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 MEP Pupil Text 13

(i) Plot the point to show the cooking time for a piece which weighs
4 pounds.
(ii) A piece of meat took 100 minutes to cook. Use the graph to estimate
the weight of the meat.

13.9 Horizontal and Vertical Lines

7
y
y=5
Horizontal lines have equations like y = 3 or y = 5 . 5
4
y=3
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

7 x =2 x =6
y

Vertical lines have equations like x = 2 or x = 6 . 5

4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Worked Example 1
(a) Draw the line x = 4 .
(b) Draw the line y = 2 .
(c) y cross.
Write down the coordinates of the points where these lines
7 x=4
y
Solution (4, 5)
5
(a) For the line x = 4 the x-coordinate of every 4
point will always be 4. So the points 3 (4, 3)

(4, 0) (4, 3) (4, 5) 2

1
all lie on the line x = 4 . (4, 0)
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5
7
(b) For the line y = 2 the y-coordinate of every y
x=4
point will always be 2. So the points 5
(0, 2) (3, 2) and (5, 2) 4
3 (0, 2) (3, 2) (5, 2)
all lie on the line y = 2 . 2
y=2
1
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5

57
 MEP Pupil Text 13
13.9

(c) The graph in (b) shows that the lines cross at the point with coordinates
(4, 2).

Exercises
1. Write down the equation of each line in the diagram below.

A B y C D
7
6
5
4
3 E
2
1

1–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5 F
–6
–7

2. (a) Draw the lines x = 2, x = 6, y = 1 and y = 5 .

(b) Write down the coordinates of the points where the lines cross.
(c) Find the area of the rectangle formed by the four lines

3. (a) Draw the lines x = − 2, x = − 4, y = − 1 and y = − 3 .

(b) What are the coordinates for the centre of the square you obtain?

4. (a) Draw the rectangle which has corners at the points with coordinates
(–1, 4) , (–1, 1), (3, 4) and (3, 1).
(b) Write down the equations of the lines that form the sides of the rectangle.

5. (a) Draw the lines y = 2 x , x = 2 and y = 8 .

(b) Find the area of the triangle that you obtain.

58
2. Distance between two points
 3. Midpoint between two points

4. Endpoint of a line segment given

coordinates of the midpoint and one
end point
Simply substitute into the equations above to find the coordinates of the end point.

Eg. We will use the points from the first worked example above.

Find the endpoint of a line segment where the midpoint is m(5, 8) and the point is A(2, 6)

Answer
To find the coordinates of the endpoint you substitute in the equation.

Coordinates of the midpoint are (xm , ym) which are (5, 8) and the other point is (2, 6)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑥𝑚 = 2
𝑦𝑚 = 2

2 + 𝑥2 6 + 𝑦2
5= 8=
2 2
 5 x 2 = 2 + 𝑥2 8 x 2 = 6 + 𝑦2

10 = 2 + 𝑥2 16 = 6 + 𝑦2

10 - 2 = 𝑥2 16 - 6 = 𝑦2

8 = 𝑥2 10 = 𝑦2

The endpoint is (8, 10)

Check the example above to verify the points.

 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material

13 Graphs
13.2C Mid-Points of Line Segments
The coordinates of the mid-point between two other points may be found by drawing or
by calculation.
Consider the line segment that joins the point A which has coordinates (2, 2) and the
point B (6, 8). The mid-point of the line segment AB is shown in the diagram below.

9
8 (6, 8)
7
6
Mid-point (4, 5)
5
4
3
2
(2, 2)
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x

The value of the x-coordinate of the mid-point of the line segment AB is the mean value
of the two x-coordinates of the end points A and B.
Similarly for the y-coordinate of the mid-point, it is the mean of the y-coordinates of the
end points A and B.

The coordinates of the mid-point could have been calculated directly as shown below.

 2 + 6 , 2 + 8  =  8 , 10 
 2 2  2 2 

= ( 4, 5)

Generally, for any two points, the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining
a + c b + d
the points (a, b) and (c, d) is given by  , .
 2 2 

1
 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material
13.2C

Worked Example 1
The diagram shows the points A, B, C and D.

7 A
6
5
4 B
C
3
2
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
D
–5
–6
–7

Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment:

(a) AB (b) AC (c) BD

Solution
(a) The coordinates of A are (2, 7).
The coordinates of B are (5, 3).

2 + 5 7 + 3
The coordinates of the mid-point of AB =  ,
 2 2 

=  ,
7 10 
2 2 

= (3.5, 5)
(b) The coordinates of C are (–5, 3).
 2 + ( − 5) 7 + 3 
The coordinates of the mid-point of AC =  , 
 2 2 

− 3 10 
=  ,
 2 2

= ( −1.5, 5)

2
 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material
13.2C

(c) The coordinates of D are ( − 4, − 5) .

