Group 1 - Structural Case Study - Dalian

Dalian International Conference Center| Introduction
Introduction
Dalian is an important seaport, industrial, trade, and
tourism center, located in the southernmost part of
the Liaodong Peninsula in the Chinese Liaoning
Province.
The city is currently undergoing a wave of

transformation on coastal brownfield and reclaimed
land which will entirely change the city’s face within
the next decade.
The key developments are:
● Dislocation of container port away from

the dense city area
● Establishment of international port for
cruise ships
● New development of a „CBD – Central
Business District“ on reclaimed land
● Bridge over the sea to connect with the
special economic zone
Image 1.1 : Dalian International Conference Center
Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi | 2021 Diljotpal Singh Khushi Sarkar Shashwat Prakhar Uday Pratap Gupta
Dalian International Conference Center| Introduction
Location: Client:
Dalian, China Dalian Municipal People’s
Government, P.R. China
Architects: Structural Engineer:

Coop Himmelb(l)au B+G Ingenieure, Bollinger Grohmann
Schneider ZT-GmbH, Vienna, Austria
DADRI Dalian Institute of Architecture
Design and Research Co. LTD, Dalian, P.R
Year: China
2012
Roof And Facade Consultant:
Meinhardt Facade Technology Ltd. Beijing
Branch Office, Beijing, P.R. China
Site Area:
40,000 sqm
Gross floor area ● The urban design task of the Dalian

1,17.650 sqm International Conference Center is to create
an instantly recognizable landmark at the
Footprint terminal point of the future extension of the
33,000 sqm main city axis.
● As its focal point the building will be
Building Height anchored in the mental landscape of the
60 m population and the international community.
Building Length
220 m
Building Width Image 1,2 : Site Location - Macro Level

200 m
No. of Floors
8

Dalian International Conference Center| Program
Image 1.2 Zoning Model
Conference Hall Cores Restaurant/VIP Media/Artist Administration
Program Image 1.3 : Program Model top view

A public zone at ground level allows for differentiating accessibility for the different groups of users. The project combines the following functions within one hybrid building with synergetic effects
The actual performance and conference spaces are situated at +15,30 m above the entrance hall. of functionality and spatial richness.
The grand theater, with a capacity of 1.600 seats and a stage tower, and the directly adjacent flexible
conference hall of 2.500 seats, are positioned at the core of the building.
● Conference Center
● Theater and Opera House
● Exhibition Center
● Basement with Parking, Delivery and Disposal

Image 1,4 : Exploded Model

Image 1,5 :Plans

Image 1,6 : Exploded model with circulation Image 1,7 : Plan wise circulation diagrams

Dalian International Conference Center| Climate Design
● Sea water cooling
● Displacement of Ventilation
systems
● Floor heating/cooling
● Natural ventilation
● Solar energy/ PV cells
● Natural light/ Shading
NATURAL VENTILATION
PV CELLS
AUTOMATED LOUVERS PERFORATED METAL SKIN

NATURAL LIGHT
(EXHAUST AIR) FOR SHADING
VENTILATION SYSTEM
VENTILATION SYSTEM
AUTOMATED LOUVERS
AUTOMATED LOUVERS (SUPPLY AIR)
(SUPPLY AIR)
SEA
THERMAL EXCHANGE PLANT
Image 1,8 : Climate Design in the section

Dalian International Conference Center| Section
Steel Space Structure Metal Cladding Solar panels Steel Trusses Perforated
and exhausts External Skin
Public Entrance Multifunctional hall Lobby Opera Main stage Banquet Exhibition
Image 1.9 : Dalian international conference center section
4th year, Large span design studio

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi Diljotpal Singh Khushi Sarkar Shashwat Prakhar Uday Pratap Gupta
Dalian International Conference Center| Section
Perforated Steel Space Structure Solar panels Steel Trusses Steel Space Structure
External Skin and exhausts
Public Entrance Conference hall Meeting Rooms Exhibition Main stage Garden Conference hall
Image 2.0 : Dalian international conference center section

Dalian International Conference Center| Plan
Image 2.1 : Dalian international conference center plans

Dalian International Conference Center| Plan
Image 2.2 : Dalian international conference center plans

Dalian International Conference Center| Structural Concept
Roof structure
Ceiling
Doubly
Ruled
facade
Facade
Spatial twisted steel framework
Cores
Table
Auditorium
Spatial steel structure
Conference boxes
Spatial steel structure
Image 2.3 : Exploded Model showing structure layers
The structural concept is based on a sandwich structure composed of two elements: the “table” and
“ceiling”. Both are steel space structures with depths ranging between 5 and 8 meters.
The whole structure is lifted 7 meters above ground level and is supported by 14 cores of steel and concrete Table
compounds. Spatial steel framework
A doubly ruled façade structure connects the two layers of table and roof, creating a load-bearing shell
structure.
The application of new design and simulation techniques, the knowledge of local shipbuilders to bend massive Cores and Columns
Vertical steel concrete bond
steel plates, and the consumption of more than 40,000 tons of steel enables breathtaking spans of over 85
meters and cantilevering of over 40 meters.
Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester Image 2.4 : Exploded Model
Dalian International Conference Center| Structure- Spatial Steel Framework
Space Frame System
A space frame or space structure is a truss like lightweight,rigid

structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern.
Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior
supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the
inherent rigidity of the triangle, flexing loads (bending moments) are
transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of
each strut
Applications
A space frame truss can be used for a platform or overhead structure

that spans large distances without the need for internal load bearing
support
Space Frame Components
Members are axial elements with circular or rectangular sections, they

can only resist tension of compression. Space grid is built of relatively
long tension members and short compression members
Connecting Joints are both functional and aesthetic. They have a

decisive effect on the strength and stiffness of the structure and
compose around 20-30% of the total weight
Image 2.5 : Stretched steel structure on massive construction cores with reinforced concrete shell conference hall

Dalian International Conference Center| Structure - Spatial Steel Framework types
According to curvature
Flat cover Barrel Vaults Spherical Domes
Composed of planar substructures. The plane is The vault has a cross section of a simple arch. Requires the use of tetrahedral modules or
channeled through the horizontal bars and the Does not need to use tetrahedron modules as a pyramids and additional support from a skin
shear forces are supported by diagonals part of its backing
Image 2.6 : Spatial Steel Framework types according to the curvature
According to the number of grid layers
Single layer Double layer Triple layer
All elements are in a single layer, generally used The elements are arranged in two parallel layers Elements are placed in three parallel layers,
in lightweight structures with each other at a certain distance apart. The linked by the diagonals. They are almost always
diagonal bars connecting the nodes if both flat. This is adapted to decrease the length of the
lakers in different directions in space diagonal members
Image 2.7 : Spatial Steel Framework types according to the number of grid layers
Dalian International Conference Center| Structure - Spatial Steel Framework types
According to the type of joint
System III Space Frame Pyramid Sphere Space Frame Hemispherical Node Axent Space Frame
Ideal solution for medium spans Practical assembly using a hand
Most versatile, forged steel ball and tube system Traditional ball and tub appearance
Max span 90 feet wrench only
Easiest ball and tube system to assemble Great for simple flat or flat sloping space frame
Contemporary appearance with a
Flexibility of form through free of angle projects
simple and mobile construction
process
Image 2.8 : Spatial Steel Framework types according to the type of joint

Dalian International Conference Center| Structure Schematic
Shell Structure
Shell structure, in building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit
applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the
surface.They are usually constructed of concrete reinforced with steel mesh.
Roof structure
System III Space Frame Fabrication
Shells may be cast in place, or pre-cast off site and moved into place and assembled. The
strongest form of shell is the monolithic shell, which is cast as a single unit. The most
common monolithic form is the dome, but ellipsoids and cylinders are also possible
using similar construction methods.
Facade
Spatial twisted steel
framework
Table
Spatial steel framework
Image 2.8 : Table-Facade-Roof framework Image 2.9 : Table-Facade-Roof framework combined

Dalian International Conference Center| Structure
Image 3.1 : Cores and Columns with vertical steel concrete bond
Image 3.0 : Cores and Columns

Image 3.2 : Vertical steel concrete bond detail

Image 3.4 : Table with spatial; steel framework
Image 3.5 : Conference Box with spatial steel structure
Image 3.3 : Table and Conference Box Flat cover ,Double layer space frame
Image 3.7 : Main auditorium with spatial steel structure
Image 3.6 : Main auditorium

Image 3.9 : Roof structure model
System III Space Frame
Image 4.0 : Space frame system III
Image 3.8 : Roof structure

Image 4.2 : Facade with spatial twisted steel framework
Image 4.1 : Facade in the making

The 30,600 m² building’s exterior facade is covered by aluminum
metal panels QuadroClad. This system to screen light penetration
controls facades from rain, maintained ventilation and provides
thermal insulation.
Image 4.3 : Facade with different types of openings Image 4.4 :Exploded roof structure

Image 4.5 : Facade type
Type S02
Type S01 Type S03
Well ventilated,
Type of facade and function shaded
and lit, view not
Building structure
Visible view
visible

Image 4.6 : Interior construction Image 4.7 : Exterior construction

Dalian International Conference Center| Space Frame Fabrication
1. Scaffolding Method
Individual elements are assembled in place at actual

elevations Members and joints or prefab subassembly
elements are assembled on their final position. Full
scaffoldings usually. Sometimes partial
scaffolding are used if cantilever erection.
2. Block Assembly Method

Elements fabricated at the shop Transported to the
construction site, and no heavy lifting equipment is required.
Divided on its plan into individual strips or blocks. These units
fabricated on the ground level. Then hoisted upon into its final Image 4.8 : Scaffolding Image 4.9 : Block Assembly
position and assembled on the temporary supports. Suitable
for double layer grids.
3. Lift Up Method
The whole space frame is assembled at the ground level so
that most of the work can be done before hoisting. Increased
efficiency and better quality.
Image 5.0 : Lift up

Dalian International Conference Center| Facade
Facade
By using triangular and diamond shaped panels combined with a specially engineered integrated fixing system it is the
perfect solution for dome shaped buildings.
This exceptional ventilated façade system allows designers to create stunning visual shapes that follow the contours
and profile of a building’s exterior
QUADROCLAD® QC500
• The solution for dome shaped buildings.

