5128_ch10ansTE_pp681-685.

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Additional Answers 681

(c) We seek to minimize y as a function of t, so we compute 22. (a) y

dx/dt
2t  2, which is negative for 2  t  1 and positive for
1  t  3. There is a relative minimum at t
1, where
(x, y)
(1, 6).
19. (a) y

x
1

(b) (ln(50), ln(400))
(3.912, 5.991)

(c) We seek to maximize x as a function of t, so we compute dx/dt
1/t,
(b) (2, 0) which is positive for all t  0. There is an endpoint maximum at
(c) We seek to maximize x as a function of t, so we compute dx/dt
t
10, where (x, y)
(ln(50), ln(400)).
2 cos t, which is positive for 0  t  /2 and negative for /2 
t  . There is a relative maximum at t
/2, where (x, y)
(2, 0).
20. (a) Section 10.2
y
Exercises 10.2
33. Velocity: 3 sin 3t, 2 cos 2t; acceleration: 9 cos 3t, 4sin 2t

x
1
[–1.6, 1.6] by [–1.1, 1.1]
0 ≤ t ≤ 2p
(b) (0, 2) 34. Velocity: 4cos 4t, 3sin 3t; acceleration: 16 sin 4t, 9 cos 3t
(c) We seek to minimize y as a function of t, so we compute dy/dt

2 sec t tan t, which is negative for 1  t  0 and positive for 0 
t  1. There is a relative minimum at t
0, where (x, y)
(0, 2).
21. (a) y

[–1.6, 1.6] by [–1.1, 1.1]

0 ≤ t ≤ 2p

35. (a) Velocity: 4 cos 4t cos t  sin t sin 4t, 2 cos 2tt
/4
22, 0;
x
speed: 22
(b)

(b) (0, 1)
[– 4, 4] by [–1.2, 1.2]
(c) We seek to maximize y as a function of t, so we compute dy/dt

0 ≤ t ≤ 2p
2sin(2t), which is positive for 1.5  t   and negative for  
t  4.5. There is a relative maximum at t
, where (x, y)
(0, 1). (c) To the right
36. (a) v(t)
et  et, et  et
dy/dt et  et e2t  1
(b) lim
lim
lim
1
t→ dx/dt t→ et  et t→ e2t  1
(c) For any t,
x2  y2
(et  et)2  (et  et)2

e2t  2  e2t  (e2t  2  e2t)

4.
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682 Additional Answers

(d) The velocity at t
0 is 0, 2. The acceleration vector is cos t, sin t, which has slope tan t.
The velocity slope is the negative reciprocal of the position and
acceleration slopes, so velocity is orthogonal to position and
to acceleration.
59. (a) The particles collide when t
2.
(b) First particle: v1(2)
1, 2, so the direction unit vector
is 1/5, 2/5.
[–9, 9] by [–6, 6] Second particle: v2(t)
3/2, 3/2, so the direction unit vector
0≤t≤3 is 1/2, 1/2.
60. (a) Referring to the figure, look at the circular arc from the point where
41. The parametric equations are t
0 to the point “m.” On the one hand, this arc has length given by
x
t3  t2  2 and y
t  sin(t)/  6. r0, but it also has length given by vt. Setting these two quantities
equal gives the result.

 vt
r0
vt
(b) v(t)
v sin , v cos and
r0 
 v2 vt v2 vt
 v2

a(t)
 cos ,  sin
 cos , sin
r0 r0 r0 r0 r0
vt
r0 
vt
r0

 
v 2
[0, 23] by [5, 10]
(c) From part (b), a(t)
 r(t). So, by Newton’s second law,
r0
0≤t≤3
 
v 2
F
m r. Substituting for F in the law of gravitation gives the
42. The parametric equations are r0
result.
x
(1/2) sin(4t)  7 and y
2 cos(2t)  4. vT
(Note: The particle traverses the figure-8 three times, finishing where (d) Set
2 and solve for vT.
r0
it started.) 2 r GM
(e) Substitute 0 for v in v2
and solve for T2
T r0
b
61. Let u
a, b be one of the vectors. It has slope , so the perpendicular
a
a
vector v must have slope  . Thus v
kb, ka for some nonzero
b
scalar k, and the dot product is u
v
a, b
kb, ka
[6, 8] by [1.5, 6.5]
kab  (kab)
0.
0≤t≤3 62. (a) The diagram shows, by vector addition, that v  w
u, so
w
u  v.
44. (a) Velocity: 2, 2; speed: 6 (b) This is just the Law of Cosines applied to the triangle, the sides of
(b) x2  y2
1 which are the magnitudes of the vectors.
(c) The upper part of the right branch: (c) By the HMT Rule, w
u1  v1, u2  v2. So
u2  v2  w2
(u12  u22)  (v12  v22)
 [(u1  v1)2  (u2  v2)2]

u12  u22  v12  v22  [u12  2u1v1  v12
 u22  2u2v2  v22]

2u1v1  2u2v2
[–1, 3.7] by [–1, 3.1]

2(u1v1  u2v2)
0 ≤ t < 1/2 (d) From part (b), w2
u2  v2  2uvcos , so u2  v2  w2

2uvcos .
From part (c), u2  v2  w2
2(u1v1  u2v2). Substituting, we
46. (a) cos t, 2 sin(2t) get 2(u1v1  u2v2)
2uv cos , so u
v
u1v1  u2v2
(b) t

2 and t
3
2
uv cos .
(c) y
1  2x2
(d)
Section 10.3
Exercises 10.3
1.
[–2, 2] by [–1.5, 1.5]
0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

et cos t  et sin t
47. (a) 
et sin t  et cos t t
/2

1
58. The position vector is cos t, sin t, which has slope tan t. [–3, 3] by [–2, 2]
1 (d) (1, 1)
The velocity vector is sin t, cos t, which has slope  . (a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 0) (c) (0, 0)
tan t
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Additional Answers 683

2. 11. 12.

