RESEARCH 11

UNIT 3 Lesson 2 CAGAYAN STATE

UNIVERSITY- LAL-LO
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Review of Related Literature and Studies
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

1.1. Differences between related literature and studies
1.2. Foreign literature and local literature
1.3. Steps in Reviewing Related literature
1.4. Tips in Organizing the Review

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 CAPTURING THE CONCEPT
INTRODUCTION.

The review of related literature one of the components of a research process. An investigator needs
to review write-ups, readings, and studies related to his present study to determine the similarities and
differences of the findings between the past and present studies. This also aims to get insight into the
aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial. Likewise, a review of related legal bases,
literature, and studies provide the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been
studied and not yet studied. It also assists him on what to do on the components of the research process.
This also gives him ideas to proceed with his study until its completion.
Furthermore, the investigator should have the ability to compare between what he should read and
include in his study and what he should not read and does not need to include in his study. Basically, the
investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to his study.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:

Differentiate between scholarly and non-scholarly articles;

Review the related literatures and related studies that fit your research work;

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Review of Related Literature and Studies
 HUNTING FOR INFORMATION
1.1. Difference between related literature and studies

RELATED LITERATURE
Literature may be defined as “Written works collectively, especially those enduring importance,
exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill which are written in a particular period, language, and
subject (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976). In other words, any written materials published in book,
journal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, and encyclopedia are considered as literature.

The related literature is a section in a research paper, thesis, dissertation, and research project in which the
sources are taken from books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry, and many others.

Similarly, the presentation of related literature is in chronological order from recent to past. Some
universities allow an arrangement of related literature by topic order while others are in alphabetical order.
The relevance of each literature presented to the present study is also explained. It is unscientific if related
literature are presented and of no explanation at the relevance to the present study.

The examples of related literature are as follows:

EXAMPLES OF RELATED LITERATURE

TITLE: Assessment of Facilities Management Practice in the Hospitality Industry in Anambra
State Using Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation Standards

1. Alexander (1996) defines Facilities Management as ‘the process by which an organization ensures that
its buildings, systems and services support core operations and processes as well as contribute to
achieving its strategic objectives in changing conditions. It focuses on meeting users’ needs to support the
key role of people in organizations, and strives to continuously improve quality, reduce risks and ensure
value for money. It is clearly an important management function and business service. Major
organizations worldwide use it as part of their strategy for restructuring to provide a competitive edge. It
can also ensure that buildings and support services improve customer responsiveness and contribute to
business objectives. Becker (1999) [Cited in Cowan (2001)] defined facilities management as “being
responsible for coordinating all efforts relating to planning, designing and managing buildings and their
systems, equipment and furniture to enhance the organization’s ability to compete in a rapidly changing
world”. This definition focuses on building and tries to make FM wider than necessary. Nonetheless, this
definition can be compared with RICS definition, which is “the total management of all services that
support the core business of an organization”. This definition emphasizes space management, which was

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Review of Related Literature and Studies
missing in IFMA’s definition but also failed to identify facilities management as one of the strategic tools
that can be used in turning a company around. Spedding (1999) accepted the definition of facilities
management as adopted by International Facilities Management Association (IFMA) in its early days as -
“the practice of coordinating the physical workplace with the people and work of the organization,
integrating the principles of business administration, architecture and behavioral and engineering
sciences”. This definition focuses on unity in diversity that must necessarily be a concern in organizations
and achieving such by tapping on the knowledge and capability of various professionals. The real business
area of facilities management was not highlighted which include space management and support service
management.

