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APPENDIX 1

QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW FORM

1. INTERVIEW FORM A (SETTLEMENT UNIT)

Researcher(s) of present survey

Date:
Place:
I. Personal Information of the respondent:
1 Main informant:
1 Name, given name, age, male/female
2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community)
3 position, function in the community
4 profession
5 telephone number
2 Other informants:
1 Name, given name, age male/female
2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community
3 position, function in the community
4 professions
5 telephone number

A. Main Settlement Unit (Village/ Tara/ Jorong)- (by interview and

direct observation at field
A.1. Location
A.1.1 Identity No :
case Administrative village
Kerala Revenue Taluk: District :
village:
Minangkabau Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:
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A.1.2. Morphological data of the Administrative Village under study:

1. Name of the village, ….. language:…………….meaning:

2. History of the name of village,
3. Location from the District Head Quarter
4. Latitude and Longitude
5. Soil
6. Climate
7. Distance from the River or Sea
A.1.3. Maps(s)
Please provide a copied section of toposheet on separate sheet
marked according to scaIe
1.3.1. 1:25’000 (should be favoured)
1:50’000
1:250’000
Other scale:
1.3.2. Please encircle researched settlement unit (RSU)
A.1.4. please describe/ Tara or Jorong within Administrative Village:
supplement with map
A. 1.4.1. Administrative territory of the village
1. Describe the is current administrative structure of the village
now?
2. Did the current modern administrative territory of village
represent the cultural unit and or traditional administrative unit?.
If so kindly explain.
3. Extent of the administrative Village
o - supplement with map
A. 1.4.2. What are/is the name(s) of the tara or jorong?
1. Is there any legend or history about was the current territory of
village? (yes/no); if so, please describe.
A. 1.4.3. Explain if the traditional village constituted a portion, the whole, or wider
scope of the traditional tara or jorong, and how were they arranged within
the compound?
A.1.4.4. How many traditional social groups of settlement (caste/ occupational/
class hierarchy) surrounding the tara or jorong in the village? explain.
2. When is the harvesting festivals
3. When is the sowing festivals
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A.2. Cultural- Social unit of tara and jorong

Case Traditional village
Kerala Kara/Tara
(census village):

Minangkabau Dusun: Jorong/ village:

>>>>>>>>>> use different sheet if the tara observed is more than

one<<<<<<<<<<<
A.2.1. please describe/give details defining properly of the Tara or Jorong:
A. 2.1.1. Name of the tara or jorong:
A. 2.1.2. What is the traditional extent and boundary of the tara or jorong
according to the inhabitants?
A. 2.1.3. Is there any visible or comprehendible reference boundary of tara or
jorong? If so, please describe
A. 2.1.4.. Area
How wide is the taravad/ Saparuik complex
mark the present boundary
mark once the widest boundary
A. 2.1.5 Foci of tara/ jorong Organization (kavu/ palace/ house/ temple/ corporate
office/ assembly hall*) and location
A. 2.1.6. Is there any way to identify membership of the tara/jorong, as per name?
A. 2.1.7. How many are the populations tara/jorong generally?
A. 2.1.8. How many joint family household (saparuik/ taravad) in the tara/jorong
A. 2.1.9. Name the taravad or saparuik within the traditional Administrative
Village?
A.2.2. History of the tara or jorong
A. 2.2.1. How did the name of tara/jorong originate?
A. 2.2.2..Dweller character
‚ Main Occupation of the inhabitants
‚ Was/is it subservient to particular joint family house?
‚ Did they own the land?when did they started owning the land?
‚ Are they migrants?, yes/no, if yes
o initial Ancestral village :
o year of migration to the village :
‚ is there any way to identify themselves against the village’s name
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A. 2.2.3. Is there any accounts/ legend/ story about the origin of the tara or
jorong? (Oral history/ Legend and myth)
(1) of the emergence and/or the arrival of predecessors;
(2) on the migration and journeying of groups and individuals;
(3) about the founding of settlements, or of ancestral shrines
(4) of rightful transmission of ancestral relics
(5) botanic idiom of kinship
A. 2.2.4.
Is there any specific/major clan (gothram /kollam/ suku) in the
tara/jorong
Do they have a clan/family symbol
Composition of community in the village population wise
(caste-base, professional base, or other social class-base).
Did the tara/jorong traditionally belong to a single owner?
‚ if yes, who was the owner?
‚ if not, with whom did the tara/jorong are shared
‚ Explain the history of ownership
A. 2.2.5 Is there any remain of prehistoric or historic artifact (ever recorded)
in the the tara/jorong?
Note the oldest historical artifact, built-environment setting
and/or building:
where was the origin of…..
A. 2.2.6. Does the assembly traditional/ authority of the tara or jorong now still
exist?
A. 2.2.7. If not, what is the remain of the assembly tradition that still exist?
A. 2.2.8. Were there any legend/ history/ artifact signifying important events during
(note if the events noted were recorded or popularly believed):
‚ 1st Cent.AD- 8th Cent.
AD:……………………………………………………….
‚ 7th Cent.AD- 13th Cent. AD
:……………………………………………………
‚ 15th Cent.AD- 19thCent,AD
:……………………………………………………
‚ 19th Cent.AD-20th Cent.AD
:……………………………………………………
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A. 2.3. Community Council

A. 2.3.1. Where is/was the location venue (Village Assembly) of the community
council? (mark its position on the map of the village),e.g:
District Administration offices,
Specific Village Assembly Hall, ………………..local
term:………………
House, if so, whose house?
The same with religious building,
………………..name:………………
1. Was there any different kind of venue for this assembly council in the
past?
2. Please mark the locations of public building (non-residential/ non-
commercial/ non-formal) on the map of the settlement RSU
A. 2.3.2. Is/was there any traditional community (Kuttam/ Ninik-Mamak) council
in the village? (pick choice)
Yes
yes, but no more
never
a. If, yes:
o Do they associate with particular joint family?
o Do they have a clan/family symbol
o Name of the head of community council (Kuttam/ Ninik-Mamak)
o How many taravad/ rumah gadang governed under the council
o Base of the community council:
Ethnic/ sub-ethnic/ ancestor/ caste/ class/
b. If, yes, but no more, please add this questions:
1. How many taravad/ rumah gadang were governed under the
community council, in the past
2. Base of the community council:
Ethnic/ sub-ethnic/ ancestor/ caste/ class/
‚ If not, what is the remain of the assembly tradition that still exist?
A.2.3.6. Describe the venue of assembly and its place once happened or taking
place now
If never, how do they maintain the society network, connection
A.3. Next bigger organization (by interview at field)
A.3.1 Is/Was there any higher order of organization that govern traditional tara/
jorong organization?(yes yes but no more/never)
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If yes, what kind of Social Organization was it: (choose: tattakam/

landowning / desham/ nagari/ kingdom/ chieftainship; or others *)
For each dimension of higher order of organization:
function of organization
Specify any elementary units of the organizations, such as
connections with other settlement unit, facility, functions,
festivals, tara events, territory, that is shared with other
tara/ jorong within the organization.
relative position of the
Foci of Organization (kavu/ palace/ house/ temple/ corporate
office/ assembly hall*) and location
Is there any history of the village (specify source of the
history) On the basis of authentic manuscript/ Official
informant/ Oral history/ Legend and myth
A.3.2. Show the relative spatial connection between the Foci of Organization
with the settlement units on the map
A. 4.6. Which of the following you cultivate/grow as the main or secondary
source of income (agricultural income).
Rice ragi pepper banana /plantain
jewar sugarcane chillies Groundnut
cahsewnut mangoes arecanut Tapioca
caster sesamun sweet potatoes coconut
coffee Rubber tea others

