Performance of different breathable paints

Name

Institution

Course

Date
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Abstract
Porous natural materials such as wood and natural textile have preferable hygroscopic properties;

thus, they exhibit higher breathability traits for structural sustainability when coated with paints.

Structural breathability in conjunction with protection against moisture is a major issue in the

construction industry. Investigating the performance of different breathable paints will provide

insight into the best paints to consider on different structural façade like walls, concretes, wood

elements, and other construction materials to promote sustainability in building and construction.

One critical aspect of the breathable paints that have to be factored in the research is the

adaptability to the environment of application to ensure that the application of breathable paints

on structures promotes environmental sustainability. The main purpose of executing this

investigative research was to analyze, evaluate and compare the performance difference on

various breathable paints used in modern construction while considering their impact on

structural thermal performance, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability

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Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................ii

List of figures..................................................................................................................................iv

List of Tables...................................................................................................................................v

Introduction..................................................................................................................................6

Project Overview.........................................................................................................................6

Literature Review........................................................................................................................8

Terms of reference.....................................................................................................................10

Problem Statement.................................................................................................................10

Aims and objective of Investigation......................................................................................11

Methodology..............................................................................................................................12

Types of paints analyzed.......................................................................................................12

Evaluation of the breathability...............................................................................................13

Methods of Evaluation...............................................................................................................13

Analysis and Discussion............................................................................................................14

Effect of Coating....................................................................................................................20

Conclusion and Recommendation.............................................................................................21

Reference List................................................................................................................................23
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List of figures
Figure 1: Graph of Results on water vapor permeability test on paints........................................15

Figure 2: Polynomial regression w.r.t no. of stretches..................................................................16

Figure 3: Polynomial regression in Wrap direction.......................................................................17

Figure 4: Polynomial regression in Weft direction.......................................................................17

Figure 5: moisture penetration resistance and elongation on Sample B........................................19

Figure 6: moisture penetration resistance and elongation on Sample B........................................19

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List of Tables
Table 1: Characteristic of breathable samples...............................................................................12

Table 2: Results on water vapor permeability test on paints.........................................................14

Table 3: Polynomial regression correlations between resistance to moisture penetration and

elongation sample A......................................................................................................................15

Table 4: Polynomial regression correlations between resistance to moisture penetration and

elongation sample B......................................................................................................................17

Table 5: The polynomial regression expression for correlation between moisture penetration

resistance and elongation on Sample B.........................................................................................18

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Introduction
In recent years, energy-efficient structures and sustainability have become the world's

building and construction industry theme. With various innovative mechanisms adopted by the

industry to ensure that structures meet the sustainability standards and sufficient energy

efficiency, the use of breathable paints as form of passive climate control on structural surfaces

has gained more use in buildings. Breathability has become an embedded part of architectural

and building technology as it has some figurative meaning; for living organisms, if they stop

breathing, they die; hence they need to have a breathable space to perform and survive (Brown,

2017). Buildings and structures apply the same concepts; the construction must consider

breathability through cladding and painting for better structural performance.

Project Overview
Paints, being hygroscopic materials, can buffer moisture contents, thus essential in

regulating the indoor space and making the internal environment more conducive and convenient

for habitation. Porous natural materials such as wood and natural textile have preferable

hygroscopic properties; thus, they exhibit higher breathability traits for structural sustainability

when coated with paints. Structural breathability in conjunction with protection against moisture

is a major issue in the construction industry. Investigating the performance of different

breathable paints will provide insight into the best paints to consider on different structural

façade like walls, concretes, wood elements, and other construction materials to promote

sustainability in building and construction. One critical aspect of the breathable paints that have

to be factored in the research is the adaptability to the environment of application to ensure that

the application of breathable paints on structures promotes environmental sustainability.

 vii

With the increased demand for energy-efficient structures, there is also an increasing

need for eco-friendly, natural, sustainable materials and hygroscopic breathable paints on the

surface of buildings to enhance their structural performances (Rahmadina et al. 2019). However,

not all paints are hygroscopic, and some are hydrophilic. Therefore, the Investigation was keen

on identifying hygroscopic paints from hydrophilic paints to evaluate their performance in

structural surfaces. The scope of the analysis was based on identifying the interaction between

moisture and buildings. The breathability of paints describes the most fundamental relationship

between structural façades and the surrounding environment as well as structural performance.