2. TITLE: Identifying key success competencies for the hospitality industry: the perspectives
of professionals

As previously stated, many scholars have investigated hospitality competencies from an array of
perspectives. This section provides a definition of what constitutes a competency, an overview of
competency models, and a review of the most notable competency studies in the hospitality and tourism
literature. Many competency definitions have surfaced over the years in the academic literature. One of
the most cited definitions is one suggested by Boyatzis (1982) who defines competency as “an underlying
characteristic of a person which results in effective and/ or superior performance in a job (p. 97).”
Similarly, Spencer and Spencer (1993) described a competency as “an underlying characteristic of an
individual that is causally related to 2 S. MARNEROS ET AL. criterion-referenced effective and/or
superior performance in a job or situation (p. 9).” According to Dessler (2009) competencies enable
employees to work more effectively. Further, Y-F. Wang (2013) suggested that competencies can enhance
career management and satisfaction, while Weinland et al. (2016) argued that competencies can contribute
to a company’s overall operational and financial success. Competencies can also increase employees’
confidence when managing critical issues and meeting organizational revenue goals (Cetin et al., 2016).
In a recently published work, Bharwani and Talib (2017) defined competencies as “motives, traits, self-
concepts, attitudes, and knowledge (p. 396).” As the connection between competencies and organizational
performance becomes evident, identifying the most important competencies is an integral part of career
development in the hospitality industry. Further on this issue, Tas (1988) defined competence as the
performance of duties based on one’s ability to accomplish specific job-related tasks and assume the role
connected to a particular position. Kay and Russette (2000) found that the number of essential
competencies falls under all five of Sandwith’s fundamental (Sandwith, 1993) Competency Domains.
Specifically, it was found that essential competencies for the hospitality industry can be categorized under
the domains of leadership, interpersonal, conceptual – creative, administrative, and technical skills. Note
that leadership and interpersonal skills are competencies essential to more than one functional area and
management level. As Sandwith’s model is extensively used by many studies, it has become the standard
framework used in assessing competencies for the hospitality industry. The complex nature and diversity
of managerial work confirm that there are many variations of the meaning of the word “competency” in
the managerial literature (Hoffmann, 1999; Karpin, 1995; Martin & Staines, 1994; Miller, 1998; Wallace
& Hunt, 1996). Thus, competency generally refers to the knowledge, skills, performance abilities, and
motives required to perform a job effectively and efficiently (Dalton, 1997; Perdue et al., 2001; Quinn et
al., 2003).

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Review of Related Literature and Studies
1.2. Foreign Literature and Local Literature
Foreign Literature- consists of foreign or from another country news, information websites, and articles
that are relevant to the people and is shared from the people often refers to public news articles which also
showed necessary data to help determine and support the research of yours.

Local Literature- are derived from our local news media or our own public government sites.

These two are essential when it comes to backing up your Research, especially when only few have
conducted the same topic you are pursuing. Providing enough or more than enough related literature and
studies will surely help prove a point and as to why it is relevant and why would your study be continued.

1.3. Steps in Reviewing Related Literature

A summary of the steps you can use in conducting your literature are as follows:

1. Identify, select ad list the key words or concepts

2. Access relevant references
3. Consult libraries and other information depositories
4. Prepare a note card or index card for each reference material consulted, code the cards using the key
words.
5. As you read make brief notes and pay attention to the problem procedure, design, result or just
the summary for theoretical opinions
a. Choose a referencing style and be consistent with it
b. Dwell more on primary sources of information
c. Consult the most recent references first
d. Read the abstract and/or summary of any referenced material
6. Organize and write-up all the insights

1.4 Tips in Organizing the Review

A review is not just putting together of literature or arranging these chronologically

Make an outline of the topics to be presented.

Classify the pertinent information you have gathered into topics
Interrelate or group similar findings
Compare and contrast findings where appropriate

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Start the review by introducing an idea relevant to the topic and use the reviewed literature to
clarify, augment, support or contradict the idea.
Present one idea per paragraph
Do not include literature that has no bearing on the problem.
Provide smooth transition using transitional devices (e.g. in contrast, however, on the other hand,
nevertheless).
Padded reviews are undesirable
Cite results but never tabulated data
Do not cite opinion of an author unless it is essential as in an argument but cite the result first that
formed the basis of the opinion.
Avoid old publications (5 to 10 years as much as possible). Technical journals are more
authoritative than popular journals.

References: Aquino, G. (2015). Essentials of Research and Thesis Writing

Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. (2007). Research methods and thesis writing.
Cristobal, A. & Cristobal, M. (2013). Research Made Easier: A step by step
process.
Handouts distributed by Nargloric C. Utanes (2018-19). CSU Aparri
Tuarabian, K. (2015). Manual for writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
dissertation
https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitality_Industry

END

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