Why cholera can lead to death.

Lives in the small intestine.

Produce toxins that stimulate wall of intestine to secrete chloride ions
which causes lumen of intestine to be of lower water potential than the
blood.
Water moves by osmosis from blood to the lumen of intestine leading to
diarrohea leading todehydration.

Notice

HCl in stomach kill bacteria by denaturing their enzymes.

To avoid dehydration, water is reabsorbed in the alimentary canal.

Where in the alimentary canal most water is reabsorbed.

Part 2 of questions and answers Sunday 15 th of May

On each of the above figure Label

vascular bundle.
Xylem

Phloem

Define transpiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of water at the surfaces of the

mesophyll cells followed by loss of water vapour from plant leaves,
through the stomata.

What is the role of transpiration in plants.

 Water transpired helps in:

conduction of water and minerals from root.
cools down the plant during hot days.

What is meant by

transpiration pull

Transpiration produces a tension pull from above creating a water

potential gradient in xylem , drawing cohesive water molecules up the
plant.
The loss of water from the leaves reduces the water potential at the top
of the xylem , and this creates a water potential gradient along the
plant , as a result the potential of water at the base of the plant becomes
higher than above , this causes the water to ascend in the plant
cohesion force.

Water molecules are attracted to each other forming hydrogen bonds that
enables water to move in xylem as continuous unbroken column.
Explain the following statement

Some parts of the plant may act as a source and a sink at different times
during the life of a plant.

During germination cotyledons act as source while embryo acts as sink.

During growth of the plant, leaves act as source while non-
photosynthetic parts such as root act as sink.
When there is difficulty in formation of food by photosynthesis, regions
of storage of food such as root act as source while shoot acts as sink.

Mammals such as humans have double circulatory system, while organism

like fish have single circulatory system. Explain the meaning of double
circulation and single circulation.

Double( or dual circulatory system) means that blood goes though the
heart twice in one complete journey around the system.
Single circulation means that blood goes though the heart only once in
one complete journey around the system.
In terms of advantages and disadvantages, compare single and double
circulation.
Advantages of double circulation
During flow of blood in fine blood vessels, it loses a lot of pressure,
when returns back to the heart it gains enough pressure to be forced
back to reach the different body parts, supplying enough food and
oxygen and to remove waste products of metabolism especially from
active organs.

Disadvantage of single
circulation
A lot of pressure is lost during
flow of blood in fine capillaries of
gills, this makes flow of blood in
the body very slow decreasing
supply of oxygen to the body.

How activity of the heart can be monitored

1- Measuring pulse rate.

2- Using stethoscope to hear heart sound
3- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
little electrodes are stuck onto the patient’s body so that the electrical
activity of the heart can be recorded.

Fitness can be determined in terms of resting pulse rate. Explain how

fitness can be compared in terms of pulse rate.

The lower the resting pulse rate the more fitness

What is the importance of septum in the heart

Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

The following figure shows a defect in a human heart

What is the harm of this defect

The septum has a pore causing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to

be mixed, therefore the blood carried in aorta has less oxygen which
makes body unable to produce the required energy by aerobic
respiration.

The following methods are used to treat coronary heart disease

Stentus

Angioplasty

By-pass

Outline how each is used

Stents
little mesh tube inserted in the artery to keep artery open.

Angioplasty
Tiny balloon is inserted in the blocked artery then inflated using Water
to push the artery open, the balloon is then removed.

By-pass
If there is a blockage in a branch of the coronary arteries, this part
is replaced by a vein from the same patient by means of a surgical
operation.
- The advantage of this is to avoid tissue rejection which takes place
if an artery from another person is used .
- The disadvantage of this is that, the vein has thin walls and may be
unable to withstand the high blood pressure that flows in the artery.
- During transplant of this vein it has to be fixed in the right way
because if it is fixed in an opposite direction its semi-lunar valves
resist the flow of blood .

Statin and aspirin are drugs which are used to avoid coronary heart
disease.

Describe the role of statin and aspirin

Statin to reduce cholesterol level in blood.

(Statin has unpleasant side effects, therefore eating less animal fat is
better).
Aspirin lower risk of formation of blood clots.

What is shunt vessel

A blood vessel that links an artery directly to a vein, allowing the blood
to bypass the capillaries in certain areas. Shunt vessels can control
blood flow by constriction and dilation.

What is the importance of shunt vessel

Shunt vessels can control blood flow by constriction and dilation.

Compare lymphatic vessel and vein

Both have thin walls and semi-lunar valves but lymphativ vessel has a
blnd end.
Vein carries blood while lymphatic vessel carries lymph.

Heart pumps blood into the blood vessels how Lymph is pumped in
lymphatic vessel

Can be squeezed as a result of movement of different body muscles such

as breathing movement.
Presence of semi-lunar valves preveny backflow of lymph.

Blood pressure in veins is very low, what assists flow of blood in veins.

Can be squeezed as a result of movement of different body muscles such

as breathing movement.
Presence of semi-lunar valves preveny backflow of blood.

What is the role of lymphatic system in

Transport

Immunity.

1-In transport
Transports the tissue fluid from the surrounding of the tissues and pours
it into the subclavian vein.
 Transports fats, fatty acids and glycerol from the
ileum through the villi and pours them in the
subclavian vein to be transported to the heart
through the superior vena cava.
2-In immunity
Development of lymphocytes which produce antibodies that attack
germs
What is tissue fluid

It is the components of blood which leak outsides capillaries to bath the

body cells
( tissues ) , it is similar to plasma but contains some while blood
cells( which can change their shape to be squeezed through the gaps of
capillaries)

What is pathogen

A microorganism that causes disease.

What is antigen.

Any molecule that the body recognizes as foreign.

Not all diseases are inherited many diseases are transmissible.

What is meant by the term transmissible

Diseases which are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from

one organism to another

Describe the ways of transmission of pathogens.

Through blood or body fluids

Examples
 Virus of AIDS which is known as HIV is transmitted when direct
contact through intercourse takes place.
 The fungus that causes athlete’s foot is transmitted by sharing a
towel with an infected person.
(Diseases which are transmitted by direct contact are known as
contagious diseases.)

Indirect transmission
 Contaminated surfaces or animals.
 By air through the respiratory passage
When an infected person coughs or sneezes the pathogen is carried in
droplets which can be inspired by another one.
Example influenza.

 Through food containing the parasite.

Example salmonella and cholera.

 Through water containing the parasite

Examples
Virus that causes polio.
Bacteria that causes cholera.

 By vector
( vector is an organism that carries a pathogen from one host to
another.)
 Examples
Infected dogs and bats transmit rabies virus through their saliva when
bite a person.
Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the parasite of malaria
through their saliva.