 5 + ( − 4) 3 + ( − 5) 
The coordinates of the mid-point of BD =  , 
 2 2 
1 −2 
=  ,
2 2 

= (0.5, −1)

Exercises
1. (a) Draw a set of axes and mark on them the points A and B which have
coordinates (1, 4) and (7, 6).
(b) Draw the line segment AB and mark its mid-point.
(c) Write down the coordinates of the mid-point of AB.

2. The diagram shows the points A, B, C, D and E.

10
A
9
8
7
D
6
5
4
B
3
C
2
E
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 x

Find the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment:

(a) AB (b) AC (c) AD (d) AE
(e) BE (f) CD (g) DE (h) CE

3. Determine the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining the two
points given in each case.
(a) (4, 7) (8, 11) (b) (6, 2) (18, 8)
(c) (3, 2) (9, 4) (d) (6, 3) (10, 11)
(e) (4, 1) (3, 4) (f) (6, 6) (1, 7)
(g) (2, 15) (13, 2) (h) (24, 2) (13, 3)

3
 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material
13.2C

4. The diagram shows the points A, B, C, D and E.

7 A
6
5
E
4
3 B
2
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
–1
–2
–3
D
–4
C
–5
–6
–7

Determine the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segments below.

(a) AB (b) AE
(c) BD (d) BC
(e) AC (f) DC
(g) DE (h) CE

5. Determine the coordinates of the mid-point of the line segment joining each pair of
points listed below.
(a) (2, 3) (4, –6) (b) (–2, 1) (3, –6)
(c) (–2, –3) (–8, –10) (d) (–2, 4) (5, –6)
(e) (–3, –2) (4, 7) (f) (6, –2) (8, –10)
(g) (2, –6) (7, –5) (h) (8, –3) (–10, –11)

6. The diagram shows a cuboid.

z
The coordinates of the vertices are H
listed below.
G
A (0, 0, 0) B (7, 0, 0) E
F y
C (7, 6, 0) D (0, 6, 0)
D
E (0, 0, 5) F (7, 0, 5)
C
G (7, 6, 5) H (0, 6, 5) A

B
x

4
 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material
13.2C
(a) Explain why the coordinates of the mid-point of DG are (3.5, 6, 2.5).
(b) Determine the coordinates of the mid-point of each of the following line
segments.
(i) AB (ii) CD
(iii) DH (iv) FG

7. The points A, B and C have coordinates (4, 2, 1), (6, 10, 7) and (4, 8, 11).
(a) Determine the coordinates of the mid-points of AB and AC.
(b) The mid-point of AB is joined to the mid-point of AC by a line segment.
Determine the coordinates of the mid-point of this line segment.

5
 MEP Pupil Text 13-19, Additional Material

Answers
13.2C Mid-Points of Line Segments
1. (a) and (b) y
8

7
B
6

5
M
4
A
3

0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(c) The mid-point M = ( 4, 5)

2. (a) (4, 6) (b) (7, 5.5) (c) (8.5, 7.5) (d) (9, 5)
(e) (6, 2) (f) (8.5, 4) (g) (10.5, 3.5) (h) (9, 1.5)

3. (a) (6, 9) (b) (12, 5) (c) (6, 3) (d) (8, 7)

(e) (3.5, 2.5) (f) (3.5, 6.5) (g) (7.5, 8.5) (h) (18.5, 2.5)

4. (a) (4, 4) (b) (–0.5, 5) (c) (0.5, –0.5) (d) (4, –1)
(e) (3, 1) (f) (–0.5, –3.5) (g) (–4, 0.5) (h) (–0.5, 0)

5. (a) (3, –1.5) (b) (0.5, –2.5) (c) (– 5, –6.5) (d) (1.5, –1)
(e) (0.5, 2.5) (f) (7, –6) (g) (4.5, –5.5) (h) (–1, –7)

6. (a) D = (0, 6, 0) and G = (7, 6, 5)

In 3-dimensions, to find a mid-point we average the coordinates, just as
in 2-dimensions.
0 + 7 6 + 6 0 + 5
The mid-point of DG is therefore  , , = (3.5, 6, 2.5)
 2 2 2 
(b) (i) (3.5, 0, 0) (ii) (3,5, 6, 0)
(iii) (0, 6, 2.5) (iv) (7, 3, 5)

7. (a) (5, 6, 4) (4, 5, 6) (b) (4.5, 5.5, 5)

6
!

