6.

Design of Connections

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Types of connections based on load Transfer

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 Shear Connections
o Bolts only in web, not the flanges
 Transmit only shear
 No bending moment
 Accomplished with clip angles & bolts/welds
 Moment Connections
 Transmit shear & moment
 Flanges must be connected
 Bolts/ Welds Flanges
 May require column stiffeners

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Types of connection based on Resultant force

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 Holes
o Normal
+1 mm for M 12
+2 mm for M 16 up M 24
+3 mm for M 27 and bigger
o Oversized with 3 mm (M12) up 8 mm (M27)
o Slotted (elongated)
o Close fitting – flushed bolts
for bolt M20 must be the clearance Δd < 0,3 mm

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Design of Bolts

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 Minimum distance Maximum distance
End distance e1 1.2do 4t+40mm

End distance e2 1.2do 4t+40mm

Pitch distance,p1 2.2do Smaller of 14t or

200mm
Gauge distance,p2 2.4do Smaller of 14t or
200mm
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Combined shear and Tension
• When bolts are subjected to both shear and tension
then the following relationship shown shall be satisfied:

Where: F
Fv,sd is the design shear force per bolt
Ft,sd - is the design tensile force per bolt , ,
Fv,rd - is shear capacity per bolt
Ft,rd - is the tension capacity per bolt
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Design for block tearing
(1) Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of
bolts along the shear face of the hole group accompanied
by tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the
tension face of the bolt
group. Figure 3.8 shows block tearing.

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Fillet welds
(1) Fillet welds may be used for connecting parts where
the fusion faces form an angle of between 60° and 120°.
(2) Angles smaller than 60° are also permitted. However,
in such cases the weld should be considered to be a
partial penetration butt weld.
(3) For angles greater than 120° the resistance of fillet
welds should be determined by testing. Annex D:
(4) Fillet welds finishing at the ends or sides of parts
should be returned continuously, full size, around the
corner for a distance of at least twice the leg length of
the weld, unless access or the configuration of the joint
renders this impracticable.

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Length of welds
(1) The effective length of a fillet weld leff should be taken
as the length over which the fillet is full size. This may be
taken as the overall length of the weld reduced by twice
the effective throat thickness a. Provided that the weld is
full size throughout its length including starts and
terminations, no reduction in effective length need be
made for either the start or the termination of the weld.
(2) A fillet weld with an effective length less than 30 mm
or less than 6 times its throat thickness, whichever is
larger, should not be designed to carry load.

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Effective throat thickness
(1) The effective throat thickness, a, of a fillet weld
should be taken as the height of the largest triangle
(with equal or unequal legs) that can be inscribed within
the fusion faces and the weld surface, measured
perpendicular to the outer side of this triangle, see
Figure 4.3.
(2) The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld should
not be less than 3 mm.
(3) In determining the design resistance of a deep
penetration fillet weld, account may be taken of its
additional throat thickness, see Figure 4.4, provided that
preliminary tests show that the required
penetration can consistently be achieved.

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Simplified method for design resistance of fillet
weld
(1) the design resistance of a fillet weld may be assumed
to be adequate if, at every point along its length, the
resultant of all the forces per unit length transmitted by
the weld satisfy the following criterion:

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 Eccentric connections
 The two types of eccentrically loaded connections are
shown in the following figure. These are the torsion
joint with the load in the plane of the weld; and the
bracket connection. In both cases, the fillet welds are
in shear due to direct load and moment.

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The end

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