Excessive moisture affects almost every aspect of buildings, from fabric decay, health and the

structure's thermal performance (Perdikis, 2017). Therefore, it requires constant and regular

maintenance and renovation on building surfaces to improve airtightness, indoor air quality, and

thermal performance of buildings.

When it comes to paints, the breathability of paint emulsions is focused on the extent to

which water vapor and air can flow through the surface with ease to provide a coating on the

surface (Woolley, 2017 ). To establish a desirable structural performance in terms of indoor air

quality and thermal performance, high-level breathable paints together with breathable

construction materials have to be used. Breathable paints are considered the best in ensuring the

best structural performance and durability since they don't permit moisture to be trapped beneath

the surface. Dumping in structural surfaces is caused by moisture trapped beneath the coats,

making paints peel, bubble, and drop off (Al-Homoud, 2015). Therefore, the performance of

breathable paints is to apply waterproof paints and building materials primarily designed to

prevent moisture penetration.

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Literature Review
The history of painting of the architectural masonry interior and exterior started in

ancient Greece constructions. Though the main reason for painting in ancient days was to

express social and cultural heritage in buildings, it has been realized that paints enhanced the

durability of structural façades. Following through the history of architectural masonry from the

early 16th century through to the 21st century (Culver, 2017), this section of the report highlights

the effect of breathable paints in the preservation of structural, historical meaning, the purpose of

painting in buildings, and how breathable paints have contributed to the structural sustainability

through enhancing thermal performance as well as surface decoration. The performance of

breathable paints has greatly impacted overall building performance by preventing moisture

penetration to the surface of construction claddings (Giosuè, et al. 2017). Over the years, there

have been several research studies on the performance of breathable paints in the building and

construction industry, and therefore, in addition to the impact of paints on buildings, this section

also details findings of some of the recent research studies relating to the project topic

Relatively, there is not much-published information on the ancient paintings. Still, in the

recent era, architectural painting has become a hot research topic as the sector is fast shifting to

sustainable construction methods (Leone, 2016). Considering the ancient Greece architectural

history, only fragments and shreds of evidence show the primary purpose of painting structures

with bright colors (Durnan, 2015). Still, presumably, the paints are believed to offer aesthetic

value on buildings. Researchers started to develop an interest in the painting patterns and types

of paints used in ancient constructions in the late 1840s and early 1850s when a group of

researchers, Borris et al. (1852), examined the components of the white marble used in the

cladding of exterior surfaces of buildings. The Investigation established those pristine

entablatures and columns of old archaic structures were majorly painted with bright color. The
 ix

main reason for using bright colored paints was to imitate noble materials such as silver and gold

and, in some buildings, to unify two disparate materials.

Later in the early 1920s, when stones and bricks became major construction materials,

bricks were plastered and tuff coated with pitch to protect the surface from decay. Excessive

quarry of stones led to environmental challenges, and the industry shifted to other materials that

resembled noble stones (Durnan, 2015). Paints were used on these stone look-alike materials to

make them appear like stones. When Vitruvius (1967) published his treatise, breathable paints

had started getting into the construction industry. Vitruvius acknowledged the essence of

breathable coats against structural dumps and enhanced internal conditions of buildings with

breathable paints. Winckelmann Johann also discovered Pompeii; the paint applied on the marble

sculptures to enhance their durability. The literature analysis realized very few publications on

stone and brick painting during the middle ages. Painting and coating of buildings resurfaced

with the Gothic and Romanesque periods, with most European architectures evidenced painted

interior and exterior in their constructions (Wen, et al. 2021).