• Easy installation due to our corner fixed substructure.
• Can be walked on for ease of maintenance.
• Suitable where extreme technical specification is required.
• Follows every contour of the building.
Image 5.1 :
Extruded
profiles
encased
between two
aluminium
layers
Image 5.2 : Quadroclad facade assembly Image 5.3 : Quadroclad facade

Dalian International Conference Center| Facade Structure
Image 5.4 : Facade construction process Image 5.5 : Facade construction process details

Geometric Decoding of space frames

The space frame grid geometry takes 5 geometric operations to create the
corresponding grid to ultimately created a double layer space frame.
wGI wNID
The vertices on the grid(gi) are connected to identify the 3-dimensional
joint(3dn) and by connecting the 3dn the semi-regular is constructed.
Lastly, overlay all of the systems, the structural members of the space
frame
Legend
GI - Grid
R - Regular
SR - Semi-Regular
VC - Vertex Connection
NID - Node Identification VC SR22
RD - Dual Regular
SRD - Dual Semi Regular
SFSM - Space Frame Structural Membrane
NID SFSMw
Image 5.6 : Decoding of Space frames

Dalian International Conference Center| Inferences
● Landmark for the prospering harbor city of Dalian, China.The two major urban axes converging here give rise to the building’s position and basic shape.
● The building consists of two elements “the table and the roof. The opera, conference halls and access zones rest on the table-shaped steel construction, with a three-dimensional deformed
façade-roof construction above it
● Both elements are steel space frames with depths ranging between five and eight meters.
● The whole structure is supported by fourteen vertical cores made of composite steel and concrete. The steel constructions were produced at Chinese shipyards, since these were the only
facilities where the 10-cm steel plates could be welded safely and precisely.
● Modern technology and construction expertise allowed for span widths of more than 85 meters and projections of more than 40 meters.
● To make the building’s architectural concept and function visible from the outside, the conference halls penetrate the facade. They stand out against the metallic outer skin and deform it. The
perforated aluminum slats of the exterior shell provide a sufficient amount of daylight and give the building its striking sculptural shape. The slats are opened in some of the public areas,
offering selective views of the city and the bay of Dalian.
Roof
Facade Roof
Perforated aluminium
slats
Conference Halls
Table
Image 5.7 : Structure model Image 5.8 : Dalian International Conference Center


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Dalian International Conference Center| Introduction

The city is currently undergoing a wave of

The key developments are:

● Dislocation of container port away from

Image 1.1 : Dalian International Conference Center

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Architects: Structural Engineer:

Gross ﬂoor area ● The urban design task of the Dalian

Building Width Image 1,2 : Site Location - Macro Level

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 1.2 Zoning Model

Conference Hall Cores Restaurant/VIP Media/Artist Administration

Program Image 1.3 : Program Model top view

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 1,4 : Exploded Model

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 1,5 :Plans

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

AUTOMATED LOUVERS PERFORATED METAL SKIN

THERMAL EXCHANGE PLANT

Image 1,8 : Climate Design in the section

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 1.9 : Dalian international conference center section

4th year, Large span design studio

Image 2.0 : Dalian international conference center section

4th year, Large span design studio

Image 2.1 : Dalian international conference center plans

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 2.2 : Dalian international conference center plans

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Space Frame System

A space frame or space structure is a truss like lightweight,rigid

A space frame truss can be used for a platform or overhead structure

Space Frame Components

Members are axial elements with circular or rectangular sections, they

Connecting Joints are both functional and aesthetic. They have a

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Flat cover Barrel Vaults Spherical Domes

Image 2.6 : Spatial Steel Framework types according to the curvature

According to the number of grid layers

Single layer Double layer Triple layer

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 2.8 : Table-Facade-Roof framework Image 2.9 : Table-Facade-Roof framework combined

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 3.0 : Cores and Columns

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 3.4 : Table with spatial; steel framework

Image 3.5 : Conference Box with spatial steel structure

Image 3.7 : Main auditorium with spatial steel structure

Image 3.6 : Main auditorium

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 3.9 : Roof structure model

System III Space Frame

Image 4.0 : Space frame system III

Image 3.8 : Roof structure

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

Image 4.2 : Facade with spatial twisted steel framework

Image 4.1 : Facade in the making

Large Span Design Studio, 7th Semester

4th year, Large span design studio

Image 4.5 : Facade type

4th year, Large span design studio

Image 4.6 : Interior construction Image 4.7 : Exterior construction