Diseases Associated with the

Reproductive System
Prepared by: Catrina Ysabelle A. Lumampao

LEARNING GUIDE
I. INTRODUCTION
II. INTRODUCTION - Any disease or ailment that affects the
III. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM human reproductive system is referred to as
IV. DISEASE ASSOCIATED reproductive system disease. Anomaly
WITH REPRODUCTIVE hormone production by the ovaries or testes,
(MALE) as well as other endocrine glands such the
-DESCRIPTION, CAUSES, pituitary, thyroid, or adrenals, are among
STYMPTOMS, TREATMENT them. Genetic or congenital defects,
1. Erectile Dysfunction infections, tumors, or illnesses of unknown
2. Epididymitis cause can all cause such diseases.
a. Acute Epididymitis -According to the Cleveland Clinic, the
b. Chronic Epididymitis reproductive system is a collection of internal
STDs and exterior organs that function together for
There are types of STDs the aim of procreation in both males and
3. HIV/AIDS females. Many experts say that the
4. SPHILIS reproductive system is one of the most
essential systems in the body because of its
critical role in the species' survival.
V. DISEASE ASSOCIATED -Reproductive tract infection is the infection
WITH REPRODUCTIVE that affects the reproductive tract which is a
(FEMALE) part of reproductive system.
-DESCRIPTION, CAUSES,
STYMPTOMS, TREATMENT -For females’ infection can be in upper
5. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome reproductive tract which includes (fallopian
(PCOS) tubes, uterus) and lower reproductive which
6. Chlamydia includes (vagina, cervix, and vulva).
7. Ovarian Cancer
8. Endometriosis -For male those infectious area penis,
testicles and urethra.
 Common Diseases
in Male and
Specific causes of ED include both physiological
female and psychological causes. Physiological causes
include the use of therapeutic drugs (such as
Reproductive antidepressants), aging, kidney failure, diseases
(such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis), and
System treatments for other disorders (such as prostate
1. Erectile Dysfunction cancer). Psychological causes are less common
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is sexual dysfunction but may include stress, performance anxiety, or
characterized by the regular and repeated mental disorders. The risk of ED may also be
inability of a sexually mature individual to greater in people with obesity, cardiovascular
obtain or maintain an erection. It is a common disease, poor dietary habits, and overall poor
disorder that affects about 40 percent of people physical health. Having an untreated hernia in
with penises. the groin may also lead to ED.

Symptoms of Erectile dysfunction

-Trouble getting an erection

-Difficulty maintaining an erection during
sexual activities
-Reduced interest in sex

Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction

- Improving overall physical health by losing

weight and exercising regularly are beneficial.
Causes of Erectile Dysfunction
-The most common first-line treatment for ED,
The penis normally stiffens and becomes erect however, is the use of oral prescription drugs,
when the columns of spongy tissue within the known by brand names such as Viagra® and
shaft of the penis (the corpora cavernosa and Cialis®. These drugs help ED by increasing
corpus spongiosum) become engorged with blood flow to the penis.
blood. Anything that hampers normal blood
If you’re experiencing psychological ED, you
flow to the penis may, therefore, interfere with
may benefit from talk therapy.
its potential to fill with blood and become erect.
The normal nervous control of sexual arousal or
penile engorgement may also fail and lead to
problems obtaining or maintaining an erection.
2. Epididymitis
Epididymitis is a condition in which the
epididymis becomes inflamed. The epididymis
is one of two paired organs in the scrotum that
matures and stores sperm. Epididymitis is a
very common disease that causes discomfort,
inflammation, and swelling in the scrotum,
particularly in young people.
Acute vs. Chronic Epididymitis
Epididymitis may be acute or chronic. Acute
diseases are generally short-term conditions,
whereas chronic diseases may last years — or
even lifelong.
a. Acute epididymitis generally has a fairly
rapid onset and is most often caused by
a bacterial infection. Bacteria in the
urethra can back-flow through the
urinary and reproductive structures to
the epididymis. In sexually active
individuals, many cases of acute
epididymitis are caused by sexually
transmitted bacteria. Besides pain and
swelling, common symptoms of acute
epididymitis include redness, warmth in
the scrotum, and a fever.
b. Chronic epididymitis- occurs with or
without a bacterial infection being
diagnosed.
Sometimes, it is associated with
lower back pain that occurs after an
activity that stresses the lower back, such
as heavy lifting or a long period spent
driving a vehicle.
Causes of epididymitis include:
• STIs. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are the
most common causes of epididymitis in
young, sexually active men.
• Urine in the epididymis (chemical
epididymitis). This condition occurs
when urine flows backward into the
epididymis, possibly because of heavy
lifting or straining.
• Trauma. A groin injury can cause
epididymitis.
• Tuberculosis. Rarely, epididymitis can
be caused by tuberculosis infection.
Treatment of Epididymitis
It can be treated with antibiotics, most often
doxycycline (Oracea®, Monodox®),
ciprofloxacin (Cipro®), levofloxacin
(Levaquin®), or trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim®). Antibiotics are
usually taken for 1 to 2 weeks.
Men who have epididymitis can also relieve
their symptoms by:
• Resting
• Applying ice packs to the affected area
Elevating the scrotum
• Drinking fluids
• Taking anti-inflammatory medications
for the pain.
 Stage 1-ACUTE SYMPTOMS
3. Sexually Transmitted Disease (STDs)or -Headache
sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are -Fever
infections that are passed from one person to -Sore-throat
another through sexual contact. The contact is -Muscle soreness
usually vaginal, oral, and anal sex. But -Rashes
sometimes they can spread through other -Mouth or genital ulcers
intimate physical contact. This is because -Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck
some STDs, like herpes -Joint pain
and HPV, are -Diarrhea
spread by -Night Sweats
skin-to-
skin Stage 2-CLINICAL LATENCY
contact. -Persistent swelling of lymph nodes clinical
There are types of latent HIV
STDs; -No specific signs and symptoms body remains
HIV/AIDS infected with the virus.
HIV-stands for human immunodeficiency virus.
It harms your immune system by destroying a Stage 3-SEVERE SYMPTOMS
type of white blood cell that helps your body -Headaches
fight infection. This puts you at risk for serious -Blurred and distorted vision
infections and certain cancers. -Cough and shortness of breath
AIDS-stands for acquired immunodeficiency -Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on
syndrome. It is the final stage of infection with your tongue in your mouth
HIV. It happens when the body's immune system -Shaking chills or fever higher 100 F (38 C) for
is badly damaged because of the virus. Not several weeks
everyone with HIV develops AIDS. -Chronic Diarrhea
-Persistent, unexplained fatigue
What are the symptoms of HIV/AIDS? -Weight loss
STAGES OF AIDS
At the beginning within 2-4 weeks, people What is HIV treatment?
infected with HIV experience flu-like symptoms. There is no effective cure for HIV. But with
