9/2/22, 17:35 Week 1 - Word Power - Evernote

Week 1 - Word Power

"(...) a unit of language that can stand alone and make sense."
Sentence
It is a combination of two grammatical units (subject and predicate).

Minor Sentences that often lacks a subject and predicate. They are common in
sentence or spoken English, and in written notices, labels and adverts.
irregular "Nonsense!"
sentence "Once bitten, twice shy."

Major These usually have a subject and predicate.

sentence or "We ran."
regular "The boy kicked the ball."
sentence "She studied hard, but she failed the exam."

It refers to what he sentence is about, the one that carries the action of
the verb. The subject can be a noun (common noun, proper noun, or verbal
noun; a noun phrase; a pronoun; a subordinate clause; an infinitive).
Subject [Dummy subject: it may have no intrinsic meaning, but is inserted to
maintain a balanced grammatical structure:
"It has started to rain." "It is nearly midnight."
"There is nothing else to say." "There is no reason for this behaviour."

It gives information about the subject, either in a single verb or a

Predicate
number of elements.

The predicate may contain an object, which acts upon or is affected by the
Object
verb. It usually follows the verb to which it relates.

It refers to the person or thing that is directly affected by the action

Direct described by the verb. It can be a noun: "The girl hit the ball."; a
Object pronoun: "She hit him."; or a noun phrase: "He has bought a large
Victorian house.".

It usually refers to the person or thing who benefits from the action
described by the verb, often by receiving something: "Her father sent the
school a letter."
When a Direct object and an indirect object are in a sentence or
clause, the indirect object is almost always placed before the
direct object. However, if they are both pronouns the direct object
is sometimes placed first, especially in informal speech: "That is
Indirect my book. Give it to me, please."
Object Some verbs take an indirect object as well as a direct object:
BRING, BUY, GIVE, SEND. SHOW, TELL. "I sent you the book."; "She
showed her mother the letter."; "Pass me the salt, please.".
An indirect object can be preceded by the word TO or FOR: "He sent
the school a letter" could be rephrased: "Her father sent a letter
to the school.". In this case the direct object comes before the
indirect object.

When the verb is a linking verb (BE, BECOME, SEEM, etc) what follows the
Complement verb in a predicate is not an object, but a complement. "Mark is a
policeman."; "He seems an honest man."; "They are nice enough people.".
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A sentence begins with a capital letter, and ends with a full stop or an
Punctuation
equivalent punctuation mark: "Help me!"

Types of sentence

They "state " something or give information, they are sometime

declarative. In most statements the subject comes before the verb.
Statements
Declarative sentences: "The boy hit his sister."; "We serve evening
meals."; "The weather was dreadful."

They make a negative statement. It can be created including words like:

not (even in it's contracted form, and it is accompanied by an auxiliary
verb), nothing, never. "We did not invite her."; "I don't know the man.";
"I heard nothing unusual las night."; "She has never been here.".
Negative
Double negative cases occur when two negative words in a sentence or
sentences
clause. When words such as HARDLY and SCARCELY are incorrectly used with a
negative, it creates a double negative: "We didn't hardly have time to
catch the train.". While the correct way would be: "We hardly had time to
catch the train.".

Sentences that seek information of some kind, followed by a question mark.

They often involve the inversion of the subject and an auxiliary verb or
modal verb. There are three types of questions:
Yes-no questions: created to seek a reply in the affirmative or
negative.
Tag questions: it is when the questioning part is in the tag at the
end of the sentence: "He's not here yet, is he?" "You won't let her,
will you?"
Questions WH-questions: they begin with a word beginning with wh (why, when,
where, who, what)
Alternative questions: the require a reply that refers to the
opinions given in the sentence. They contain the conjunction or.
Exclamatory questions: seeking the listener's agreement rather than
seeking an answer
Rhetorical questions: when the speaker does not require an answer to
these questions
Question by tone of voice

Also called commands, because they are sentences that instruct someone to
do something. Sometimes, an actual command is given, and it's followed by
an exclamation mark: "Keep quiet!".
Directives When there's no subject in a directive and the verb is in its in basic or
infinitive form, the verb is in its IMPERATIVE MOOD: "Stand up!" "Take two
of these pills after meals."
Sometimes directives begin with let or do: "Let's go."; "Don't worry.".

Exclamations They are expressed by someone who is impressed, excited or rousted by

something. They can be single words, minor sentences, or major sentences,
often beginning with what or how. They always end with an exclamation
mark.

Kinds of sentences

Simple They often short sentences with just one main clause: "We liked the play
very much."

Multiple Sentences with more than one clause

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9/2/22, 17:35 Week 1 - Word Power - Evernote
Multiple Sentences with more than one clause.
Compound sentences: they contain two main clauses, or more, linked
by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or). "He left on time but
the bus was late."; "I was sorry for him but I could not help him
and I felt bad about that."
Complex sentences: at least one of the clauses is a main clause but
one or more clauses is a subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is
connected to the main clause by a subordinating conjunction
(although, because, before, since, unless, when, while, why). "She
cannot go unless her mother gives her permission."; "Because his car
broke down he arrived late at the wedding."; "Wherever he goes, she
goes.".

Paragraph

It usually consists of several sentences. Division into paragraphs is to make

information conveyed by the prose to be more comprehensive and easier of access.
Each paragraph should deal with one particular theme or point of the writer's writing or
argument. Even though there are no set rules for a paragraph's length, they should not
be very long.
Paragraphs begin on new lines and they are usually intended from the margin. Opening
paragraphs should introduce the topic about which you are writing. And the closing one
should sum up what you have been writing about.

1. Minor sentences

Rubbish!

No pain, no gain.

2. Subject
They own several flats in the area.
Skating is her latest hobby.
Anne has become engaged to Peter.
To study hard should be your main concern.
There is no sense in this.
Where we go has not yet been decided.
It was a complete disaster.
Teachers from local schools protested against the school closures.
My cousin Jack knows two of the accident victims.
Many disenchanted workers resigned right away.

3. Predicate
The old lady slipped on the ice.
He left suddenly without warning.
The soldiers moved slowly and cautiously.
The young man was violent and vindictive.
The lorry broke down yesterday on the motorway.
The teacher punished both pupils.
Jack quickly telephoned the police.
She recovered from her terrible injuries in time.
The heavy rain battered against the cottage windows all day and all night.

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9/2/22, 17:35 Week 1 - Word Power - Evernote

4. Direct objects or indirect objects?

The applicant gave the official the necessary information. Direct object

Each guest brought a bottle of wine. Direct object

She recognized an old colleague.

The child sent her mother a birthday card.

I know what you mean.

Pass our guest the bread, please.

She showed her friend her new outfit.

The result gave the team renewed confidence.

Send me the document, please.

We had to tell her what happened.

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