ENGLISH PROFICIENCY

ENHANCEMENT TRAINING
(ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES)
https://steemit.com/life/@fredskillz/men-s-default-thought-pattern
 Definition

Classification

Thought Patterns Order or sequence

Academic

Cause and Effect

Comparison
and Contrast

Listing/
enumeration
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Read carefully each of the following

topic sentences and anticipate what
thought pattern the paragraph is
likely to exhibit. Write the words and
phrases that suggest the pattern.
1. The bones of the body may be classified into
four principal types on the basis of shape:
long, short, flat, and irregular.
(Tortora, Introduction to Human Body, p. 100)

2. Although accurate identification of a

problem is essential before the problem
can be solved, this stage of decision-
making creates many difficulties for
managers.
(Pride et. al., Business p. 189)
3. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity,
the transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring. Genetics explains
why offspring resemble their parents and
also why they are not identical to them.
(Mix et. al., The Network of Life, p. 262)

4. Small businesses are likely to have less formal

purchasing processes. A retail grocer might,
for example, purchase a computer system
after visiting a few suppliers to compare
prices and features, while a large grocery
store chain might collect bids from a specified
number of vendors and then evaluate those
bids on pre-established criteria.
(Kinnear, et. al., Principles of Marketing, p 218)
5. Pulmonary circulation conducts blood
between the heart and the lungs. Oxygen-
poor, CO2-laden blood returns through two
large veins (venae cavae) from tissues within
the body, enters the right atrium, and is then
moved into the right ventricle of the heart.
(Mix et. al., Biology: The Network of Life, pp. 663-64)

6. The pretext for full-scale intervention in

Vietnam came in late July 1964. On July 30,
South Vietnamese PT (patrol torpedo) boats
attacked bases in the Gulf of Tonkin inside
North Vietnamese waters.
(Wilson et. al., The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People, p. 493)
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1. The bones of the body may be classified
into four principal types on the basis of
shape: long, short, flat, and irregular.
(Tortora, Introduction to Human Body, p. 100)

CLASSIFICATION
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Order÷orParts
sequence
Academic

Topic or Categories: Shared

Characteristics
Movies: comedy, horror, mystery
Cause and Effect
Clue Words
Comparison
several kinds, numerous types,
and Contrast
classified as, composed of, comprise,
type or, another type of
Listing/
enumeration
2. Although accurate identification of a
problem is essential before the problem
can be solved, this stage of decision-
making creates many difficulties for
managers. (Pride et. al., Business p. 189)

LISTING/
ENUMERATION
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Giving bits of information on a topic by

stating them
Order or one after the other
sequence
Academic

Cause
Word and Effect
Clues
One aspect, a second feature, also, there
are several characteristics of, in addition
Comparison
and Contrast

Listing/
enumeration
3. Genetics is the scientific study of heredity,
the transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring. Genetics explains
why offspring resemble their parents and
also why they are not identical to them.
(Mix et. al., The Network of Life, p. 262)

DEFINITION
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Term + General Class + Distinguishing

Order or sequence Characteristics
Academic

Stress + physiological + a response to a

reaction perceived threat
Cause and Effect

ClueComparison
Words
is, means, refers to, can be defined as,
and Contrast
another term, also means
Listing/
enumeration
4. Small businesses are likely to have less formal
purchasing processes. A retail grocer might,
for example, purchase a computer system
after visiting a few suppliers to compare
prices and features, while a large grocery
store chain might collect bids from a specified
number of vendors and then evaluate those
bids on pre-established criteria.
(Kinnear, et. al., Principles of Marketing, p 218)

COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST
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 Comparison emphasizes similarities
Definition
between or among ideas, concepts, or
events
Classification
Contrast emphasizes differences
Thought Patterns

Clue Words
Order or sequence
Academic

Comparison: similarities between, as __ as,

like, both, resembles, correspondingly
Contrast: unlike, less than, contrasted with,
Cause and Effect
differs from, on the other hand

Comparison
and Contrast

Listing/
enumeration
5. Pulmonary circulation conducts blood
between the heart and the lungs. Oxygen-
poor, CO2-laden blood returns through two
large veins (venae cavae) from tissues within
the body, enters the right atrium, and is then
moved into the right ventricle of the heart.
(Mix et. al., Biology: The Network of Life, pp. 663-64)

ORDER OR SEQUENCE
– SPATIAL
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Order or sequence
Academic

Spatial
Cause Order organizes information
and Effect
according to its physical location or
position or order in space
Comparison
and Contrast
Clue Words
left/right side, lower, outer, beneath
Listing/
enumeration
6. The pretext for full-scale intervention in
Vietnam came in late July 1964. On July 30,
South Vietnamese PT (patrol torpedo) boats
attacked bases in the Gulf of Tonkin inside
North Vietnamese waters.
(Wilson et. al., The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People, p. 493)

ORDER OR SEQUENCE
– CHRONOLOGICAL
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Order or sequence
Academic

Chronological Order focuses on the

Cause and Effect
sequence in which events occur in time.
Comparison
and Contrast
Clue Words
in, at, Listing/
on, first, later, during, by the time
enumeration
7. All objects continually radiate energy. Why,
then, doesn’t the temperature of all objects
continually decrease? The answer is that all
objects also continually absorb radiant
energy. (Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, p. 272)

CAUSE AND EFFECT

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 Definition
Explain causes, sources, reasons, motives,
andClassification
actions
Explain the effect, result, or consequence
Thought Patterns

or a particular action
Explain
Order orboth causes and effects
sequence
Academic

Cause and Effect

Comparison
Clue Words
and Contrast
Causes, creates, leads to, yields, stems
from, Listing/
produce, breeds, results in
enumeration
8. Why do fashions occur in the first place?
One reason is that some cultures, like ours,
value change: what is new is good, even
better. Thus, in many modern societies
clothing styles change yearly, while people
in traditional societies may wear the same
style for generations.
(Thio, Sociology, p. 534)

CAUSE AND EFFECT

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9. The United States’ downward trend in
standard of living has many different causes,
of which only a few major ones can be
identified here. Most important is probably
deindustrialization, the massive loss of
manufacturing jobs as many U.S.
corporations move their production to poor,
labor-cheap countries.
(Thio, Sociology p. 255)

ORDER OR SEQUENCE
– IMPORTANCE
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Order or sequence
Academic

Order
Causeofand
Importance
Effect expresses priority or
preference arranged from most to least or
fromComparison
least to most important
and Contrast
Clue Words
less, more, primarily, secondly
Listing/
enumeration
10. Let us track brain waves through the night.
As you prepare to go to bed, an EEG records
that your brain waves are moving along at a
rate of about 14 cycles per second (cps).
Once you are comfortably in bed, you begin
to relax and your brain waves slow down to
a rate of about 8 to 12 cps. When you fall
asleep, you enter your sleep cycle, each of
whose stages shows a distinct EEG pattern.
(Zimbardo and Gerrig, Psychology and Life, p. 115)

ORDER OR SEQUENCE
– PROCESS
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 Definition

Classification
Thought Patterns

Order or sequence
Academic

Process focuses
Cause and on procedures, steps, or
Effect
stages by which actions are accomplished
Comparison
Clueand
Words
Contrast
Process: first, then, stage 1, 2, etc.,
Listing/
enumeration