Lectuer 1

Asphalt
Binder Rheology 6‐Mar‐21
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
6‐Mar‐21 Asphalt Binder Rheology by Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١
By Dr. Mahmoud Enieb 1
Asphalt Binder Rheology 6‐Mar‐21
Determine the optimum percentage of
asphalt content
• The Marshall method.
• Superpave system
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢
Marshall Method Procedure
ASTM D1559
• Test specimens of 4 in. diameter and 2 1/2 in. height are used in
this method.
• They are prepared by a specified procedure of heating, mixing,
and compacting the mixture of asphalt and aggregates which is
then subjected to a stability / flow test and a density‐voids
analysis.
• The stability is defined as the maximum load resistance N in
pounds that the specimen will achieve at 60 oC under specified
conditions.
• The flow is the total movement of the specimen in units of 0.01
in. during the stability test as the load is increased from zero to
the maximum.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٣
ASTM D1559 Cont.
• Test specimens for the Marshall method are prepared for a range of
asphalt contents within the prescribed limits.
• Usually the asphalt content is measured by 0.5 percent increments from
the minimum prescribed, ensuring that at least two are below the
optimum and two above the optimum.
• At least three specimens are provided for each asphalt content, to facilitate
the provision of adequate data.
• For this example of five different asphalt contents, therefore, a total
minimum of 15 specimens are required.
• The amount of aggregates and bitumen required for each specimen is
about 1.2 kg.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٤
ASTM D1559 Cont.
• A quantity of the aggregates having the designed gradation is dried at a temperature between 105 oC
(221 oF) and 110 oC (230 oF) until a constant weight is obtained.
• The mixing temperature for this procedure is set as the temperature that will produce a kinematic
viscosity of 170 ± 20 centistokes.
• The compacting temperature is that which will produce a kinematic viscosity of 280 ± 30 centistokes.
• The compactive effort 10 pounds used is either 35, 50, or 75 blows of the hammer falling a distance
of 18 in., depending on the design traffic category..
• After the application on one face, the sample mold is reversed and the same number of blows is
applied to the other face of the sample.
• The specimen then is cooled for 24 hrs in room temperature and tested for stability and flow after
determining its bulk density under specific conditions.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٥
ASTM D1559 Cont.
• For preparation of specimens:
• Aggregate weight used is 1200 g
• Aggregate should be heated to 160 °C for 3 to 4 h
• Asphalt cement should also be heated to 155 °C for not more than one hour to prevent over
heating
• Mixing temperature is (155 °C) which produce kinematic viscosity of 0.170 ±0.020 Pa.s
• Compaction temperature is (145 °C) which produce kinematic viscosity of 0.280 ± 0.030 Pa.s
• The molds, hammer should be heated between 93 °C (200 °F) and 149 °C (300 °F)
• Use 75 blows on each side of the specimen to compact the specimens for heaving traffic
• (hammer weight = 10 pound and drop = 18 in)
• Specimens are allowed to cool overnight (24 hrs)
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٦
ASTM D1559 Cont.
• In the Marshall method, each compacted test specimen is subjected to the
following tests and analysis in the order listed:
• Bulk Specific Gravity Determination
• Stability ‐ Flow Test
• Density & Voids Analysis
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٧
SUPERPAVE SYSTEMS
• As part of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), a new system for
specifying the asphalt materials in asphalt concrete has been developed.
• This system is known as Superpave, which is a shortened form for superior
performing asphalt pavement.
• The material presented here is based on several reports published by the
National Research Council on research conducted under the Strategic Highway
Research Program (SHRP) as noted in The Superpave Mix Design Manual for New
Construction and Overlays.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٨
SUPERPAVE SYSTEMS
• The Marshall method entails a laboratory experiment aimed at developing a
suitable asphalt mixture using stability/flow and density/voids analyses
• One advantage of the Marshall method is its attention to density and voids
properties of asphalt mixtures
• Another advantage is that the required equipment is relatively inexpensive and
portable.
• However, many engineers believe that the impact compaction used with the
Marshall method does not simulate mixture densification ‫ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺛﻳﻑ‬as it occurs in a
real pavement.
• Marshall stability does not adequately estimate the shear strength of HMA
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٩
SUPERPAVE SYSTEMS
• The Superpave mix design system integrates material selection and mix design
into procedures based on the project's climate and design traffic.
• Superpave uses a completely new system for testing, specifying, and selecting
asphalt binders.
• While no new aggregate tests were developed, current methods for selecting and
specifying aggregates were refined and incorporated into the Superpave mix
design system.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٠
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The Superpave mix design method consists of a
basic steps:
The system consists of the following parts:
• Selection of Materials
• Volumetric Trial Mixture Design
• Selection of Final Mixture Design
• Aggregate selection.
• Asphalt binder selection.
• Sample preparation (including compaction).
• Density and voids calculations.
• Optimum asphalt binder content selection.
• Moisture susceptibility evaluation.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١١
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The objective of this mix design is to obtain a mixture of asphalt and
aggregates that has the following characteristics:
• Sufficient asphalt binder