While comparing the old structures with modern buildings, there are some notable

differences. For instance, the method of construction used in old structures was quite simple,

made of solid and thick walls, without a cavity (Prohasky et al. 2017). These methods of

construction allowed moisture to be trapped within structural fabrics, thus causing damps. In the

early 20th century, the methods of construction advances saw the introduction of lime mortar and

concrete in façade construction to improve structural strength and eradicate damping challenges

(Wen, et al. 2021). Until recently (past two decades), the contractor believed that damp-proof

courses were the ideal solution to moisture penetration into the structural surface. Though the use

of waterproof and damp-proof only offered temporary or short-term solutions, it was established
 x

that moisture still penetrated past the waterproof materials. The reason for the failure of

waterproof or damp-proof materials was established to be a result of thermal or structural

movements induced on building either by natural phenomenon or mechanical alteration on the

building components. Once a crack is developed, moisture is trapped in between the materials,

thus causing damping (Lawrence et al. 2019).

Preliminary research points out the immense impact of paints (breathable paints) on the

external and interior façade of modern buildings. Modern breathable pints are unique as they are

manufactured with solvents, binders, and pigments derived from petrochemicals. Though these

paints were overwhelmingly embraced in the industry, in 1990 (Perdikis 2017), the World Health

Organization table a report that showed that breathable paints of the late 1980s had negative

implications on human health, environment as well as construction sustainability. for instance,

early paints and coating materials were majorly made of crude oil (Perdikis, 2017). This

substance often results in harmful and toxic waste. Over 20 years later, the industry has yet to

establish the various breathable paints with the best structural performance (Hellwig, 2020). The

research project aims to evaluate, analyze, and establish what kind of breathable paint is best at

enhancing structural performance (Perdikis, 2017).

Terms of reference
Problem Statement

The need to realize Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has led to restructuring the

most prominent sectors, the construction industry included. Modern constructions are based on

the key pillars of sustainable construction, such as durability, eco-friendly materials, and safe

methods of construction that are cognizant of human health as well as environmental

sustainability. However, structural damping has been a challenge even with modern construction
 xi

materials and techniques. Preliminary research established that moisture is still being trapped

within the structural cavity resulting in damps (Wen, et al. 2021). The formation of damps lowers

the structural thermal performance and durability of the structural element. In efforts to prevent

the moisture or water content on solid walls, various forms of waterproof and damp-proof

materials have been established. However, these have not proved effective.

It has been established due to vibrations, and cracks may develop on the wall surfaces

allowing moisture or water in; with waterproof systems, the trapped moisture cannot escape, thus

resulting in damping. Therefore, the only sustainable solution is to use breathable paints that

allow trapped moisture to escape, thus improving the structural integrity. There are two main

categories of breathable paints; wood system paints mainly to offer waterproof properties for

outdoor wood painting, then the cement-based lime wash paints used in external surface cladding

or painting to ensure that the walls are used are breathable (Wen, et al. 2021). Therefore, this

research analyzes the most suitable breathable paints with enhanced performance towards

structural sustainability in modern constructions.

Aims and objective of Investigation

The main purpose of executing this investigative research was to analyze, evaluate and

compare the performance difference on various breathable paints used in modern construction

while considering their impact on structural thermal performance, energy efficiency, and

environmental sustainability.

For the realization of the above aim, the various objective was set as the guideline for the

project analysis and scope;

i. To analyze the difference in materials used in ancient construction and modern

times
 xii

ii. To identify the various breathable construction materials currently used in

structural damping

iii. To investigate the impact of the identified breathable paints on the structural

performance and sustainability of the construction industry

iv. To identify the input of breathable paints on environmental sustainability.

