance of data privacy.
5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly.

The University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and
penalize plagiarism.
6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be

properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be
professionally and personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in
the online classes or published in SIM/SDL manuals.
7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED

courses and shall honestly exercise due assessment of student
performance.
8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students

online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the
teachers/Course Facilitators shall take the higher ground in facilitating and
moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and discriminatory
languages are absolutely prohibited.
9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do

assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students
shall not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g.
examinations, assignments).
10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations
to others to further academic fraudulence online.
11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and

abide by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the
requirements and protocols in handling online courses.
12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the
provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements
and protocols in handling online courses.
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Monitoring of OBD and DED

(1) The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective OBD classes through
the Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e.
monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with
generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports
shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college.
(2) The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
(3) For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct
of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs
for endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.
Course prepared by:
NOEL T. CASOCOT, EdD

Course Facilitator/Faculty
Course reviewed by:
ROSA MARIA PINEDA, EdD

Discipline Head – Math & Science
Approved by:
GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD

Dean of College
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DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SCIENCES EDUCATION

Math & Science Dicipline

Department of Arts & Sciences Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning

Course/Subject: GE 4 (Math in the Modern World)

Name of Teacher: Noel T. Casocot, EdD

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT

Course Outline: GE 4 – Math in the Modern World

Course Coordinator: NOEL T. CASOCOT, EdD

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all

The letter should explicitly explain the

Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or

Student Communication You are required to create an email account

You can also meet the course coordinator in

For students who have not created their student

Contact Details of the Program

Library Contact Learning and Information Center

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Quipper

CO I believe that your exposures in Basic Mathematics, Algebra and Geometry

In our modern world, the usefulness of mathematics is inevitable.

1. PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE

SITUATIONS NUMBERS PATTERNS

86, 75 and 99. These grades

Consider the following examples:

Given Terms Expansion Explanation

Aufmann et al. (2013). Mathematical excursions 3rd ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole,

Situations or Events Numbers Patterns

2. How useful patterns to you as a student?

a. fo= 3; f1=5 __________________________________________________

b. fo= 1; f1=7 __________________________________________________

c. fo= 4; f1=6 __________________________________________________

d. fo= 2; f1=8 __________________________________________________

e. fo= 3; f1=7 __________________________________________________

2. Research. Is it possible for the Fibonacci sequence to have negative numbers

Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Express language, symbols and conventions of

1. Conversion of English Expressions to Mathematical/Algebraic Sentences and

/ Divide by quotient, per, ratio, halved, over, overall

Aufmann et al. (2013). Mathematical excursions 3rd ed. Belmont: Brooks/Cole,

Activity 1. Convert the following English sentences to mathematical statements.

1. The difference of eight and three is five.

Activity 2. Convert the following algebraic expressions to English sentences. Write

Big Picture in Focus: ULOc.Use different types of reasoning to justify statements

Inductive Reasoning. It is the logical process in which multiple premises, all

Examples of Inductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning. It is the process of reaching conclusions based on

Examples of deductive reasoning

b. All Filipinos eat rice.

3. The Principle of Mathematical Induction

Basic step: S(1) is true

Show by induction that the following summation are true:

a. åi(i+1) = 1(2) + 2(3)+3(4) + … + n(n+1) = n(n+1)(n+2)

Activity 1. REASONING. Give 3 syllogisms that manifest a real-life scenario. Explain

3. Show that 2n> 5n for n = 5,6,7,8,…

describe a phenomenon and predict values.

Mathematical Statistics. This deals with development and exposition of

Applied Statistics. It refers to the application of statistical methods to solve

Descriptive Statistics. It refers to the methods of summarizing and

Inferential Statistics. This refers to the process of drawing and making

Parametric Statistics. It is an approach which assumes a random sample

Nonparametric Statistics. A statistical approach for estimating and

5. Data. They are the quantities (numbers) or qualities (attributes) measured or