2. Structure of labor division.

3. when did the migration exponentially increase?
4. Category of main economy
1. Sedentary (Stable settlement with coordinated field)
2. Shifting agriculture (nomadic elements: periodically new fields are
prepared)
3. breeders and herdsmen
4. elements of hunters and collective cultures
5. Degree of modern influence )%)
6. Village looks technologically
conservative
moderate
advanced
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7. Other material culture:

basekt
Pottery
agrarian tools
mortar
others
A.6.. Festival Calendar
A.6.6.1. Name the most important festival and list them according to
months (according to months: K = Kerala. M=Minangkabau, W =
Western) only for those that relates to House-hold and settlement
tara/jorong.
Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated within the settlement
(tara/jorong.). It is best to ask an elderly person who is competent in
ritual matters.
A.6.6.3. Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated. It is best to ask an
elderly person who is competent in ritual matters. Please supply the
following information:
o name of festival and time when it will be held (for present and
following rear).
o Date of the observation of rite/ festival (this report; day/ month/
year):
o Does the rites de passage involve location outside the joint family
compound? if so, describe where and what the location is
Name2) Scope Type1) Location Significance/m Period Network
4) eaning Month (location
(description) (1-12)3) ouside the
rites de compound5)
passage6)
tattakam/
landowning /
desham/ nagari/
kingdom/
chieftainship; or
other
*> > > Please use separate sheet with code …..if there is more information
How does it relate to temple outside the compound and main temple?
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Notes:
1) Type of religious functions:
With regards to village and house Á

1. oldest house/ building of community or its courtyard

2. group of old houses/buildings in the community or their
courtyard
3. to the settlement as a whole.
i. more in terms of territory,
ii. more socially (important groups or associations, all
the people), other
4. to the fields
5. to the gardens
6. to the domesticated animals kept
7. to hunting
8. to river-places (drinking water for animals, man,
washing place and other purposes
9. to local craftsmanship
10. to commercial groups
11. to other elements of the environment
2. With regards to the the main village temple
Festivals related to important families and houses Festival Name/
Time/ Related permanent sacred place/ related temporary sacred
place/Content/ Performed by/ contains fibro constructive symbols
(yes/ no)
a related to entrance
b sanctuary inside
c other sacred places related to houses

2) Name of Rite/ Festival (Name, give local designation. Hindi and English
translation)
3) Usual date(s) of rite (give last year, present year. next year)
How many times performed annually? And when (dates)
4) Related Sacred place / temple (Name/Location); point on the map outside
or insie the settlement (tara/jorong)
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5) is there any relation to activities in the main religious building/space/

artefact of the outside the compound? if so, which temple?
6) Describe the activities of the related rituals

2. OBSERVATION FORM A (SETTLEMENT UNIT)

Researcher(s) of present survey

Date:
Place:
II. Personal Information of the Observer:
1 Name
2 Address
3 Telephone
Dates of Work for this report (from to):
1. a in the field
2. b at office
Informants
1 Name, given name, age, male/female
2 Address (street, Zip-Code, Community)
3 position, function in the community
4 profession
5 telephone number

A. Main Settlement Unit (Village/ Tara/ Jorong)- (by interview and direct
observation at field
A.1. Location
A.1.1 Identity No :
Case Administrative village
Kerala Revenue Taluk: District :
village:
Minangkabau Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

A.1.2. Morphological data of the Administrative Village under study:

8. Name of the village, ….. language:…………….meaning:
9. History of the name of village,
10. Location from the District Head Quarter
11. Latitude and Longitude
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12. Soil
13. Climate
14. Distance from the River or Sea

A.1.3. Maps(s)
Please provide a copied section of toposheet on separate sheet
marked according to scaIe
1.3.1. 1:25’000 (should be favoured)
1:50’000
1:250’000
Other scale:
1.3..2. Please encircle researched settlement unit (RSU)
A.1.4. please describe/ Tara or Jorong within Administrative Village:
supplement with map
A. 1.4.1. Administrative territory of the village
4. Describe the is current administrative structure of the village
now?
5. Did the current modern administrative territory of village
represent the cultural unit and or traditional administrative unit?.
If so kindly explain.
6. Extent of the administrative Village
o - supplement with map
A. 1.4.2. What are/is the name(s) of the tara or jorong?
4. Is there any legend or history about was the current territory of
village? (yes/no); if so, please describe.
A. 1.4.3. Explain if the traditional village constituted a portion, the whole, or wider
scope of the traditional tara or jorong, and how were they arranged within
the compound?
A. 1.4.4. How many traditional social groups of settlement (caste/ occupational/
class hierarchy) surrounding the tara or jorong in the village? explain.
5. When is the harvesting festivals
6. When is the sowing festivals
A.4. Spatial Orientation in the tara or jorong
A.4.1. Spatial and Formal Definition
Note some remarkable boundaries territory of the tara / jorong
Notes: For each questions provide descriptive notes about:
cardinal orientation
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natural remark (sun, mountain, river)

draw schematic map
A.4.2. Traditional territorial foci
a. What is/was the focus/center of tara or jorong (palace/ house/ temple/
corporate office/ assembly hall*)
b. What is the most important referent building or built environment of the
thara/jorong
c. Location of Important referral building or natural feature (ex. Mosque,
temple, sacred groove)
d. Where was the construction of villages started?

A. 4.3. What from the following points are the physically/ visually remarkable
feature of the settlement? Please describe
(Please provide local term of the object and its name if available)
1. River
2. Residential building
3. Religious building, specify …….(e.g. mosque, temple)
4. granary”
5. communal structure
6. open central plaza
7. Mountain
8. others…………………………….

A. 4.4 Do the people acknowledge any conceptual orientation about their

settlement as follow, Yes/no, if yes explain for how it is applied in
settlementNAnalysis)
1. Centre
2. navel - center,
3. upstream - downstream
4. Mountain – Sea
5. Sunrise - sunset
6. Head -Tail
7. Mountain - paddy field
8. east - west
9. facing north
10. front’ - ‘rear’
11. birth – death
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12. early – later

13. basic referral typology (semantic)
14. Others…………………………….

A. 4.5. Formal typology of Houses arrangement within settlement (choose):

concentric
linear (along river. street)
square with slightly dispersed houses
houses arrangement are widely organic, diffused and dispersed
‚ specify approximate distance:…………………………
other formal characteristics
‚ specify:…………………………

A.5. Spatial- Social element of tara and jorong organization

Give an enlarged schematic map (>sketch-map<) of the settlement
showing relative positions of the architectural functions on a separate sheet, with
following elements
a) main road(s) and paths
b) houses
c) woods and hills or mountains
d) rivers, streams, if any
e) lakes+ ponds, fountains if any
f) rice-fields, gardens
A. 5.1.
What is the elementary units of the tara or jorong?
How many joint-family household (tharavad/ saparuik)
How many houses units (veedu/ruma gadang) under joint-
family household?

A.5.2. Education/ Training Facility

o Describe if it/they is/are situated inside the joint family
compound (taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?
o the local term and meaning:
o the form of training activities:
̇ Self-defense
̇ Religions
̇ eventual activities
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̇ Others
o the form of building or environment setting:
o Location and orientation:
o Approximate period of construction
o Symbolic aspects
o Functional aspects

A. 5.3. Public Facility

o Describe if it/they is/are situated inside the joint family
compound (taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?
o the form of Public activity and building or environment setting:
̇ granary
̇ male-shelter
̇ dining hall
̇ bathing/ ponds
o the local term and meaning:
o Location and orientation:
o Approximate period of construction
o Symbolic aspects
o Functional aspects
A.5.4. Market
o the local term and meaning:
o Symbolic and Functional Significance
o History/legend
o the form of market:
̇ temporary/ weakly market (if so, on what day/ days it is
held)
̇ permanent
o Location and orientation:
̇ near religious buildings
̇ bathing/ ponds

A. 5.5. Others Facility especially any facility that is not mentioned

earlier
o Describe if it/they is/are situated inside the joint family
compound (taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?
o the local term and meaning:
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o the form of activities and building or environment setting:

̇ cemetery
̇ village granary
̇ cow-shed
̇ coffee shop
̇ others:………
o Location and orientation:
A. 5.6. Water Source
„ What is the source of water (Ponds, springwater and river)
„ Since when (recently or since earliest time?
„ Is there any rituals that celebrate the water source
„ Is there specific institution or management for water usage?