Methodology
The basis of the project is an investigative analysis that involves experimentation and

testing on the different breathable paints used in modern constructions. It implies the main

method of Investigation was through experimental Investigation on breathable paints to ascertain

the overall performance in respect to permeability and escape of moisture trapped within the wall

cavity. Calibration and inspection were also fundamental in accomplishing the study to the

realization of the set research objectives. Almost all modern paints are marked 'breathable,' but it

is for a fact that every paint is breathable to a certain degree. The degree of paint's breathability

determines its overall performance towards eradicating damp effects on walls (Johns, and Stead,

2020).

Types of paints analyzed

Since the analysis was on comparing the performance of breathable paints, different types

of paints were used in the experiment to determine the breathable degree. Paints considered for

the analysis were;

i. Limewash; Composed of burnt limestone and water, it was applied on the porous

wall with water to absorb the moisture and revert into limestone

ii. Lime paint; A derivative of limewash paint but with more chemical additives. It is

parked in powdered form, and for its application, it has to be mixed with water
 xiii

iii. Beeck Mineral Silicate paint; It's a modern paint produced in the late 19th century,

and unlike limewash that absorbs calcium on the walls, it forms a chemical bond

with the silica sand in render or stones. The project used two types of mineral

paints; beeck renosil and Beeck maxil pro.

Evaluation of the breathability

This project applied methods of determining the degree of breathability in paints; Steam

Diffusion (SD) value as the first method for measuring breathability. The literature analysis

established that any form of paint is only considered breathable if it has a steam diffusion value

of 1 or lower. It, therefore, implies that the lower the paint's SD value, the higher breathable it is.

The SD value of the experimented values was compared against the below 1 SD value to

establish the most breathable paint. The second method of breathability test used in the

Investigation was the Moisture Vapour Transmission Rate (MVTR) (Shatkin et al. 2014). The

MVTR approach measures the amount of vapor/moisture that can pass through the painted

surface, and for the Investigation, the period was set to be 24 hours. The higher the value, the

more the water vapor allowed through, which translates to the best breathable paint (Johns, and

Stead, 2020).

Methods of Evaluation
Different forms of breathable paints and coated fabrics from different materials were

utilized in the experiment. The fabrics utilized are three-ply laminate made of 10% PES

(polyester) as the outer fabric, a hydrophilic PU (polyurethane) on the inners sides as sample A

and a woven fabric made of 100% knitted PES, 100% PA (polyamide) fabric with microporous

coating on the sides as sample B

Table 1: Characteristic of breathable samples

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Properties Sample A Sample B

Mass per unit area 263 87
Outer fabric weave Plain Plain
Lining structure - Single jersey
Outer fabric Density Warp 33.2 40.7
Weft 23.5 32.6
Knitted lining density Courses 6.8 -
Wales 6.8 -
Breaking force Warp direction 1164 628
Weft direction 795 257

The test temperature of the measuring unit and air temperature in the test enclosure was

maintained at 35 °C with a relative humidity of 40 %. The airspeed was maintained at 1 m/s. The

test blocks were placed flat on the measuring systems towards the unit. calculations of vapor

permeability (Wd) were obtained by (Dalawai et al. 2020)

Where;

φ Tm = latent heat of vaporization of water at the temperature T m of the measuring

unit in (Wh)/g;

Ret = water-vapour resistance in (m2 Pa)/W

Analysis and Discussion

Paints are utilized in construction for varied purposes; to express the architectural

heritage as was in ancient Gothic and Romanesque constructions, offer aesthetic value on

structures as decoration, and, most importantly, improve structural durability. The experiment

considered four different types of breathable paints to evaluate their performance in terms of

allowing trapped moisture to pass through. In the analysis, materials like wall blocks with
 xv

cavities soaked in water were constant for all paints evaluation for the Steam Diffusion (SD)

value and Moisture Vapour Transmission rate measurements on all four paints. Paint application

is another dynamic process, and research showed that the method or equipment used in painting

also have an impact on the quality and performance of paint on the surface it's applied; therefore,

for uniformity, a spray gun (atomization pressure regulated) was used to apply all types of paints

considered for Investigation. The surface of the blocks was properly prepared to ensure that there

was no rust back on the surface where paints were to be applied.

