RONALYN M.

SARMIENTO

201810685

BS ARCH 4-2

MIDTERM

ESSAY:

1. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TIMBER AND LUMBER?

Timber is primarily considered to be wood that is still attached to the ground, but wood is no longer on the ground.
It is widely accepted that wood has bark, but wood no longer has bark While the lumber is the finished wood product
that is often made commercially available especially in construction whereas timber still has to be cut and processed
for it to be sold for construction purposes.

2. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE OF SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD? DEFINE ITS CHARACTERISTICS?

Hardwoods are extra probably to be located in excellent furniture, decks, flooring, and building that needs to last.
Comes from angiosperm trees that are not monocots; trees are as a rule broad-leaved. Has vessel components that
transport water all through the wood; beneath a magnifying instrument, these components show up as pores. The
characteristics of hardwood are having a higher density than softwood, more expensive, grow at a slower rate,
hardwood trees shed their leaves in certain times of the year, more fire resistance, used for making quality furniture,
also suitable for decking in buildings.

Softwood Softwoods have many applications and are found in building structures (e.g., windows, doors), furniture,
medium-density fiberboard (MDF), paper, Christmas trees, and more. Comes from gymnosperm trees which usually
have needles and cones. Medullary rays and tracheid’s transport water and produce sap. When viewed under a
microscope, softwoods have no visible pores because of tracheid. The characteristics of softwood are had lower
density, less expensive, growth rate is faster than hardwood, less fire resistant, softwood serve various purposes: for
instance, many doors, windows and papers are made from softwood.

3. WHY IS IT IMPORTTANT TO SEASON A WOOD?

• To change and improve the properties of wood.
• To make a correct percentage of shrinking of woods.
• To make a confident use of woods.
• To reduce the adverse behavior of woods
4. ENUMERATE AND DEFINE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD.

The mechanical properties of wood considered are stiffness and elasticity, tensile strength, compressive or
crushing strength, shearing strength, transverse or bending strength, toughness, hardness, cleavability, and
resilience.

The stiffness The property with the aid of capacity of which a body acted upon by means of external forces tends to
keep its natural dimension and shape, or resists deformation.

The tensile strength is a parallel to grain upon the strength of fibers. The compressive or crushing strength is a
related to hardness and transverse shear.

The shearing strength is the force acts on one body so that one potion tends to slip into another potion next to it.
Effect is called scissors.

The transverse or bending strength When an external force acting on the same plane is applied at right angles to the
axis of the rod and the rod is bent, the vertical fibers on the concave side become shorter and the vertical fibers on
the convex side become longer. Types of failures in beams are simple tension, cross-grained tension, splintering
tension, brittle tension, compression failure, and horizontal shear failure.

The toughness, it is the opposite of brittleness, as the tough wood gradually breaks and warns of breakage.
The hardness in the latter sense, the combination of hardness and toughness is a measure of the wear resistance of
wood and is an important consideration when using wood for floors.

The cleavability is a term used to describe the ease of splitting wood. Nip stress is the stress at which a force usually
acts like a wedge.

And lastly the resilience is the amount of work done upon a body in deforming it.

5. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT DEFECTS IN TIMBER AND HOW IT OCCURRED?

The different types of defects in timber are:

•Knots in timber – when used to carry compression

•Shakes in timber – cracks and splits found felled trees due to many causes.
Different kinds of shakes are identified such as cup shape, heart shake, star shake, and radial shakes.
• Upset or rupture –injuries cause by strong winds or faulty felling of the tree.
• Twisted fibers in timber- due to the fast-blowing winds.
• Wane- part of outside rounded surface of a tree
6. WHAT IS THE DIIFFERENCE OF NOMINAL AND DRESSED LUMBER?

A single timber is identified by its nominal cross-sectional dimension. As an example, let's talk about of 6 "x 12"
(denoted as 6x12). This means wood with a width of 6 "and a depth of 12". The length is variable. However, after
machining or coating the four sides of the (S4S), the actual dimensions of this part will be 5 1/2 "x 11 1/2" of the
board foot. Board foot is content with a volume of 12 x 12 x 1 inch.

7. ENUMARATE AND DEFINE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD BASED ON NSCP.

PROBLEM SOLVING