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ENG 214

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CLASS NOTES

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ATIMATI EHINOMEN (ENGR. MRS.)

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outline
• Control of codes:
• Decision loops (not in this class)

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• Iterative loops

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• Iterative loops/statements

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• While statement
• Do… while statement

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• For statement

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• Break statement

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• Continue statement AR
• Real number types
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• Data Type conversion (casting)

• Constants, variable and objects.
Introduction to iterative statement/loop
• Iteration is the repetition of a statement or block of statement in a
program.

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• C++ has three (3) iteration statement:

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• While statement

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• Do… while statement

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• For statement

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• Iterative statements are called loops because of their cyclic nature.

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• A loop is controlled by three necessary parts:

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• initialization of a counter/control variable
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• Condition for loop to be maintained.
• An update (increment/decrement) of the control variable
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While Statement
• Syntax:
• While (condition) {(statement to be iterated)}

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• How it works:

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• The condition in bracket is evaluated

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• The statement in curly braises is executed if the condition if true

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• The condition is re-evaluated

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• The statement is executed if the condition is true

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• This repeats itself in a cyclic loop until the condition is false.

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• For the while loop example 1 below:
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• the condition is checked i<n, if true, statement in curly braises are executed
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• And the program goes back to the condition statement to validate

• Executes and the circle continues until i is no longer less than n.
• Sentinel is a special value of an input variable
While loop examples 1
• Simple program that counts numbers. Counting numbers to a specified maximum
• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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• {

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• int n, i=1; //n is maximum number and i is initialized as a counter

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• cout<<"Enter positive intergers. Teminate with 0.\n\t:"; // prompts an input during
runtime

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• cin>>n; // assigns the keyed number at run time to a variable ‘n’

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• while (i<=n) // condition to be met for loop to be executed
• {
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• cout<<i << "\n"; // loop statement to be implement
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• i++;//update on counter (increment of the counter). Must be in the loop

• }}
While loop example 2
• A program that computes the cube of any number keyed in at run time
• include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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• {

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• int n;

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• cout<<"Enter positive intergers. Teminate with 0.\n\t:";
• cin>>n;

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• while (n>0)

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• { AR
• cout<< n << " cubed is " << n*n*n << "\n\t";
• cin>>n;
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• }}
While loop example 3

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Do… While Statement
• Similar to While statement
• Syntax:

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• Do {statement} while (condition);

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• Difference from While statement

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• It executes the statement first and

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• then evaluates the condition.
• It must iterate at least once before breaking the loop

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• The cycle continues until the condition is false.

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• Note: the update must be within the loop

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• In the do while loop example 1,
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• Difference between while and do while
• Key in a value that is less than the counter i, say 0 during run time
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• For the while program, nothing is displayed, the do while program will
display ‘0’ before stopping.
Do while example 1
• Simple program that counts numbers. Counting numbers to a specified maximum
• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()
• {

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• int n, i=0;//initialization of counter i

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• cout<<"Enter positive intergers. \n\t:";

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• cin>>n;

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• do

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• {
• cout<<i << "\n"; AR
• i++; //update (increment)
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• }
• while (i<n); //condition
• }
Do while example 2
• Computes n factorial function
• n! = n(n-1)(n-2)…(3)(2)(1).

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• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;

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• main()

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• {

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• int n,f=1;//initialize n

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• cout<< "Enter a positive integer ";cin>>n;
• cout << n << " Factorial is : ";

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• do{

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• f*=n; //loop statement (multiplies from the largest value to smallest)
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• n--;} //update (decrement)
• while (n>1); //control condition
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• cout << f<< endl;

• }
• n*(n-1)*(n-2)…(2)(1)
For loop statement
• Syntax:
• For (initialization; continuation condition; update) {statement}

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• Note initialization, condition or the update may be empty

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• Take care in declaring conditional expressions

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• As there has to be a time when the expression is false

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• That is a condition for the loop to stop iterating
• Simple tryouts

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• Use any of the loop statement in
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• Displaying even numbers
• Displaying odd numbers
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• Displaying a multiplication times table (2x1, 2x2, 2x3…. 2x12)

 For example 1
• Simple program that counts numbers. Counting numbers to a specified
maximum

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• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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•{
• int n;

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• cout<<"Enter positive intergers. \n\t:";

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• cin>>n; AR
• for (int i=1;i<=n;i++)
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• cout<<i << "\n"; // a single statement does not need braises.