A.6. Sacred and ancestral landscape

Describe if it/they is/are belonging to the joint family compound
(taravad/saparuik) or village (tara/jorong)?
Describe the network pattern of religious building, with those inside and
outside the pattern
If Kerala
A.6.1.1. Please mark the sanctuaries, temple or religious building on the map
of the village that culturally relates to tara, and while marking please observe
o Symbolic and Functional network of the temple
o virtual connection with
̇ main temple within tara
̇ other temple beyond territory of tara or belonging to
other tara but is visited by the people of the observed
tara
̇ main temple within taravad
A.6.2.2 Main village sanctuary
1. How many main village temple within the administrative modern
village
2. For each of the temple, identify:
Name the main village or settlement ancestral, sanctuaries,
temple or religious building, and mark it on the map of the
settlement (SU)
name of deity venerated
Any history or legends?
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Did they root on family worship,

if so, which family?
Does the temple have cultural links to other temples? If so in
what way?
History of the sanctuary, and how has it defined the territory of
village?
make a small sketchy plan and Photographs giving position of the
object.
A.6.3.3 Ancestral sanctuary
1. Please mark the Ancestral sanctuaries, on the map of the settlement
(SU)
2. In what form of object, building or environmental setting is the
ancestral sanctuaries?
A.6.4.Festivals
3. How many festivals every year? name and things to celebrate?
4. How many temples nearby involved in the festivals?
5. was the temple once an ancestral worship
6. History of the events
7. rites de passage
[OR]
If Minangkabau
A.6.1.b. Sanctuaries
Please mark the ancestral, mosques or religious building on the map of the
settlement (SU)and do as follow:
what kind of sanctuary?
give its location on map with arrow
Any history or legends?
rites de passage

A.6.2.b Main village Mosque

1. Please mark the main village or settlement Mosque on the map of the
settlement (SU), how many and how disperse?
2. date and name of main festival
3. History of the mosque
4. make a small sketchy plan giving position and Photographs of the
objects
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A.6.3.b Ancestral sanctuary

a. Please mark the Ancestral sanctuaries, on the map of the settlement

(SU)
b. History of the sanctuary
c. make a small sketchy plan and Photographs giving position of the
objects

3. INTERVIEW FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)

Researcher(s) of present survey

II. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Name: Age, Sex: male/female

2.. Address

3. Academic Qualification:

4. Profession

5. Source of Income
B. House-Hold Compound (HHC) Taravad/ Rumah Gadang (by interview and
observation at field)
B1. Territory

B.1.1. Identity No :
Case Traditional village Administrative village
Kerala House : Kara/Tara Revenue Taluk: District :
(census village): village:

Minangkabau Rumah : Dusun: Jorong/ Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

village:

B.2. History of the Joint family

Note, :
 249

that source can be based on any accounts/ legend/ story about the
village,
It can be Oral history/ Legend and myth)
B.2.1
1. Name of the joint family house :
2. did the family migrate from previous different village, or originally
came from the same place?
̇ if migrate, from which place?
1. is there any legend/story/history about the origin of the taravad/
rumah gadang building?
̇ Is it bought and reconstructed? Original? or newly
constructed?
̇ Are there written sources about ancient house or family?)
1. How many family stay in the compound currently?
(1) How many family living inside the compound? Describe
their distribution in house compound (using map)
(2) Mark numbers and locations of buildings that is
functioned as residential building. And described the original or
previous function
2. Please describe Sequential order of construction if the building
complex
B.2.2. How long do local elders think their ancestors lived at this place’?
a) How many generations are remembered?
b) Describe the family tree at least three generations!
c) Are there particular events in the house past, which are remembered?
d) Are there legends or verbal traditions describing the high age of the house
and its relations to the history of the settlement?

B.2.3. Any historical recorded or popularly believed events of the family/

landholding/ building during (if so, please specify in which range and
describe):
‚ 1st Cent.AD- 8th Cent. AD :………………………………
‚ 7th Cent.AD- 13th Cent. AD :…………………………………
‚ 15th Cent.AD- 19thCent,AD (Pre-Colonial periode) :…………
‚ 19th Cent.AD-20th Cent.AD (Colonial periode): :………………
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B.3. Cultural- Political -Social unit

B.3.1. Main families
B.3.1.1. Is the founder house of the settlement still known?
If so, explain
1. What is the adimakavu/ origin of the main family?
2. How many inhabitants once biggest in the compound? when
B.3.1.2 Ancestor of houses and families
1. if so, Are the ancient families (or houses) considered to have high
political influence in the settlement?
Of what nature is this political influence?
2. Are they represented in certain associations or corporations (related to
cult, festivals, communal economy etc.) in the settlement?
3. Has its present representing a special role in the village community?
(priest, village head, chief of certain rites)
B.3.1.2 where is the family spot-core-of origin with whom it demonstrate navel/
axis mundi
B. 3.2. Marriage Custom:
After marriage did the groom traditionally stay in wife’s taravad or not
o if yes, did he particular place to stay in tara/jorong? Where
o if not, how long he had to walk to his wife house
Characteristic of marriageable member with regards of kinship origin
Does marriage appear among taravad from the same tahra?

B.3.3. Social organization

B.3.3.1. History of community affiliation (clan/ lineage/ others…..)
B.3.3.2. History and extent of landowning (historically or currently)
Name of the head of the House-hold
(1) Did he stay in the compound (yes/ no),
if no, where (specify) :
(2) Where did/does he stay traditionally and/or at present?:
B.3.3.3. Name of the owner of House-hold
(1) Did he stay in the compound (yes/ no),
if no, where (specify) :
(3) Where did/does he stay traditionally and/or present?:
B.3.3.4. Are there property belonging to the Family household and houses the
outside the tara/jorong
‚ If so, was there any care taker?
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‚ If yes, do they appear as individual community?

o Territory and Location
Name Traditional village Administrative village
Kerala Kudi/ Kara/Tara Revenue Taluk: District :
Taravad : (census village): village:

Minangkabau Jorong/ / Koto: Nagari: Jorong/ Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

Dusun : village:
o Which order of organization? (village, confederation of
hamlet, kingdom or household)
B.3.3.5. Family household and houses referring to other ancestral house in the
host-joint-family outside the tara/jorong
B.3.3.6. How do they maintain family connection
B.3.4. Calendar of Religious Functions and Festivals: Chronologically
Chronologically according to months (according to months: K = Kerala.
M=Minangkabau, W = Western)
Please ask for the yearly festivals celebrated. It is best to ask an elderly
person who is competent in ritual matters. Please supply the following
information:
o Date of the observation of rite/ festival (this report; day/ month/
year):
o name of functions and time when it will be held (for present and
following rear).
o Does the rites de passage involve location outside the joint family
compound? if so, describe where and what the location is; what
is the status of the family (migrate in or migrate out?)

Scope Significance/meanin Period Network 7)

Type1)

Name 2)

Location 4)

g (description) rites Month (1- (location

de passage6) 12)3) outside the
compound 5)

tattakam/
landowning /
desham/
nagari/
kingdom/
chieftainship;
or other
 252

1) Type of religious functions: With regards to the festivals related to the

individual life cycle of certain persons in house? Festival Namd Time/ Content/
Performed by/ contains fibroconstmctive symbols (yes/ no)

a birth
b Marriage
C Death
d Other

2) Name of Rite/ Festival (Name, give local designation. Hindi and English
translation)
3) Usual date(s) of rite (give last year, present year. next year)
How many times performed annually? And when (dates)
4) Related Sacred place / temple (Name/Location)
5) is there any relation to activities in the main religious building/space/
artefact of the outside the compound? if so, which temple?
6) Describe the activities of the related rituals
7) The venerated dieties

B.5. Short Glossary

Please give a short glossary of the most important terms you have found in your
survey. Please give first the local word, then Hindi and English equivalent. And
explain the meaning according to the explanations received by local people.
B.2.2.3 Is there any specific terminology related to the meaning of connection
and association among houses? (yes/no)
If so, how are they called (individually and collectively: all categories)?