• Sufficient voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) and air voids
• Sufficient workability, and
• Satisfying performance characteristics over the service life of the pavement.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٢
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Structure of the Superpave mix design system
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٣
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6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٤
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6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٥
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Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures

Superpave mix design system integrates material selection and mix design into
procedures based on design traffic and the project's climate.
Traffic Levels:
Level 1 M: less than 3 million Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)
Level 2 HIGH: from 3 to 30 million ESAL
Level 3 HEAVY: exceeding 30 million ESAL
Project's climate:
 The hottest seven-day period was identified and the average maximum air
temperature for this seven-day period was identified and the mean and standard
deviation were calculated (High temperature grade). Tair=mean+2*
 Similarly, the one-day minimum air temperature of each year was identified and the
mean and standard deviation were calculated (Low temperature grade). Tair = Tmin
Example: PG64-22
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb 16
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Asphalt selection
The selection can be made in one of three ways.
• 1. The designer may select a binder based on the geographic location of
the pavement.
• 2. The designer may determine the design pavement temperatures.
• 3. The designer may determine the design air temperatures which are then
converted to design pavement temperatures.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٧
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Asphalt selection
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٨
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The low‐pavement design temperature
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ١٩
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Example using High and Low Air Temperatures
Determining a suitable Binder Grade Using High and Low Air Temperatures.
The latitude at the Jordan where a high‐speed rural road is to be located is 31.94o. The seven‐day
average high air temperature is 32o and low air temperature is 0o. The standard deviation for both
the high and low temperature is ±1oC. Determine a suitable binder that could be used for the
pavement of this highway if the depth of the pavement surface is 110 mm and expected ESAL is 12
x 106.
Max. Aver. Tair = 32 oC+2*1o, Min = 0 o, T20mm = 55.9 o
H = 110 mm,
Tpav = 6.25 o ,
PG 58‐10
Note: No correction is needed for ESAL  10 x 106.
ESAL  107 consider increase of one high temperature grade
PG 64‐10
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢٠
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Determining a suitable Binder Grade Using High and Low Air Temperatures.
The latitude at the Egypt where a high‐speed rural road is to be located is 26.82o. The
seven‐day average high air temperature is 43o and low air temperature is 5o. The
standard deviation for both the high and low temperature is ±1oC. Determine a suitable
binder that could be used for the pavement of this highway if the depth of the pavement
surface is 110 mm and expected ESAL is 9 x 106.
Max. Aver. Tair = 43 oC +2*1o, Min = 5 o, T20mm = 67 o

H = 110 mm,
Tpav = 11 o ,
PG70‐10
Note: No correction is needed for ESAL  10 x 106.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢١
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Determining a suitable Binder Grade Using High and Low Air Temperatures. The latitude at
the location where a rural high-speed road is to be constructed is 35o. The expected ESAL is
32 x 106. The seven-day average high air temperature is 53oC, and the low air temperature
is -18 oC. If the standard deviations for the high and low temperatures are ±2 oC and ±1 oC
respectively, and the depth of the pavement is 155 mm, determine an appropriate asphalt
binder for this project for a reliability of 98%.
Max. Aver. Tair = 53 oC +2*2o, Min = ‐18 o, T20mm = 77.3 o
H = 155 mm,
Tpav = ‐6.74 o ,
PG82‐10
PG88‐10
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢٢
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6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢٣
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Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures (Cont.)
Rheology is a branch of physics, and it is the science that deals with
the deformation and flow of materials, both solids and liquids.
The term rheology was coined by Eugene C. Bingham, a professor at
Lafayette College, in 1920, from a suggestion by a colleague, Markus
Reiner.
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Superpave uses a completely new system for testing, specifying, and selecting asphalt
binders, while no new aggregate tests were developed.
Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specification:
Tests performed on original asphalt represents:
Stage 1: Transport, storage, and handling.
Stage 2: Asphalt during mix production and construction (by short term aging).
Stage 3: Hot mix asphalt pavement layer (by long term aging).
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The objective of this mix design is to obtain a mixture of
asphalt and aggregates that has the following characteristics:
• Sufficient asphalt binder

• Sufficient voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) and air voids
• Sufficient workability, and
• Satisfactory performance characteristics over the service life of the pavement.
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢٦
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Performance Graded Binder Aging
Short Term Long Term
 Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO)  Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) Simulates
Simulates aging from hot mixing aging of asphalt binder for 7 to 10 years
and construction. Aged for 4 (AASHTO R 28) .
hours at 135 oC  50 gram sample is aged for 20 hours at
 (AASHTO T 209 and ASTM D 100 oC, pressure of 2070 kPa (300 psi)
2041).
6‐Mar‐21 Prepared By: Dr. Mahmoud Enieb ٢٧
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Lectuer 1

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Lectuer 1

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Asphalt

• Sufficient asphalt binder

Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures

Max. Aver. Tair = 43 oC +2*1o, Min = 5 o, T20mm = 67 o

Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures (Cont.)

Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures (Cont.)

• Sufficient asphalt binder

Superpave Asphalt Mixture Design Procedures (Cont.)

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