The surface property of walls is of the essence since the paint gets into contact with the

exterior surface. Therefore, the properties of the wall surface where paints are applied determine

how effective the paint would be in eliminating damps. However, bulk material properties like

mechanical strength, density do not affect the performance of the paint on surfaces (Dodo et al.

2015). The analysis is of great relevance to prepare the wall surface to improve the surface

finish, enable waterproof and improve their adhesion properties. Since waterproof systems have

proved ineffective in damp prevention in cracks on the surface, breathable paints that allow the

plorification of trapped moisture to escape the wall cavity are the best alternative for eradicating

damping on structures. To enhance the surface features, grafting can be considered to increase

the hydrophobicity of the surfaces since breathable paints have limited hydrophobic properties

(Durnan, 2015).

Limewash paints are best applied on porous surfaces since they absorb and soak the

moisture trapped within the walls and revert into limestone. It, therefore, makes a perfect

external and external coating and can be varied in different colors. Lime paint showed a relatable

result in breathability when applied on walls; it is manufactured in powdered form and mixed

with water before painting.

Table 2: Results on water vapor permeability test on paints

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Water vapor permeability g/(m2 h Pa)

Sample Codes Initial After 250 stretching cycles at 30% elongation
value
Stretching at warp direction Stretching at weft
direction
A 0.138 0.167 0.163
B 0.113 0.177 0.168

0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12
Initial Values

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

stretch at 30% eleongation

A B

Figure 1: Graph of Results on water vapor permeability test on paints

Table 3: Polynomial regression correlations between resistance to moisture penetration and elongation

sample A

Direction No. of stretches Polynomial regression Determination

coefficient
100 H = –0.635ε 3 + + 5.373ε + 1500 0.99
160 H = –0.4085ε 5 – – 3.4745ε + 0.96
Wrap 1500
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240 H = –0.1997ε 3 – – 12.746ε + 0.96

1500
100 H = –0.725ε 3 + + 5.632ε + 1500 0.97
160 H = –0.3454ε 3 – – 7.315ε + 0.97
Weft 1500
240 H = –0.2514ε 3 – – 15.014ε + 0.97
1500
H = water penetration resistance ε – elongation

Figure 2: Polynomial regression w.r.t no. of stretches

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Wrap Direction
12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Determination coefficinet

Figure 3: Polynomial regression in Wrap direction

Weft Direction
12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Determination coefficient

Figure 4: Polynomial regression in Weft direction

Table 4: Polynomial regression correlations between resistance to moisture penetration and elongation

sample B

Direction No. of stretches Polynomial regression Determination

coefficient
 xix

100 H = –1.0099ε 2 + + 1.477ε + 0.99

1386
Wrap 160 H = 0.0902ε 2 – – 30.812ε + 0.99
1386
240 H = 0.5749ε 2 – – 47.894ε + 0.99
1386
100 H = –0.6828ε 2 + + 5.849ε + 0.98
1386
Weft 160 H = –1.362ε 2 + + 12.8ε + 1386 0.98
240 H = –0.6947ε 2 – – 6.6737ε + 1.00
1386
H = water penetration resistance ε – elongation

The polynomial regression expression for correlation between moisture penetration

resistance and elongation on Sample A

Direction % Elongation Polynomial regression Determination

coefficient
10 H = 0.046n2 – – 0.313n + 1500 0.99
20 H = 0.012n2 – – 1.729n + 1500 0.99
Wrap 30 H = 0.0141n2 – – 2.752n + 1500 0.99
10 H = –0.0129n2 – – 0.318n + 0.98
1500
Weft 20 H = 0.0135n2 – – 2.394n + 1500 0.98
30 H = 0.0142n2 – – 3.0785n + 1.00
1500
H = water penetration resistance n – number of stretching cycles