Local Formal International notes

(Malayalam/ (Hindi/Tamil/ (English)
Minangkabau) Bahasa
Indonesia)
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4. OBSERVATION FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)

Researcher(s) of present survey

II. Personal Information of the respondent:

1 Name: Age, Sex: male/female

2.. Address

3. Academic Qualification:

4. Profession

5. Source of Income
B. House-Hold Compound (HHC) Taravad/ Rumah Gadang (by interview and
observation at field)
B1. Territory
B.1.1. Identity No :
case Traditional village Administrative village
Kerala House : Kara/Tara Revenue Taluk: District :
(census village): village:

Minangkabau Rumah : Dusun: Jorong/ Nagari Kecamatan: Kabupaten:

village:

B.2. History of the Joint family

Note, :
that source can be based on any accounts/ legend/ story about the
village,
It can be Oral history/ Legend and myth)

B.2.1
3. Name of the joint family house :
4. did the family migrate from previous different village, or originally
came from the same place?
̇ if migrate, from which place?
 254

2. is there any legend/story/history about the origin of the taravad/

rumah gadang building?
̇ Is it bought and reconstructed? Original? or newly
constructed?
̇ Are there written sources about ancient house or family?)
3. How many family stay in the compound currenlty?
(1) How many family living inside the compound? Describe
their distribution in house copound (using map)
(2) Mark numbers and locations of buildings that is
functioned as residential building. And described the original or
previous function
4. Please describe Sequential order of construction if the building
complex

B.4. Spatial Visual of the Joint family compound

Please give schematic map of the compound)and give short description on typology
of houses and period of construction found in the settlement (RSU). Please give
photographs of each type of buildings described (numbered like the following)

B.4.1. Type of topographical profile of the core-house compound (joint-family

from)
on flatland
on hilltop
in hilly region
in narrow valley
in deep valley
along sea-coast
along river
in deep forests
Other type…………………
B.4.2. Area
How wide is the taravad/ Saparuik complex
How wide was the taravad/ Saparuik complex
mark the present boundary

B.4.3. Building Type inside the compound

B.4.3.1 Draw the map of house compound
 255

Notes: For each questions provide notes about:

cardinal orientation
Orientation towards natural remark (sun, mountain, river)
symbolic aspects (especially with regards to: wealth, ancestor,
family, pro-creation)
size
scale of accessibility (accessible/ inaccessible for public/
accessible for limited people)
Approximate period of construction
Measured drawing

B.4.3.2 Dwellings
o what is the unique aspects about the building?
o Is there any direct access connections from one house to
another house compound?
o Is there any symbol in the building that particular associate
with ancestry of the family?
B.4.3.3 Storage
Where are they situated? does it belong to family or village?
̇ a granaries (form, structure, rat protectors
̇ b straw-heaps
̇ c stables
̇ d other storage

B.4.3.4 Buildings or arrangements related to water (fountain, pond, lake,

river)

B.4.3.5 Fence/ gatehouse

B.4.3.6.Open Space
B.4.3.7. Empty house
B.4.3.8. Other permanent buildings: Kalari, kulapura, kalapura, rumah,
etc
B.4.3.9. Situation surrounding the compound
B.4.3.10.
„ What is the source of water (Ponds, springwater and river)
„ Since when (recently or since earliest time?
„ Is there any rituals that celebrate the water source
 256

B.4.1. sketch plan of the house and note the functions and Spatial Organization
inside the Ancestral House

Note: Describe the zoning and Spatial hierarchy within the house and
compound
฀ space of ancestor
฀ prayers room
฀ Orientations and position of female quarter and kitchen
฀ sacred plants
฀ location of granary
฀ bedroom and other room
฀ Proliferation space (point out space/ place/ building inside the
compound where people from different community mingle)
฀ Vegetation in Compound
a. Yes/no, if yes explain for which for spatial context:

B.5. Short Glossary

Please give a short glossary of the most important terms you have found in your
survey. Please give first the local word, then Hindi and English equivalent. And
explain the meaning according to the explanations received by local people.

B.2.2.3 Is there any specific terminology related to the meaning of connection

and association among houses? (yes/no)

If so, how are they called (individually and collectively: all categories)?

Local Hindi/ English notes

(Malayalam/ Bahasa
Minangkabau) Indonesia
 257

5. OBSERVATION FORM B (HOUSE COMPOUND)

Researcher(s) of present survey

III. Personal Information of the respondent:
1 Name
2 Address
3 Telephone
Dates of Work for this report (from to):
3. a in the field
4. b at office
Informants
1 Main informant:
1 Name, given name, age, male/female
2 address (street, Zip-Code, Community)
3 position, function in the community
4 profession
5 telephone number
2 Other informants:
1 Name, given name, age male/female
2 adress (street, Zip-Code, Community
3 position, function in the community
4 professions
5 telephone number
C. Building Design and Construction (brief observation at field)

C.1. Building Construction

C.1.1. Describe the Sequence of Building Construction process
Ritual and House Construction
a. Site Selection
b. Erecting Post
c. Celebration of vital force , ancestors , fertility
d. glossary

C.1.2. Describe the Sequence of Settlement developmental process

Ritual and Setlment Construction
a. Site Selection
b. Erecting Post
c. Celebration of vital force , ancestors , fertility
d. glossary
 258

C.1.3. Granary Design

1. plan, elevation, section
2. construction
3. Keterkaitan dengan tipologi rumah tinggal
4. Keterkaitan dengan tipologi rumah lain
C.1.4. Simplest structure

C.1.5. .Mostly found structure

C.2. Symbolic System for Construction

C.2.1. Is there any symbolic concept for (if yes, please explain).
e. Sacred construction
f. Duality of end and tip of house
g. Symbol of Pro-creation
C.2.2. Is there any tree as Symbolic concept of ‘vital forces’ in the settlement
and house.
1. taming or domesticating before being used for construction
2. Trunk for construction should be picked up or taken by the kin of the
house
3. Principle of ‘one tree for a a house”.
4. a tree should be grown full before it is pull down.
5. Tree or Botanical metaphor?

C.3. Symbolic orientation about their house as follow,

Yes/no, if yes explain for which for spatial context

1. Center
2. navel - center,
3. upstream - downstream
4. Mountain – Sea
5. Sunrise - sunset
6. Head -Tail
7. Mountain - paddy field
8. east - west
9. facing north
10. front’ - ‘rear’
11. birth - death
12. early - later
 APPENDIX 2
COMPARATIVE ON TERITORIAL CONTROL OF HABITATION
Territorial Reference Space (S) Gate (G)
(T)
A Kecamatan Sungai Undulating rice-field. In this level there is no Main road Batusangkar-Bukit Tinggi (ga).
Tarab comprehended spatial integrity Blending with this
arbitrary space, jorong IV, Lumbung bapereng is situated
but without comprehended unity, just scattered houses
B1 Jorong I Balerong Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gb1: main road; gb1 : pamedanan and path to
Bunta backing main road. Characterized by landmark grand mountain
mosque near main road.

Nagari Rao-Rao
All clusters are well defined except the wider B2 Clusters of Koto Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gb2b main road;Gb2a connect to the main portion
territory and jorong IV Lumbung Bapereng Kampungs in Jorong II backing main road of Jorong Carano batirai The area is marked by
(kecamatan Sungai tarab (A), Kampung Biaro (C1) Carano Batirai accumulations of 5 suraus all situated in Gb2a
. They are: B3 Lower part of Jorong Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gb3a and gb3b are gate through main road; gb3c is
1. Jorong ! Balering Bunta (B1) III Pandiang Andiko backing main road path line to older main kampung which is not there
2. Jorong II Carano Batirai - Koto clusters (lower part) anymore.
(B2) B4 Lower part of Jorong Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gb4a is main entry from nagari office and market
3. Jorong II Carano Batirai –upper part III Pandiang Andiko backing main road. But here more new buildings appear Gb4 is main road that connect to nagari Kumango
(B5) (upper part)
4. Jorong III. Pandiang Andiko -lower part B5 Jorong II Carano Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gb5a: is entry to Dangau called “pantai”, gb5b is
(B3) Batirai (upper part) backing main road slopes connect to othe Carano Batirai (lurah); gb5c
5. Jorong III. Pandiang Andiko –upper connect to cluster of Koto kampungs of Jorong
part (B4) Carano Batirai
All path lines well knitted all society therefore each C1 Kampung Biaro It was barren places with bushy situations and some Gc1 is sloping area entry to the area via jorong III
public amenities are public territory of the nagari. remaining houses. This is the end of places Pandiang Andiko (lower part0
Code ‘C’ indicate the earliest or the latest built C2 Jorong II Carano Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang Gc2a connect to surai 5 sukus which are main
compounds. Batirai (lower pat/ backing main road and landmark of market, and nagari junctions’ gc2b connect to pandiangAndiko
Lurah) office G2c are market and nagari office and entry from
mainroad

