STUDENT RESEARCH

ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI

Senior High School Department

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains all the feasible words that can assist to protect the study. It also

encompasses associated research and writings from publication and online sources about special

variables used in the learning to elaborate and protect the outcomes of the research study. This

chapter discusses applicable variables like the advantages and significance of electromagnetic

stairs. Finally, associated studies were also included.

Review in Theories and Concepts

As claimed by Union Concerned Scientist of United States of America , "All energy

sources have some impact on our environment. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—do

substantially more harm than renewable energy sources by most measures, including air and

water pollution, damage to public health, wildlife and habitat loss, water use, land use, and

global warming emissions. However, renewable sources such as wind, solar, geothermal,

biomass, and hydropower also have environmental impacts, some of which are significant. The

exact type and intensity of environmental impacts varies depending on the specific technology

used, the geographic location, and a number of other factors. By understanding the current and

potential environmental issues associated with each renewable energy source, we can takes steps

to effectively avoid or minimize these impacts as they become a larger portion of our electric

supply."

As stated by McGuffin (2017), kinetic energy is the energy of motion, and it is one of the

most fundamental forces of nature. Kinetic energy has allowed us to produce electricity through

combustion turbines, movement for automobiles, and energy sources such as wind power and

hydro power. All kinetic energy begins as potential energy in the form of either physical objects
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ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI
Senior High School Department

located in specific places, chemical potential energy or nuclear potential energy.

Meanwhile, in 2013, Sierraintern asserted that one of the newest emerging sources for

clean energy is kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is power that is gained from motion, and this

motion can involve vehicles, individuals, and any other object, really. An interesting thing to

note is that kinetic energy at its core relies on basic high school physics.
Based on the website education.jlab.org , an electromagnet is a magnet that runs on

electricity. Unlike a permanent magnet, the strength of an electromagnet can easily be changed

by changing the amount of electric current that flows through it. The poles of an electromagnet

can even be reversed by reversing the flow of electricity. When a wire is moved in a magnetic

field, the field induces a current in the wire. This magnetic field can be greatly enhanced by

placing a ferromagnetic metal core inside the coil.

In addition, electromagnets are basically coils of wire which behave like bar magnets

with a distinct north and south pole when an electrical current passes through the coil. The

static magnetic field produced by each individual coil loop is summed with its neighbour with

the combined magnetic field concentrated like the single wire loop in the centre of the coil

(electronics-tutorials.ws)
On the other hand, ethw.org asserts that, powered devices using natural energy sources

such as water and wind were introduced by the Ancient Greeks and were commonly used until

the 18th century steam engine revolutionized the way devices could be powered. Various natural

oils were used for a range of purposes, such as whale oil for lamps. The Industrial Revolution led

to the massive use of coal as fuel, and the extraction of petroleum and various other oils became

extremely important with the advent of internal combustion engines. Electrical power, also

based on fossil fuels, became widespread at the end of the 19th century and the production of

cleaner electrical energy through nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, and solar means is a topic

even more relevant to today's world.

According to thealternativedaily.com (2016), there are 6 benefits of renewable energy we

 STUDENT RESEARCH
ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI
Senior High School Department

need to consider. Renewable energy seems unattainable sometimes and like magic other times,

but the reality is quite different.

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions. A wealth of alternative energy

sources, from wind and solar energy to hydroelectricity and biomass fuel offer a

way to power homes, vehicles or businesses without using fossil fuels. That

means renewable energy sources can help reduce the amount of greenhouse gas

emissions we put into the air. Wind power and solar power are fairly self-

explanatory; they use the power of the wind or the sun to generate electricity.

This electricity is generally stored in batteries and can be distributed like

traditional utility electricity.

Create jobs. Renewable energy tends to be more labor-intensive than

fossil fuel sources of energy, thus creating more jobs. According to the Union of

Concerned Scientists, thousands of people already work for companies connected

with renewable energy. This includes people who work for utility companies as

well as those who work for companies that produce parts for utilities, like wind

turbines or solar panels. The Union of Concerned Scientists conducted an

analysis in 2009 centered on an ideal of 25 percent of our energy coming from

renewable sources by 2020. A staggering 202,000 new jobs would be needed to

support this infrastructure by that time.

Diversify our energy supply. “Reducing our dependence on foreign oil” is

a phrase used by many political candidates on both sides of the fence. Ironically,

some of these same politicians don’t see how beneficial renewable energy is in

terms of diversifying our supply to reduce our dependence on oil companies.

Improve public health. This one almost goes without saying. If we use

renewable energy more often, then we’ll all reap the health benefits. A study from

the Clean Energy and Climate Change Office of the U.S.

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Provide individual energy independence. With climate change, extreme

weather has become a fact of life. It’s hotter in the summer and colder in the

winter in many parts of the United States. In reaction, we tend to crank up the

heat in the cold months and use air conditioning to keep the temperature way

down in the summer.

Save money. Once the initial cost of construction and setup of a renewable

power source is covered, it can quite quickly begin to pay for itself. Some sources

allow you to save money quicker than others.

In addition, conserve-energy-future.com states that, there are 8 advantages of renewable

energy to the society.

Renewable energy is eco-friendly. It is a clean source of energy, meaning,

it has low or zero carbon and greenhouse emission. Fossil fuels emit high levels of

greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide, which are greatly responsible for global

warming, climate change, and degradation of air quality.