Table 5: The polynomial regression expression for correlation between moisture penetration resistance

and elongation on Sample B

Direction % Elongation Polynomial regression Determination

coefficient
10 H = 0.0103n2 – – 2.178n + 1386 0.97
20 H = 0.0164n2 – – 4.539n + 1386 0.99
Wrap 30 H = 0.0153n2 – – 7.119n + 1386 0.99
10 H = –0.0218n2 – – 0.524n + 0.98
 xx

1386
20 H = –0.0117n2 – – 1.134n + 0.98
1386
30 H = 0.0155n2 – – 3.832n + 1386 0.99
H = water penetration resistance n – number of stretching cycles

Polynomial regression (Wrap)

12

10

2 Figure 5: moisture

0 penetration
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
determination coefficinet resistance and

elongation on

Sample B
 xxi

Polynomial regression (Waft)

12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

determination coefficinet

Figure 6: moisture penetration resistance and elongation on Sample B

Effect of Coating

The investigation results showed that breathable paints have the least damage on walls

caused by salts from the surrounding environment. The experiment involving the four breathable

paints was exposed to similar conditions. The only measure variables could be steam diffusion

value and moisture vapor transfusion rate on the wall blocks. The Investigation showed a clear

difference in water permeability between the paint samples used in terms of SD value and

MVTR breathability.

Vapor permeability of the samples used in the experiment was considered to show the

rate of water passage through the solid or wall blocks painted with breathable paints. Water

vapor (gas below boiling point) can pass through different materials depending on the

permeability, material thickness, and pore size. Since the blocks used for all the four analyzed

paints were considered to be of the same size and material, the main area of focus was on the rate

at which they allow water or moisture trapped within the cavity to escape into the environment.
 xxii

It established that Lime paint; A derivative of limewash paint but with more chemical additives,

had the least SD values compared to other paints; therefore, it implies that lime paint has the

highest breathability property compared to other samples.

Hygroscopicity is the capacity of being wall block also helps in the breathability of walls;

for instance, the hygroscopic materials absorb and release water in the form of vapor to the

adjacent environment in relative humidity. The effect of materials with perfect hygroscopic

properties are to stabilize internal air humidity, to reduce surface condensation, and, in certain

situations, to absorb moisture interstitially (depending on where in the structure the hygroscopic

materials are situated). The consequences for insulation design, vapor control, and ventilation in

both new build and refurbishment are potentially huge.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Cellulosic construction materials such as wood and natural materials used in construction

often buffer when exposed to moisture and even out extreme in the presence of relative humidity.

Such materials are best suitable for interior façade finish due to indoor climate; however, when

used for external cladding, they are greatly affected by the outdoor environment resulting in

bamp. Painting of structures is traced to the medieval days of ancient Greece construction, where

paints were mainly applied to structures for heritage and aesthetic purposes. After a series of

research investigation on the impact of paints on buildings, it was established that paints improve

the structural durability and thermal performance of buildings. Until recently, the use of

breathable paints has surfaced in the modern construction industry after realizing that despite

having advantages in surfaces, non-breathable paints have adverse impacts on construction

sustainability.
 xxiii

The water-vapor permeability on the sample showed an increase with the increase of

deformation parameters. Therefore, it demonstrated a structure of breathable paint could be

damaged and changed irreversibly. The water vapor permeability value increases from 0.137

g/(m2 h Pa) to 0.165 g/(m2 h Pa) of sample A after 250 stretching cycles and elongation of 30 %.

The pattern of water-vapor permeability of sample B after treatment applied in this research was

0.064 g/(m2 h Pa)

It has been established due to vibrations, and cracks may develop on the wall surfaces

allowing moisture or water in; with waterproof systems, the trapped moisture cannot escape, thus

resulting in damping. Therefore, the only sustainable solution is to use breathable paints that

allow trapped moisture to escape, thus improving the structural integrity. There are two main

categories of breathable paints; wood system paints mainly to offer waterproof properties for

outdoor wood painting, then the cement-based lime wash paints used in external surface cladding

or painting to ensure that the walls are used are breathable. With the research h revelation, the

project objective was successfully attained.

 xxiv

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