259
 Territory
A Kecamatan Sungayang
B Confederation nagari
Nagari Tanjung
Sungayang
C1 Jorong I Taratak Indah
C2 Jorong II Gelanggang
Tangah
C3 Jorong III Balai
Gadang
Nagari Sungayang
All clusters are well defined except the paddyfield
area and most recently established jorong, Jorong
V and I. They are:
Jorong II Gelanggang Tengah IC2) C4 Nagari Tanjung
Jorong III Balai Gadang (C3)
Jorong IV Balai di Ateh (D2) D1 Paddyfield of Jorong II
Code ‘D’ indicate the rearest settlement Gelanggang Tangah
D2 Jorong IV Balai di
Ateh
D3 Jorong V Si Annau
Indah
Space
no comprehended spatial integrity Blending with this
arbitrary space,
Well defined Two mounds of nagaris separated by vast
paddy-field bound by one main road and proximity of
rumah gadangs
Spaces is not well defined, mostly are clustered of new
houses
Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang
backing main road. The area is believed to be the oldest
part
Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang
backing main road,
This is the main centre of nagari
Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang
backing main road
Space is not very much defined. It s major characters in
road
Space is well defined by collections of rumah gadang
backing main road,
This is the main centre of nagari
Space defined by collections of rumah gadang backing
main road but mostly unmaintained and sparse
gate
Main road
Gba is Nagari Tanjung, and Gbb is Jorong
I Taratak Indah Nagari Sungayang
Gc1b is masjid An-Nur, Gc1a is slopes
area where Surau Kampung Panjang with
its bathing ghats, and cemetery and
fishponds are situated
gG2a is lane to Jorong III and paddyfield;
Gc2c similar with gc1b Gc2b is slopes
area where Surau Batang Ngoyang with its
bathing ghats, and cemetery and
fishponds are situated
Gc3a are slopes area where remain of
Surau and kecamatan office are situated;
Gd3b Nagari office, assembly hall and
market. This is the centre of Nagari
Gc4b is equal with Gc3a
Gd1a are slopes area where Surau Talang
with its bathing ghats, and cemetery and
fishponds are situated; Gdb1b is lane to
Nagari and part of Jorong III
Gd2a is slopes area where of Surau Jorong
V and mosque are situated; Gd3b is main
road’ Gd3c ricefield of jorong IV
Gd3a is slopes area where of Surau Jorong
V and mosque are situated; Gd3a lead to
nagari Sungai Patai
260

Puthiankam Tara-Nayar
The only well defined teritory defined by
typology of buildings, proximity of common
typology buildings, landmark mainly tree and
secondarily pond is :
1. Puthiankam Tara Nayar (C1), with
immediate lower caste community
Cherutara at g2b-gc1b, and vadukka
community at gc1
2. Perumkulam Agraharam (D)
3. Vadukka community (B3)
Space in between might have been formerly
agriculture land.
Territorial Reference (T)
a Alathur Panchayath under a Village
officer
b1 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial
marker and mix of small and big
buidings
b2 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial
marker and mix of small and big
buidings and mix community, no
landmark
b3 Sense of community, different small
building types with single hall type
house, centre in the local shrines
b4 Thripallur, mix community without
clear territorial marker
C1 Tara nayar, with territorial marker in
Banyan tree, Velakandam and
Vettaikorumakkan
C2 Arbitrary space, no clear territorial
marker and mix of small and big
buidings and mix community, no
landmark
d Perumkulam Agragaram as caste has
been a social-territorial marker
Space (S)
Rice field setting with Gayatri river
The neighbourhood which is dominated
by Muslim and Ezhavas community.
Centered in shopping districts
Neigborhood of vadukka community
but some branch of Nayar taravads
obtained land here
Neigborhood of Vadukka community
centered in temples, with small hall as
main orientation.
Mix of Nayar and major number of
vadukka and Muslim community
Nayar neigborhood
Neigborhood of non-Nayar community
but some branch of Nayar taravads
obtained land here ; in between rice
field and Nayar branches house
Brahmin quarters, spatially defined by
big ponds and chain of temples
Gate (G)
National Highway 47 Thrichur-Palakkad
Gb : main temple Shree Puthukulangara Bhagavaty
temple
Sloping area in the south marked by Mariaman
temple gb1c and tree on the junction gb1b
Gb2b and gb1b is accessible by both and appear
as shopping quarters and a tree landmark in
junction
Gb2a-gb3c are long path among, gb3c is rice
field and the start of mounds marked by a tree and
small shrine
Gb4a, NH47
Gb4b, Tippu Sultan Bridge
Gb4c, Puloor Shiva temple. This is a major
agraharam landmark
Gc1a is the starting of Tara Nayar marked by
Puthukulanara Bhagavaty temple of the Vadukka
and major concentration of Vadukka Community,
gc 1b is the end of concentration of Nayar taravads
buildings
Gc1c is Cherutara community
concentration of non Nayar society near GbC2b
(Cherutara) and GbC2c (other communnity)
centered each in local shrines
Gda vast rice field and Cherutara colony and gdb
are end of agraharam and the start of buildings mix
community quarters
261
 Territorial Reference (T)
a Mathur Panchayat
b1 Landmark of teritory is Pulayanoor
Temple
b2 Ezhava community with
Manampully Kavu as landmark
b3 There is no clear marker of
territory, but socially these area is
known as tara-Nayar people.
c1 Padinjaretara (east) marked by
proximity of taravad, with
Kurupath taravad as the major
landlord
Mathur Tara-Nayar c2 Padinjaretara (west) proximity of
The only well defined teritory defined by taravad, with Patattil taravad as the
typology of buildings, proximity of houses and major landlord
community temple:
Ezhava community (b2)
Padinjaretara (c1 and c3)
c3 Padinjaretara
Space (S)
Dominated by rice field and agriculture
surrounding
Dominated by rice field and Landmark
of territory is Pulayanoor Temple
The space is dominated by Ezhava
community characterized by their small
single hall house with cowshed
Neighborhood characterized by major
accumulation of taravads and other
community, or buildings of common
scale. In between there are lower caste
houses of community
Traditionally this is called Padinjaretara
characterized by major accumulation of
taravads with more or less geometrical
pattern settlement
Traditionally this is called Natuttara
characterized by major accumulation of
taravads with more or less geometrical
pattern settlement and landmark of
Kalikavu bhagavaty
Neighborhood characterized by major
accumulation of taravads but
suspectedly extension area the
composition is more organic and mixed
with other community
Gate (G)
The Kuzhalmanam-Kottayi highway is access to
approach the tara-Nayar (gb3a, gb3b, and gb3c)
Dominated by rice-field surrounding ; part of
tara-Nayar by tatakam of Pulayanoor Shiva
temple
Boundary is not very clear, gb2b is the starting of
high proximity of the single-hall house; gb2c
characterized by smaller huts of the harijan
community
Approached from rice field (gb1c. gb1d, gb1a)
and other community (gb3a, gb3b, gb3c)
Northern boundary is rice field (gb1d.) and
southern boundary is another Tara nayar
community (Gc1d); gc1b is paddy path lines that
limit the area; gc1c are chain of remnant of gates
that prove the taravads must have faced east
directions and there had been path lines that
connect one gate to other. This is most likely
former entry to taravad.
Northern boundary is rice field (gb1b, gb1a) and
southern boundary is Muslim and other
community (gc2c); gc2d/gd1b is area that
connect C1 and C2 through a colony of artisan
community, gc2d is access to Viswakama colony
marked by Parvaty temple
Gc3c and gc1c are continuous path lines, so is
gc3b and gd5a; gd3a are traces of gate that proof
the tara must have faced east directions. Sd5 is
practically buffer area from tara-Nayar to main
262
road; gc3c is currently man road of padinjaretara,
Natuttara (c2 and c4)
Viswakama community (d1)
Harijan society (d2)
The rest other clusters has not spatial intergrity
and are suspected to be intermediary community
that filled in the spaces of the already established
tara-Nayar settlement, including the Muslim
community.
c4 Natuttara
d1 Viswakama1 is teritory of Kamalan
families and Panickers. They have
centre in communal temple.
Historically they claimed to follow
Kurupath families
d2 Harijan Community with territorial
landmark Tholani Bhagavaty
d3 There is no teritoral landmark,
except social acknowledgement
that they are dominated by Muslim
community
d4 Commoners and Chembottil
d5 There is no teritoral landmark,
except social acknowledgement
that they are dominated by Muslim
community
d6 Viswakama2. Unlike Viswakama
1, they are recent and unorganized
and does not have temple
Neighborhood characterized by major
accumulation of taravads but
suspectedly extension area the
composition is more organic and mixed
with other community
The space is characterized by proximity
of communal smaller house compounds
of single hall house
characterized by colony of huts made of
bamboo or other simple on-rigid
constructions.
The space is characterized by proximity
of communal smaller house compounds
of single hall house
Mixed area but there is one taravad,
Chembotil taravad is suspected to be
community filling intermediary area
toward main road
The space is characterized by proximity
of communal smaller house compounds
of single hall house
The space is characterized by proximity
of communal huts colony of single hall
house
but it is suspected it used to be back road, and
this connect the tara to Harijan community, the
serf community
Gc4a and gc2c are continuous path lines, so is
gc4b and gd6a; gd4c are traces of gate that proof
the tara must have faced east directions. Sd6 is
practically buffer area from tara-Nayar to main
road Gc4c are chain of remnant of gates that
prove the taravads must have faced east
directions and there had been path lines that
connect one gate to other. This is most likely
former entry to taravad.
Gd1b are entry to directly rice field; gd2a are
path lines to nayar tara buffered by Parvaty
temple.
They are secluded but currently well connected
by main road pf padinjaretara
They are more as community filling intermediary
area toward main road (gb3c)
Gd4a and sb1 are interconnection of the colony
and taravad to rice field while gdb4 and gb3b as
gate to main road
They are more as community filling intermediary
area toward main road (gdb5b and gb3a)
Gd6a are main padinjaretara road; gdb6b and
gb3a are main road.
263