•}
For example 2

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For example 3
• Computes n factorial function
• n! = (2)(3).....(n-2)(n-1)n

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• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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• {

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• int n, f=1;

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• cout<<" Enter positive integer. ";cin>>n;

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• for (int i=2; i<= n; i++)
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• f*=i;
• cout <<n<<" factorial is " << f << endl;
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• }
• 2*3*4*…*n
For loop example 4
• More than one control variable
• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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•{

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• for (int m=1, n=10;m<n; m++,n--)

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•{

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• cout << " m = " <<m<< " and n = " <<n<< "\n";
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•}
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•}
Break statement (Jump statement)
• The break statement jumps over all the rest of the statement in the
loop block

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• Goes to the next statement after the loop

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Continue statement

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• Similar to break statement
• Does not terminate loop but goes to the beginning of the loop

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• Continue statement example 1 (slide 19):
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• When both if conditions fail, it displays a statement
• When keyed number is divisible by 2, it stays in the loop
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• When number keyed is divisible by 3, the entire loop is terminated

Break example 1
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;

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• main()
• {

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• int i=1, sum =0, n;

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• cout<< "input a positive integer ";

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• cin>>n;

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• while (1)
• {

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• if(i>n) break;
• sum +=i*i; AR
• i++;
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• }
• cout<< sum ;
• }
 Break example 2
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;
• main()

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• {

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• int n, count =0, sum = 0;
• cout<<" Enter positive integer. Terminate input with 0 :\n ";

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• for ( ; ; )

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• {

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• cout<<"\t" << count +1<<": ";//displays serial numbers
• cin>>n;

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• if (n==0) break;// terminates when 0 is keyed in at run time

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• ++count; // count, records the number of values keyed in
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sum+=n; // add all the number keyed in
• }
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• cout<<"The average of the " <<count<< " numbers is " << float (sum)/count ; //data type sum is changed from
int to float
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• Prompts you to input integers during run time
Continue statement example 1
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;

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• main()
• {

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• int n;

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• for ( ; ; )

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• {

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• cout<<" Enter positive integer. ";

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• cin>>n;

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• if (n%2==0) continue;
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else if (n%3==0)break;
• cout<<"\t Bottom of loop. \n";
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• }
• cout<<"\tOutside of loop.\n";
• }
Real Number Types
• Real numbers are supported with the following data types in C++:
• Float (eg. 0.1)

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• Double (eg. 2.33)

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• Long double (e.g. 34.555555555555555555555)

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• Double uses twice as much byte (data space) as float

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• Long double uses more data space.

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• Using the sizeof operator

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• The example below displays all the memory size for different data

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Sizeof operator example
• This program displays how much computer memory space 12 fundamental types occupy
• #include<iostream>
• using namespace std;

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• main()

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• {cout<< "Number of BYTES used : \n";
• cout<<"\t char:" << sizeof (char)<< endl;

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• cout<<"\t short:" << sizeof (short)<< endl;

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• cout<<"\t int:" << sizeof (int)<< endl;

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• cout<<"\t long" << sizeof (long)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t unsigned char:" << sizeof (unsigned char)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t unsigned short:" << sizeof (unsigned short)<< endl;

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• cout<<"\t unsigned int:" << sizeof (unsigned int)<< endl;

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• cout<<"\t unsigned long:" << sizeof (unsigned long)<< endl;
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• cout<<"\t signed char:" << sizeof (signed char)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t signed short:" << sizeof (signed short)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t signed int:" << sizeof (signed int)<< endl;
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• cout<<"\t signed long:" << sizeof (signed long)<< endl;

• cout<<"\t float:" << sizeof (float)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t double:" << sizeof (double)<< endl;
• cout<<"\t long double:" << sizeof (long double)<< endl;}
Type Conversion
• A variable can be changed from one data type to another
• For example a variable declared as an int can be changed to a float by

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• Data type conversion or CASTING

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• Syntax for casting

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• If T is one type and v is a value in another type

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• T(v) or (T)v

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• Coverts v to type T.

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• Example: if n is a double of 3.4446
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• to display only the whole number
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• Int (n)
Casting example 1
• The program ignores the decimal numbers by casting.
• #include<iostream>

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• using namespace std;

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• main()

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•{

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• double v= 1234.56789;

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• int n= (int)v;

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• cout<<"v = " <<v<< " \n \n n = "<<n << endl;
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•}
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Constants, Variables and Objects
• An object is a contiguous region of memory that has an
• Address

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• Size

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• Type and

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• Value

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• Address of an object is the memory address of its first byte

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• Determined by the computer’s operating system
• The size of an object is simply the number of bytes that it occupies in

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memory.

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• Determined by the compiler
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• The value is the constant determined by actual bits stored in its memory
• Can be determined by programmer or during runtime
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• Objects Type prescribes how those bits stored are interpreted.

• Type is determined by programmer
Constants, Variables and Objects continued
• A variable suggest that the objects value can be changed.
• A variable whose value cannot be changed is known as a CONSTANT

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• Constants are declared with this syntax

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• const int n = 3.14;

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• Constants must be initialized (declared and assigned)

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