Midpoint Between Two Coordinates

Videos 87, 198 on www.corbettmaths.com

Workout

Question 1: Find the coordinates of the midpoints of the following line segments.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Question 2: Find the coordinates of the midpoints of the following line segments.

(a) (b) (c)

© CORBETTMATHS 2016
!

Midpoint Between Two Coordinates

Videos 87, 198 on www.corbettmaths.com

(d) (e) (f)

Question 3: Find the midpoint of the line joining these pairs of points

(a) (2, 4) and (6, 10) (b) (1, 4) and (9, 12) (c) (0, 7) and (6, 1)

(d) (−5, 2) and (5, −4) (e) (−3, 9) and (7, −1) (f) (0, −4) and (9, 0)

(g) (−10, −6) and (−2, 8) (h) (0, 5) and (−11, −10) (i) (9, 8) and (4, 8)

Question 4: M is the midpoint of PQ in each diagram below.

Find the coordinates of Q in each diagram.

(a) (b) (c)

Question 5: M is the midpoint of PQ in each diagram below.

Find the coordinates of Q in each diagram.

(a) (b) (c)

© CORBETTMATHS 2016
!

Midpoint Between Two Coordinates

Videos 87, 198 on www.corbettmaths.com

Apply

Question 1: A is the midpoint of the line PQ.

B is the midpoint of the line PR.
M is the midpoint of the line AB.
Find the coordinates of the point M

Question 2: M is the midpoint of the line AB.

The coordinates of the point M are (7, 2)
The coordinates of the point B are (11, 8)
The coordinates of the point C are (7, −4)
Find the area of triangle ACM.

Question 3: M is the midpoint of AB.

N is the midpoint of AM.
Find the coordinates of the point B.

© CORBETTMATHS 2016
 MEP Pupil Text 13

(b) Plot points on a copy of the following grid to represent your answers in
part (a). The point (3, 2) has been plotted for you.

18

16

14

12

10
OUTPUT
8

4
(3, 2)
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
INPUT

(c) What do you notice about the points that you have plotted?
(MEG)

13.4 Plotting Curves

Some relationships produce curves rather than straight lines when plotted.

Worked Example 1
(a) Complete the table below using the relationship y = x 2 − 2.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y

(b) Write a list of coordinates using the data in the table.

(c) Plot the points and draw a smooth curve through them.

Solution
(a) For each value of x the y value can be calculated using y = x 2 − 2.

For example: If x =3 then y = 32 − 2

=9−2
=7

17
 MEP Pupil Text 13
13.4

If x =1 then y = 12 − 2
=1− 2
= −1

x = – 2 then y = ( −2) − 2
2
If
=4−2
=2
Calculating all the values gives the table.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 7 2 –1 –2 –1 2 7

(b) The coordinates of the points to plot are (–3, 7), (–2, 2), (–1, –1), (0, –2), (1, –1),
(2, 2) and (3, 7).
(c) These points are plotted on the graph below and have been joined by a smooth
curve.

(–3, 7) 7 (3, 7)
6
5
4
3
(–2, 2) 2 (2, 2)
1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
(–1, –1)–1 (1, –1)
–2 (0, –2)

Worked Example 2
Draw the graph of y = x 3 − 4 x for values of x from –3 to 3.

Solution
The first step is to draw up and complete a table of values using the relationship
y = x 3 − 4 x , as below.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –15 0 3 0 –3 0 15

18
 MEP Pupil Text 13

x = −3 y = ( −3) − 4 × ( −3)
3
For example: If then
= − 27 + 12
= − 15

If x =2 then y = 23 − 4 × 2
=8−8
=0

Each pair of values can be written as coordinates,

(–3, –15), (–2, 0), (–1, 3), (0, 0), (1, –3), (2, 0), (3, 15)

These can then be plotted and a smooth curve drawn through the points as shown in the
following graph.

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
–9
–10
–11
–12
–13
–14
–15

19
 MEP Pupil Text 13
13.4

Exercises
1. (a) Complete a copy of the table below for y = x 2 − 5.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –4 4

(b) Write a list of coordinates. Plot these points and draw a smooth curve
through the points.

2. (a) Complete a copy of the table below using the relationship y = x 2 − 2 x .

x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y 3 8

(b) Plot the graph of y = x 2 − 2 x using the data in the table.

3. Complete a copy of the table and draw the graph of y = 6 − x 2 .

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 5 2

4. (a) Complete a copy of the table and draw the graph of y = x 2 − x − 2.

x –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 0 –2

(b) What is the value of x at the lowest point of the curve?