Chittur Tara-Nayar
All taras are well defined:
Tara Nayar (Padinjaretara) b1 and b3
Tara Nayar (Kizhaketara) b2
Vadakkatara (b4)
Mannadiar tara (b5/ c1)
Lankeswaram (c2)
The character is more urbanlike where
concentration of buildings or settlements are
dominated by families. There is no indication
agricultural activities in the house compound.\Title
Menon of the community also indicates that the
Nayars here has been more associating with royal
realm than griculture.
Territorial Reference (T)
a There is no territorial landmark for
Chittur –Thattamangalam except
that
b1 Tara Nayar (Padinjaretara).
Teritory is defined by major
landmakrs
b2 Tara Nayar (Kizhaketara). There is
no major landmark but defined by
proximity of big taravads
b3 North Padinjaretara
b4 Vadakka tara is territorially defined
by proximity, major landmark is
Ganapaty temple and Kamakshi
amma temple
b5 Mannadiar tara characterized by
or proximity of single hall house with
C1 territorial landmark Mariamman
Temple
c2 Lankeswaram was a secluded
Brahmin community with Shiva
temple as their landmark
Space (S)
Space cover two areas connected by
Chitturpuzha (chittur river), Chittur and
Thattamangalam . it was a proximity
among paddyfield
Neighborhood characterized by major
accumulation of taravads facing one
lane and locations of major landmark ,
Chittur Bhagavaty kavu, Bhagavaty
pond, and banyan tree with naga
worship, and families believed to be
king
Neighborhood characterized by major
accumulation of taravads facing one
lane
Neighborhood used to be part of
Padinjaretara but Vadacherry is the
only remaining taravad . This is also
place of new development of taravad.
Neigborhood of Muthaliar community
from Kanchipuram with small single
hall bouses and weaving spaces at from
Initially this is serf community of the
Chambath family.
Space is characyerised by agraharam
compounds and chain of temples
Gate (G)
Defined by anicode junction in highway Pollachi-Palakkad,
ga is entry to thekkegramma next to river
Gb1a : Chittur Kavu
Gb1b: junction that connect to kizhaketara
Gb1c: main road
Gb21d: lane to mannadiar tara
Gb2a: lane to Aticode, lankeswaram and end of tara Nayar
;Gb2b: end marked by Vettaikrumakan temple; Gb2c:
anicode junction main road; Gb2d: junction that connect to
padinjaretara
Gb3a is Chittur kavu junction
Gb4a is ganapaty temple, tree with naga worship and
public hall; gb4 is marked by Durga kshotram which led to
agraharam (north), padinjaretara (east) and vadakkatara
(south); Gb4c: Kamakshi amma temple facing vast land of
rice field
Gc1a/ gb5a initially an entry from paddyfield now back of
the area; Gc1b/ gb5b: initially entry accessible only from
tara-Nayar to them, now accessible for them to tara-Nayar
Gates are only in gc2b to Chittur kavu and gc2a tp
Kizkaetara
264
 265

APPENDIX 3
COMPARATIVE ON CONTROL HIERARCHIES IN
HABITATION CONFIGURATION

a, b, c : elements are given and not subject to transforatiomation

Ca, Cb, Cc: configuration are assemble of elements

Ca = x, y,z; They can be transformed: displaced, eliminate, add, subtract. Etc.

PCa, PCb, PCc: are control unit or configurations which is each under control of an independent
agent (P). P works on base of: convention, convenience, preference, function and any other social
agreement, such as typology

PCa = PCx, PCy, PCz: assembly hierarchy

Under controlled unit (PCa) there are also sub-control unit PCx, PCy, PCz

Between PCa and PCx there are

Control is a configuration (C) is controlled by an agent (P) the part/ combination become (PC).
Therefore (PC) is a controlled configuration by an agent (P)

PCd = PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4..……..(E.4)

(Assumption, PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4 are each independent unit where e1, e2 etc is
configuration (C) having control agent (P)

If there is configuration e which is not under an independent agent or directly under care of P, it
becomes only Ce (ex: Ce5).
 266

If there is configuration e which is given and not subject to change, it becomes only (e) (ex: e6). The
whole is written as:

PCd = PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4, Ce5. e6……..(E.5)

To see PCd = PCe1, PCe2, PCe3, PCe4, Ce5. e6 as given, all agent has to agree with PCd. This
agreement is made of social agreement.

Dominance

Suppose in PCb = PCc1, PCc2, PCc3, PCc4, when c2 is displaced and c1 is not displaced, and
when c1 is displaced and c2 is changed, means c1 is dominant over c2

Dependence Hierarchies

c1 ｣ c2..……..(E.7)

PCc1 ｣ PCc2..……..(E.8)

c as settlement unit that make configuration of Cb. Dominance may appear due to caste system.

Assembly hierarchy

A settlement unit (PCc) is a controlled configuration by an agent (P=assembly). PCc is composed of

PCd1, which is a house compound unit with its male-head 1; PCe2, which is a house unit with its
male-head 2; PCe3, which is a house unit with its male-head 3; and PCe4 which is a house unit with
its male-head 4.

PCc = PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4..……..(E.6)

(Assumption, PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4 are each independent configuration for
independent configuration where d1, d2 etc is each a control unit) PCc are member
of PCd1, PCd2, PCd3, PCd4

In expression E.6 part-whole hierarchies as a control hierarchy. Each agent can assemble its own
configuration PCd1