It’s a renewable resource. This implies that they do not deplete over a

lifetime and there is zero possibility that they will run out (sustainable source of

energy).
Renewable energy is a reliable source of energy. Dependability in usinh

fossil fuel has tragically increased in the few previous decades leading to the

threatening of our live's security caused by over-reliance on fossil fuels.

Leads to job creation. Being a renewable energy source it is a cheaper

alternative to most traditional energy sources progressing to better economical

conditions.
Renewable energy has stabilized global energy prices. Consumers will

pertain less impact from energy generation considering the change up to

renewable sources of energy will stabilize the energy prices across the globe.
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ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI
Senior High School Department

Less maintenance of facilities. Once infrastructure for the harnessing of

the renewable resource is laid down, there is low to zero maintenance required.
Boosts public health. This is a no-brainer. If governments took upon

themselves to build more renewable energy facilities, the population would enjoy

the health benefits.

Empowering of people in the countryside. Renewable energy generation

mainly takes place in remote settings. This means that local towns would get a

fair share of power generated, ultimately, catalyzing the regeneration of those

depressed areas both socially and economically.

Despite of having advantages, there are still disadvantages of renewable energy.

According also to conserve-energy-future.com, there are 4 disadvantages of renewable energy.

The electricity generation capacity is still not large enough- There are still

challenges to generation of large quantities of power in renewable energy

technology compared to traditional forms of energy generation like fossil fuel.

Renewable energy can be unreliable- Renewable energy technologies

totally depend on the weather (for e.g.: sun and wind) to be able to harness any

energy.
Low-efficiency levels- Renewable energy technologies are still

significantly new to the market, meaning, they still lack the much-needed

efficiency.
Requires a huge upfront capital outlay. Setting up renewable energy

generation facilities requires a huge financial outlay. Installation of wind turbine,

solar panels, and hydroelectricity plants are relatively expensive.

"Magnetism is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force. It refers to physical

phenomena arising from the force caused by magnets, objects that produce fields that attract or

repel other objects." (Jim Lucas, 2015) A magnetic field exerts a force on particles in the field
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ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI
Senior High School Department

due to the Lorentz force, according to Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website. The

motion of electrically charged particles gives rise to magnetism. The force acting on an

electrically charged particle in a magnetic field depends on the magnitude of the charge, the

velocity of the particle, and the strength of the magnetic field.

Moreover, livescience.com claimed that magnetic field sources are dipolar, having a

north and south magnetic pole. Opposite poles (N and S) attract, and like poles (N and N, or S

and S) repel, according to Joseph Becker of San Jose State University. This creates a toroidal, or

doughnut-shaped field, as the direction of the field propagates outward from the north pole and

enters through the south pole.

In ferromagnetism, if the alignment of unpaired electrons persists without the

application of an external magnetic field or electric current, it produces a permanent

magnet(38059-magnetism.html). “We still are not certain as to their origin, but most scientists

believe that lodestone is magnetite that has been hit by lightning,” according to the University of

Arizona.

There are some facts about Magnetism as concluded by eram.k12.ny.us (2018)

1. Magnetism is a force created by electricity
2. Magnetism is made when an object has more electons than protons
3. Magnets have two poles: the south and north poles or north-seeking

and south-seeking poles

4. The Earth is highly magnetic and is a giant magnet

5. 200 years ago, people made magnetism by rubbing a rock called

lodestone and iron

6. Magnetism was discovered in Zhou Dynasty of ancient China.

In 2017, Dohrman explained ‘How to use a magnet to create electricity’. Magnets that

can create electricity was discovered accidentally by Hans Christian Oersted in 1819 while giving

a lecture. Waving a magnet past a circuit, he made an ammeter twitch. By 1831, Englishman
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ST. ANTHONY MONTESSORI
Senior High School Department

Michael Faraday and American Joseph Henry independently had formalized the theory for this

“induction” of a current. Specifically, because the wires cut the magnetic field lines while the

magnet is moving, a quantifiable electromagnetic force arises in the wire--pushing electrons and

thus making a current.

Scientists in the United States and the natural world have reached an overwhelming

consensus that climate change is real and caused primarily by human activity. Respected

scientific organizations such as the National Academy of Science, the Intergovernmental Panel

on Climate Change (IPCC) and World Meteorological Association (WMO) have all identified

climate change as an urgent threat caused by humans that must be addressed. “The need for

urgent action to address climate change is now indisputable.” (National Academy of Science,

2018)
Electricity makes marvelous things happen and its capacity to produce bright, radiant

light makes an especially striking impression when it arrives. Electricity’s introduction thus

tends to be associated with progress and modernity. This was the case in 1879 when Thomas

Edison displayed an incandescent lamp for the first time in Menlo Park in New Jersey and seven

years later when the sultan’s palaces in Zanzibar Town were lit. Energy has traditionally been

studied by researchers within the fields of natural sciences and economy. Anthropologists who

have engaged with energy and society have mainly concerned themselves with fossil fuels and

the role of these in global politics—specifically, around issues of climate change, energy security,

and oil depletion. The societal impact of introducing electricity and the enormous

transformation going on in the South in recent years have received little attention. (Holsten,

2015)