Severe HIV infection starts occurring at the early- proper medical care, you can control HIV.
stage HIV infection. This phase lasts until body Most people can get the virus under control
immunity starts producing more antibodies that within six months.
help in fighting against the virus Taking HIV medicine does not prevent
transmission of other sexually transmitted
diseases.
HIV treatment involves taking medicine that
reduces the amount of HIV in your body.
HIV medicine is called antiretroviral therapy
(ART).
4. Syphilis is a highly
contagious disease that’s
mostly spread through
sexual activity, including
oral and anal sex. The
infected person often
doesn’t know that they have
the disease and passes it on
to their sexual partner.
Syphilis Caused by the
bacteria Treponema
pallidum. You get it through
direct contact with a syphilis
sore on someone else’s
body. This usually happens
during sexual activity, but
the bacteria can also get
into your body through cuts
on your skin or through your
mucous membranes.
Syphilis Symptoms
Syphilis infection has three
stages:
Primary syphilis
The primary stage of syphilis
occurs about three to four
weeks after a person
contracts the bacteria. It
begins with a small, round
sore called a chancre. A
chancre is painless, but it’s
highly infectious. This sore
may appear wherever the
bacteria entered the body,
such as on or inside the
mouth, genitals, or rectum.
On average, the sore shows
up around three weeks after
infection, but it can take
between 10 and 90 days to
appear. The sore remains
for anywhere between two
to six weeks.
Secondary syphilis
Skin rashes and a sore throat
may develop during the
second stage of syphilis. The
rash won’t itch and is usually
found on the palms and
soles, but it may occur
anywhere on the body.
Other symptoms of
secondary syphilis may
include:
Headaches, swollen lymph
nodes, fatigue, fever
weight loss, hair loss and
aching joints
These symptoms will go
away whether or not
treatment is received.
However, without
treatment, a person still has
syphilis.
Secondary syphilis is often
mistaken for another
condition.
Latent syphilis
The third stage of syphilis is
the latent, or hidden, stage.
The primary and secondary
symptoms disappear, and
there won’t be any
noticeable symptoms at this
stage. However, the
bacteria remain in the body.
This stage could last for
years before progressing to
tertiary syphilis.
Tertiary syphilis
The last stage of infection is
tertiary syphilis. According
to the Mayo Clinic,
approximately 15 to 30
percent of people who don’t
receive treatment for
syphilis will enter this stage.
Tertiary syphilis can occur
years or decades after the
initial infection. Tertiary
syphilis can be life-
threatening. Some other
potential outcomes of
tertiary syphilis include:
Blindness, deafness
mental illness, memory loss
destruction of soft tissue
and bone, neurological
disorders, such as stroke or
meningitis, heart disease
neurosyphilis, which is an
infection of the brain or
spinal cord
Treatments of syphilis
There are no home
remedies or over-the-
counter drugs that will cure
syphilis, but syphilis is easy
to cure in its early stages.
A single intramuscular
injection of long acting
Benzathine penicillin G (2.4
million units administered
intramuscularly) will cure a
person who has primary,
secondary or early latent
syphilis.
5. Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary
syndrome happens when
a woman’s ovaries or
adrenal glands produce
more male hormones
than normal. One result
is that cysts (fluid-filled
sacs) develop on the
ovaries. Women who are
obese are more likely to
have PCOS. Women
with PCOS are at
increased risk of
developing diabetes and
heart disease.
Causes of (PCOS)
They believe that high
levels of male hormones
prevent the ovaries from
producing hormones
and making eggs
normally. Genes, insulin
resistance, and
inflammation have all
been linked to excess
androgen production.
Symptoms
-Irregular-menstrual
periods
-Infertility.
-Pelvic pain.
-Excess hair growth on
the face, chest, stomach,
thumbs, or toes.
-Baldness or
thinning hair.
-Acne, oily
skin, or
dandruff.
-Patches of thickened
dark brown or black
skin.
Treatments
There is no cure, but diet,
exercise, and medicines
can help control the
symptoms. Birth control
pills help women have
normal periods,
Reduce male hormone
levels, and clear acne.
Treatments for infertility
caused by PCOS may
include medicines,
surgery, and in vitro
fertilization (IVF).
6. Chlamydia is a
common STD that can
infect both
men and
women. It
can cause
serious,
permanent damage to a
woman's reproductive
system. This can make it
difficult or impossible
for her to get pregnant
later on. Chlamydia can