(c) Use your answer to (b) to calculate the corresponding value of y.

5. (a) Complete a copy of the table using the relationship y = x 3 − x .

x –2 –1 0 1 2
y 0 6

(b) Using the information in the table, sketch the graph of y = x 3 − x .

(c) Complete the following pairs of coordinates.
(–0.5, ? ), (0.5, ? )
(d) Check that your graph passes through the points with the coordinates
calculated in (c).
15
6. Complete a copy of the table and then draw the graph of y = .
x

x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 15 2.5

20
 MEP Pupil Text 13

7. A manufacturer of postcards decides to experiment with cards of different shapes.

The cards should be rectangles with an area of 120 cm 2 . The height of the cards is
y cm and the width is x cm.
120 y
(a) Explain why y = .
x x
(b) Complete a copy of the table.

x 5 10 15 20 25 30
y 12 4

120
(c) Draw a graph of y = .
x
(d) Use your graph to find the width of a postcard that has a height of 7 cm.
(e) If the height of a postcard must be no greater than 14 cm, what is the least
width it can have?

8. Some water tanks have square bases and a height of 2 m.

(a) Explain why the volume, V, of a tank is 2 x 2 . 2m

(b) Complete a copy of the table and draw the graph

x x
of V = 2 x 2 .

x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

V 12.5

(c) If the base of a tank is a square sheet of metal 2.2 m by 2.2 m, find from the
graph the volume of the tank.
(d) What should be the size of the base in order to give a volume of

(i) 10 m 3 (ii) 5 m3?

9. The height, h, in metres, of the distance travelled by a ball hit straight up into the
air is given by
h = 18t − 5t 2
where t is the time in seconds.
(a) Complete a copy of this table and draw a graph of h against t.

t 0 1 2 3 4
h 16

(b) Use your graph to estimate when the ball hits the ground.
(c) What is the maximum height reached by the ball?

21
 MEP Pupil Text 13
13.4

12
10. (a) Complete the table below using the relationship y = .
x

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y –4 No value 12

12
(b) Draw the graph of y = using the points calculated in (a).
x
(c) Find the coordinates of extra points on the curve between x = 0 and x = 1 .
(d) Describe what happens to the curve as the values of x get closer and closer to 0.
(e) Investigate what happens between –1 and 0.

11. (a) Use the equation y = x + 3 to complete the table of values.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 0 3 5

(b) Use the equation y = x 2 to complete the table of values.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y 4

(c) Draw the graphs of

y = x + 3 and y = x 2
on a copy of the grid below.

y
9

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
–1

–2

–3

22 (LON)
 MEP Pupil Text 13

12. (a) Use the formula y = x 2 to complete a copy of the table.

x –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
y 49 36 16 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 49

(b) Use your table of values to draw the graph of y = x 2 .

y

50

40

30

20

10

–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

(c) Use your graph to find the values of x when y = 20 .

(SEG)

13. The annual cost of the heat lost through a wall depends on the length of the wall.
When the wall is a square of length x m the annual cost, £y, is given by the
equation y = 5 x 2
(a) Calculate the cost, £y, when x is 8 m.
(b) The table shows the cost, £y, for different values of x m.

Length, x (m) 3 4 5 6 7
Cost, y (£) 45 80 125 180 245

Use the table of values to draw the graph of y = 5 x 2 on a copy of the grid
on the following page.

23
 MEP Pupil Text 13
13.4

y
400

350

300

250

200
Cost (£)

150

100

50

0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Length (m)

(c) The annual cost of the heat lost through a square wall is £150.
Use your graph to estimate the length of the wall
(SEG)

14. Angela is investigating the area of squares.

1 cm

2 cm

3 cm

She makes a table.

Length of side (cm) 0 1 2 3 4 5

Area (cm2) 0 1 4 9 16 25

24
 MEP Pupil Text 13

(a) Draw a graph of area against length of side.

A
30

25

20
Area (cm2)

15

10

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Length of side (cm)

(b) The side of a square is x cm. The area of a square is A cm 2 . Write down the
formula which may be used to calculate the area from the length of the side.

(c) A square has an area of 12 cm 2 . Angela wants to use the graph to find the
length of the side of this square.
She draws a line on the graph to help her do this.
(i) Draw this line.

(ii) Write down the length of the side of the square whose area is 12 cm 2 .
(SEG)

13.5 Gradient
The gradient of a line describes how steep it is.
The diagram below shows two lines, one with a positive gradient and the other with a
negative gradient.

POSITIVE GRADIENT NEGATIVE GRADIENT

25