Notes A. Minangkabau B. Kerala

1. Congregation of settlement Early:
Concept of nagari and desham
were congregation of settlement
:
Nagari has been half clan-based PCb= PCb’: Nagari or control unit of
and administrative units, while
desham was only traditional
administrative. Therefore
socially and practically they are
still scattered settlements, but
observe one administrations.
In Nagari all settlements units
conceptually has been
containing equal status. But
PCb =PCb’: PCc’
PCb’: PCc’’
congregation of clan, suku within
nagari controlled by assembly of
elders (ninik-mamak), female
institution, Bundo Kanduang and
codex of tambo
PCb’: Configuration of congregation of
similar clans, which associate with the PCb1’: Control Unit of tattakam of
other same suku outside nagari
controlled by codex tambo and oral
Early:
Cb : " PCc
PCb’ : PCc’1, PCc’2, PCc’2
c1 ¬ c2
Cb: traditional administrative
control of amsam and desham,
whose control was traditionally
administrative and had no high
control over communities
a Nayar community that has
influence over other taras within
desham level other than itself

under desham settlements
constitutes caste-based
community and there were a lot PCc’: Control unit of clan (suku) under
of communities on which social
classifications appears, and put
the Nayar as the apex
community.
In Nagari there have been two
modes of control, territorial and
clan. Socially clan organization
has been stronger but
territorially nagari. Desham was
total territorial. Only presently
where caste system is not too
much prominent, the temple of
Nayar cover jurisdiction beyond
tara-Nayar and include
settlements which is or used to
be their subservient
communities. Yet there is social
organization of congregation of
settlement which is territorial
but also could include other
taras (settlement units) outside
the desham territory, this is
called tattakam at desham or
inter-desham level.
In Minangkabau chieftainship is PCb : PCc
retained as wali nagari
politically (yet once was
changed), while in Kerala it has
been transformed many time.
The authority of chieftain and
wali nagari is supported by the
convention of Tambo
MPCb > KPCb
Conclusively in the level of
confederation of settlement,
nagari has more territorial
integrity and shapes than
desham. It is more sustainable
than desham which eventually
has been transformed into
Panchayath, Hierarchical
ranking of social clustering’s
more obvious in Kerala more
than Minangkabau due to distant
pollutions.
history
control of a male-head, Kepala suku,
but they are not territorial
PCc’’: Control unit of clan (suku) Kepala
suku, which associate with the other
same suku outside nagari
Earlier organization of nagari has direct
organizational access to Kampung, and
provide solid communal preservation to
ancestral house from individual
modification
PCb’ : " PCd’1,
Now:
PCb’: PCc’
PCb: Control Unit of congregation of
settlement, nagari controlled by wali PCb: traditional administrative
nagari, and female institution, Bundo
Kanduang and Tambo Alam
Minangkabau
PCb’: Control Unit of congregation of
clan, suku controlled by an assembly PCb1’: Control Unit of tattakam of
of elders of the corresponding clan,
KAN (assembly of clan head) and
codex of tambo
PCc: control unit of jorong with (P)
agent, Kepala jorong,
"ÄCc, and ÄCc are of equal status
Cc: configuration of houses
compound on a table land or hillock
that constitute a settlement unit,
jorong
PCc': Control unit of clan under control
of a clan-male-head, Datuk Pucuak
and female institution, Bundo
Kanduang and codex of tambo
267
controlled by temple community
of the corresponding
community.
It would be here also
codified as PCc1a’ because
of its roots from a tara
Nayar.
PCc: Control unit of settlement unit,
tara
PCc1: Control unit of settlement
unit, tara-nayar under
controlling agent nattukutam
Cc1': Tara Nayar
PCc2: configuration of houses
compound that constitute a
settlement unit, tara of the
lower caste than tara-nayar.
They have their own leader
(moopan) but under control of
upper caste community.
c1 ¬ c2¬ c3
Cc1 is by assuming that Cc2
or Cc3 as tara of other than
nayar community
PCc1 ¬ PCc2
The Nayar has power to
control the lower caste tara
Now: PCb : Cc
PCb’: PCc1’, Cc2’, Cc3’
c1 ¬ c2
control of amsam and later
control Unit of panchayath or
town controlled by village
office
a nayar community that has
influence in desham level other
than itself controlled by temple
community of the corresponding
community
Cc: Configuration of wards, but it is
only administrative sectors
body, not a political
ÄCc, and ÄCc are of equal
status
Cc1': Tara or/ and tattakam of the
Nayar
Cc2': Tara or/ and tattakam of other
community
PCc1 ¬ Cc2
The lower caste tara

2. Settlement unit
Tara and jorong similarly has
been determined by
environment, by the profile
of topography and geometry
of paddy-farming. They had
common controlling agents
in the form of assembly of
elders.
In Minangkabau jorong is
product of natural unit but
with controlling agents
attached to community
organization of suku, not
territory. But in Kerala Tara
is both territorial and social. PCd’: control unit of maternal sub- PCd1: control units of maternal
Presently jorong and tara are
controlled territory. Jorong
has administrative officers,
while Tara is more cultural
than adiminstrative.
However it the suku and tara
are similarly community
organization which
determine cohesiveness of
the settlement. Suku is based
clan and tara is based on
caste but derived from clan.
MPCc ΠKPCc
Conclusively, physically tara
and jorong is comparable
organization, but socially
tara and suku is comparable
organization. Tara and
jorong is more naturally
made, rather than socially
constructed.
3. House Compound
There are three different With regards to kinship
managements in house
which are kinship,
householding and division of
female and male. In Kerala
the three managements are PCd : control unit of kampung with
run by same individuals,
karanavar. In Minangkabau
there are three controlling
Early:
PCc : PCd
PCc’: PCd’
PCc: Configuration of jorong, that is PCc1: Configuration of tara-
determined by topography and a
typical Schematic Grid
PCd: control units of maternal houses
compound, kampung with (P)
agent male-head, Penghulu and
female institution, Bundo
Kanduang
PCc’: control unit of clan or suku
with (P) clan-head, datuak pucuak
clan, kaum or payung with (P)
agent Penghulu in his capacity of
as sub- clan leader
Now:
PCc : PCd, PCd, PCd
PCc Configuration of jorong with (P)
kepala jorong
PCd: control unit of maternal sub-
clan, kaum or payung with (P)
agent Penghulu in his capacity of
as sub- clan leader
Early:
PCd : Ce1, Ce2, Ce3,
e1 ¬ e2¬ e3
(P) male-head, Penghulu,
assembly of female or the
institution of bundo kanduang
268
participate in tara Nayar
activities as serf community
Early:
PCc1 : PCd1
PCc1’: PCd1, PCd1’
nayar that is determined by
paddy-farming geometry, a
typical Schematic Grid and
caste clustering’s led by
nattukutam and oorala
PCc1’: Control Unit of tattakam
of a nayar community for its
own community
Cc1=Cc’
houses compound, taravad
with (P) agent male-head,
karanavar
Cd1 is by assuming that Cd2
or Cd3 as comparable houses
of other than nayar
community
PCd1’: control units of maternal
houses compound, taravad
with (P) agent male-head,
karanavar in different places
which associate with the
tara-Nayar, by kinship,
ethnic or adimakavu
Now:
PCc1 : PCd1, PCd1,
PCd1
PCc1: Configuration of tara
with social management
under (P) temple community
PCd1: control units of maternal
houses compound, taravad
with (P) agent male-head,
karanavar
Early:
With regards to kinship
PCd1 : Ce1, Ce2, e1
e1 ¬ e2¬ e3
PCd1 : control unit of taravad
with (P) male-head,
karanavar

agents, penghulu, buno
kanduang and tungganai.
Currently it the role of
tungganai merge with
penghulu. Or the Penghulu
function appear in kampung
that constitute community of
the actual clan.
The role and position of
female is higher in
Minangkabau. They are
institutionalized under
Bundo Kanduang, which is
not individual but, but an
assembly. They have
position and power in
kampung, suku and nagari
level. The female is more
concentrated in the inner
kampung and male in
periphery in surau.
The house-holding
managements of kampung
and taravad always involve
subserfient communities
which is in Kampung appear
as warga (non-blood related PCd’’ : control unit of kampung with Ce1’’: taravad , Ce2: other
member of clan) within
kampung and lower caste
for taravad, who would stay
in other tara. e1’’: rumah gadang and rangkiang,
Currently kampung and tara (surau, bathing ghatsi, cemetery),
is much closer to nuclear
family. In Minangkabau
male tend to avoid the role of
penghulu, and made many
kampungs have no penghulu.
In Kerala this role of
karanavar is gradually
transformed into father.
compound MPCd à KPCd
conclusively kampung and
taravad is configurationally
the same, as house for actual
clan organization notified by Now: :
prohibition of intermarriage
among member and
reference toward traced
ancestor.
But taravad is more well-
269
and Tambo Alam Minangkabau Ce1: tavazhi
Ce1: saparuik or core lineage, e2:
kaum (member of blood-related
clan), e3: warga (member of non-
blood-related clan). With regards to Gender
Saparuik stays in Rumah Gadang. PCd1’ : Ce1’, Ce2’, e1’
Kaum stay within Kampung, Warga
stau within Kampung or in Dangau e1 ¬ e2¬ e3
There is rangking system among PCd1’ : control unit of taravad
with (P) male-head,
sparuik, kaum and warga
karanavar
With regards to Gender
Ce1’: female , Ce2’: male
PCd’ : Ce1’, Ce2’, Ce3’
female stays in inner taravad
e1 ¬ e2¬ e3
male stay within pattayapura
PCd’ : control unit of kampung with (inside or outside the taravad in
(P) male-head, Penghulu, and the field)
assembly of female or the
institution of bundo kanduang
Ce1’: female , Ce2’: male With regards to House
holding
female stays in inner kampung, male
stay within Surau PCd1’’ : Ce1’’, Ce2’’
e1 ¬ e2¬ e3
With regards to House holding
PCd1’’ : control unit of taravad
PCd’’ : e1’’, Ce2’’, Ce3’’
with (P) male-head,
e1 ¬ e2¬ e3 karanavar
(P) managers, tungganai and functions
assembly of female or the
female stays in inner taravad
institution of bundo kanduang
Ce2’’: other traditional buildings
Ce3’’: auxiliary functions (cowshed Now: : PCd1 : PCe1,
PCe2,
PCb : Ce1’’
PCb: nagari with assembly of PCd1 : control unit of taravad
elders as the controlling with (P) male-head,
agents. karanavar or man or father
of the house
Ce1: configuration within
compound whose level of PCe1: Control unit of anything
affairs are under the within compound under
sanction of nagari (the each owner including
ancestral house, ancestor
ancestral house, rumah
gadang and granary relic and granary
PCd : Ce, PCe, In case of partitioned property
it becomes:
PCd : control unit of kampung with
(P) male-head, Penghulu, eldest Cd1’ : PCe1’, PCe2’,
female bundo kanduang and Cd1’: taravad become
Tambo Alam Minangkabau uncontrolled territory, each
nuclear families has its