also cause a potentially
fatal ectopic pregnancy
(pregnancy that occurs
outside the womb).
What causes chlamydia
in females?
It is caused by bacteria
called Chlamydia
trachomatis. Women can
get chlamydia in the
cervix, rectum, or throat.
Most often spreads
through unprotected
vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
You get it from the
semen or vaginal fluid
of an infected person
Symptoms
-Abnormal vaginal
discharge, which may
have a strong smell
-A burning sensation
when urinating
-Pain during intercourse
-If the infection spreads,
you might get lower
abdominal pain, pain
during sex, nausea, or
fever.
Treatments
Antibiotics will cure
the infection. You may
get a one-time dose of
the antibiotics.
Antibiotics cannot repair
any permanent damage
that the disease has
caused.
 7. Ovarian cancer- is
a growth of cells that
forms in the ovaries.
The cells multiply
quickly and can invade
and destroy healthy body
tissue.
Ovarian tumors can be benign
(noncancerous) or malignant
(cancerous). Although abnormal, cells
of benign tumors do not metastasize
(spread to other parts of the body).
Additionally, ovarian cysts are
different than ovarian tumors, and can
be fairly common ovarian cysts are
fluid-filled while ovarian tumors are
solid masses. Most ovarian cysts are not
harmful, don’t cause symptoms and are
not indicative of risk for future ovarian
cancer, though some complex ovarian
cysts may raise the risk.
Causes
It's not clear what causes ovarian
cancer, though doctors have identified
things that can increase the risk of the
disease.
Doctors know that ovarian cancer
begins when cells in or near the ovaries
develop changes (mutations) in their
DNA. A cell's DNA contains the
instructions that tell the cell what to do.
The changes tell the cells to grow and
multiply quickly, creating a mass
(tumor) of cancer cells. The cancer cells
continue living when healthy cells
would die. They can invade nearby
tissues and break off from an initial
tumor to spread (metastasize) to other
parts of the body.
Types of ovarian cancer
Epithelial ovarian cancer. This type is
the most common. It includes several
subtypes, including serous carcinoma
and mucinous carcinoma.
Stromal tumors. These rare tumors are
usually diagnosed at an earlier stage
than other ovarian cancers.
Germ cell tumors. These rare ovarian
cancers tend to occur at a younger age.
Symptoms
When ovarian cancer first develops, it
might not cause any noticeable
symptoms. When ovarian cancer
symptoms happen, they're usually
attributed to other, more common
conditions.
Symptoms of ovarian cancer may
include:
-Abdominal bloating or swelling
-Quickly feeling full when eating
-Weight loss
-Discomfort in the pelvic area
-Fatigue
-Back pain
-Changes in bowel habits, such as
constipation
-A frequent need to urinate
Treatments
-Surgery
-Chemotherapy
-Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
-Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
-Other drugs
-Radiation Therapy Radiotherapeutic
Procedures
-Clinical Trials
-Complementary Therapies
8. Endometriosis -is an often-painful
disorder in which tissue similar to the -Painful periods (dysmenorrhea).
tissue that normally lines the inside of Pelvic pain and cramping may begin
your uterus the endometrium grows before and extend several days into a
outside your uterus. menstrual period.
- You may also have lower back and
This tissue acts like regular uterine abdominal pain.
tissue does during your period: It will -Pain with intercourse. Pain during or
break apart and bleed at the end of the after sex is common with
cycle. But this blood has nowhere to go. endometriosis.
Surrounding areas may become -Pain with bowel movements or
inflamed or swollen. You might have urination.
scar tissue and lesions.
-You're most likely to experience these
symptoms during a menstrual period.

-Excessive bleeding. You may

experience occasional heavy menstrual
periods or
bleeding between periods
(intermenstrual bleeding).

-Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis

Causes
Doctors don’t know exactly what
causes endometriosis. Some experts
think menstrual blood that contains
endometrial cells may pass back
through your fallopian tubes and into
your pelvic cavity, where the cells stick
to your organs. This is called retrograde
menstruation.
Symptoms
You might not notice any symptoms.
When you have them, they can include:
is first diagnosed in those seeking
treatment for infertility.
Other signs and symptoms. You may
experience fatigue, diarrhea,
constipation, bloating or nausea,
especially during menstrual periods.
Treatment
There is currently no cure for
endometriosis, but there are treatment
options for related pain and infertility.
-Pain killer