designed and more well- Ce1: configuration of anything within
confined than kampung. The
organization is also more
discrete than kampung.
The labor division took
inside kampung in case of
Minangkabau., In Kerala
taravad is only house for
blood related family which
means it is more in common
with kaum and saparuik.
4. Ancestor Buildings
MPCe à KPCe
Ancestral\chambers and
granary are both common
prominent features
functionally and spiritually
in Kerala and Minangkabau.
In Minangkabau rangkiang
and rumah gadang was
earlier the affair of nagari
other than the people of clan.
Currently it is personal
property of kampung.
Taravad and pattayapura are
landmark of taravad, and
pattayapura has turned into Cf : room, Room (bilik) w
living space.
5. Construction of
Ancestral Buildings
Construction in Kerala is
professional activities and in
Minangkabau as a social
activities.
The responsibility of
construction is more
communal in Minangkabau
and more individual in
Kerala.
Natural hazard is more in
Minangkabau therefore the
construction is lighter and
simpler than in kerala.
Currently construction PCg : control unit of spatial
process and desaign is more
professionl.
270
own control.
compound under male-head,
Penghulu or tungganai and
eldest female bundo kanduang
including ancestral house,
rumah gadang, ancestor relic
and granary
Early: Early:
PCe1 : f1, f1, f1; when f1 ¬ PCe1 : Cf1, f1, f1
f2
PCe : control unit of building
PCe : control unit of building with with (P) male-head,
(P) male-head, tungganai and karanavar
eldest female bundo kanduang.
Therefore for PCe, (f) is
But still for changes they have
transformable
to consult Penghulu (male-
head), kepala suku (clan-leader)
or even wali nagari (village
head), and Tambo.
Now: : PCe1 : Ä Cf1,
Therefore for PCe, (f) is
untransformed PCf1,
Cf : room, Room (ara) has been
Now: : PCe : Ä Cf, PCf,
transformed into functions but
mainly as functional bedroom
transformed into functions mainly as
bedroom
Early: Early:
PCb ‘ : Cg’, Cg’, Cg’ PCf1’ : Cg1’, Cg1’,
PCb’: nagari with ninik mamak and PCf1’: control unit of spatial
kerapatan adat nagari construction with
architect-professional as
Cg’: configuration of constructions
(P) during construction;
elements engineered by tukang
tuo (senior builders, penghulu Cg1’: configuration of
and bundo kanduang) constructions elements
Now: :PCf ‘ : Cg’, Cg’, Cg’ Now: :PCf1 : Cg1, PCg1,
PCf configuration of dwelling PCf1 control unit of dwelling
activities. with bundo kanduang activities with karanavar
and penghulu as (P) as (P) on day to day
managers and Tambo Alam management.
Minangkabau
g: constructions elements
PCg : control unit of spatial
construction controlled buy the
construction controlled by
builder, which is no longer
the dweller
prerequisitely tukang tuo
 271

Comparative Conclusion
Cd = kampung or kaum
Cd’= kampung or kaum related from outside the
scope of nagari
Cc= Jorong; Cc’= Suku
Cb-= Nagari as congregation of jorong (settlement
unit
Cb’ = nagari as congregation of suku/ clan
Ca= inter-Nagari organization (congregation of
close nagaris, jurai, laras, luhak
Cd1= taravad
Cd2= house-hold of other community
Cd’1= taravad outside territory that associate with
correlated taravad by reference to kavu
(adimakavu) or kinship association
Cc1= tara-nayar
Cc1’= tattakam with sphere that coincides with
tara
Cc1a’= tattakam that include other taras from
different regions within desham
Cc1b’= tattakam that include other taras from
different regions outside desham
Ca= congregation of desham
Cb= sphere of desham
Cb’= inter-tara organization
The basic common organization lies in the network of
houses as shown in relations and clustering’s assembly
of configurations of houses (Cd’s) in various spheres
and levels of habitations. Immediate spatial
organizations are similarly formed by environmental
confinement (Cc) which is jorong and tara. Tara is both
territorial and spatial. Jorong is spatial. The next
organizations are political administrative (Cb), which
are nagari and desham and tattakam. Nagari is
comparable to tattakam because they are cultural.
Nagari is comparable with desham because they are
traditional administrative and political. Cultural
geography (Ca) exist but is more spatially defined in
Minangkabau
Tattakam can be territorial when it coincide with the
sphere of territorial organization such as tara or
desham.
 APPENDIX 4.
EXAMPLE OF STUDIES ON HOUSE COMPOUND IN KERALA
The following are 5 among 12 cases of taravads studied,.

272
273
274
275
 APPENDIX 5.
EXAMPLE OF STUDIES ON HOUSE COMPOUND IN MINANGKABAU
The following are 3 among 8 cases of kampungs or kaums studied,.

276
277
278
 279

APPENDIX 6
TABLE OF AREA OF HOUSE COMPOUND

Kerala

Taravad The width of taravad at present The width of taravad in the past
the whole desham, 100 acres
Chambath 56 m x 76 m approx.
(0.12kmx0.07km)+(0.06km
Ambath x0.12km) 0.18 km x 0.21km
142.16km x 113.05km
Yezhuvath Small (200mx300m incl lankeswaram)
the whole block (0.28 km x 0.35
Porayath (54.2 m x 62.91m) km)/2 kmsq
Thachth 2 acres (0.03 km x 0.06km) see google map
0.25 acres, 15 acres agriculture
Unikandath 0.25 acres (30.68kmx 92.66 km) and 8 acres plain land sugarcane
Sreekandath 1 acres 27.5mx(63.8+80)/2m 2 acres
undetected, because it is alreadN
Charubala partitioned 0.13km x 0.05 km
Methil 85 cents No information
Vadakke
Anavanghot No information
Thekke approximatelly 120cents (1
Anavanghot acre=25 cents) No information
60 cents, 55 cents 9sita devi) 15
Kottil cents-khrisna kumari No information
Kurupath gangadaran nair: 2 acres, 6cents No information
24 cents for the house + 27cents
Kalikavu front compound+ 2 acres
Puthen Vedu 23 cents for the house agriculture land
Patattil see chengath (proportionate) No information
moothedath 60 cents No information
 280

Minangkabau
The width of kampung at
Nagari Kampung present
Kampung Dalam
2448msq
Sungayang Kampung nanPanjang bawah
5280 msq
Kampung Piliang Buah Pauh
496 msq
Kampung Tabiang bawah
2520 msq
Kampung Dalam
399 msq
Kampung Piliang Rumah nan
Rao-Rao Panjang
740.6 msq
Kampung Lurah Tengah Bawah
Balai
1917.625 msq
Kampung Baru
360 msq