[–9, 9] by [–6, 6] [–3, 3] by [–2, 2] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4]

0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p

2, 3/2)
(a) (33 (b) (3, 4) (c) (1, 0) , 3)
(d) (3
cardioid cardioid
3.
13. 14.

[–6, 6] by [–4, 4]
[–3, 3] by [–2, 2] [– 4.5, 4.5] by [–3, 3]
(a) (2, 3
4) or (2, 5
4) (b) (2, 
3) or (2, 2
3) 0≤u≤p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
(c) (3, 
2) or (3, 5
2) (d) (1, ) or (1, 0) rose rose

4. 15. 16.

[–9, 9] by [–6, 6] [– 4.5, 4.5] by [–3, 3] [–3, 3] by [–2, 2]

0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
   
4 4
(a) (2, 7
6) or (2, 
6) (b) 5, tan1 or 5,   tan1 limaçon limaçon
3 3
(c) (2, 3
2) or (2, 
2) (d) (2, 0) and (2, 2) 17. 18.

5. 6.

[–3, 3] by [–2, 2] [–1.5, 1.5] by [–1, 1]

–p / 4 ≤ u ≤ p / 4 0≤u≤p/2
[–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] lemniscate lemniscate
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
19. 20.
7. 8.

[–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] [–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [– 4.5, 4.5] by [–3, 3]

[–6, 6] by [–4, 4]
0≤u≤p 0≤u≤p
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
circle circle
9. 10. 31. 32.

[–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4]

0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
It is a parabola. It is a parabola.
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684 Additional Answers

33. 34. 67. (a)

[–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] [–9, 9] by [–6, 6]

0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p (b)
It is a parabola. It is a parabola.

35. 36.

[–9, 9] by [–6, 6]
(c) The graph of r2 is the graph of r1 rotated counterclockwise about the
[–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [–6, 6] by [–4, 4] origin by the angle .
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 68. (a)
It is a hyperbola. It is an ellipse.
37. 38.

[–9, 9] by [–6, 6]
The graphs are ellipses.
[–6, 6] by [–4, 4] [–6, 6] by [– 4, 4] (b) As k → 0, the graph approaches the circle of radius 2 centered at the
origin.
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
69. (a)
It is an ellipse. It is a hyperbola.
57.

[–5, 25] by [–10, 10]

[–3, 3] by [–2, 2] The graphs are hyperbolas.

(b) As k → 1, the right branch of the hyperbola goes to infinity and “dis-
0 ≤ u ≤ p for the circle
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p for the cardioid appears.” The left branch approaches the parabola y2
4  4x.
70. (a)

/3 1
((3 cos )2  (1  cos )2) d

/3 2
58.

[–9, 9] by [–6, 6]

The graphs are parabolas.

(b) As k → 0, the limit of the graph is the negative x-axis.
[–6, 6] by [–4, 4]
71. d
[(x2  x1)2  (y2  y1)2]1/2
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p
[(r2 cos 2  r1 cos 1)2  (r2 sin 2  r1 sin 1)2]1/2

 1 and then simplify using trigonometric identities.
((2)2  (2(1  sin ))2) d
4.858
0 2 73. (dx/d)2  (dy/d)2
59.
( f () cos   f() sin )2  ( f () sin   f() cos )2

( f () cos )2  ( f() sin )2  ( f () sin )2  ( f() cos )2

( f())2 (sin2   cos2 )  ( f ())2 (cos2   sin2 )

( f())2  ( f ())2
r2  ( dr/d)2

[–3, 3] by [–2, 2] Quick Quiz (Sections 10-1–10-3)

0≤u≤p
1

4. (a) Area
(  sin 2)2 d
4.382
2 0

 1 (b) 2
r cos 
(  sin 2) cos  ⇒ 
2.786
Area
(2 sin 3)2d

0 2 (c) The graph is getting closer to the origin for those values of .

d/d(2 sin 3 sin )

Slope

d/d(2 sin 3 cos )

/4
1


2
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Additional Answers 685

  17
(d) Maximize r
  sin 2 for 0    2 . 47. (a)
3.238
4
dr 32

1  2 cos 2
d (b) x-component:
1  2 cos 2
0 162
1 52
cos 2
 y-component: 
2 162
 x2 y2

(c) 9 
1
3 25
dr  dr 51. (a) r(t)
t2  , cos(t2  )
Since
1  2 cos 2  0 for 0    and
1  2 cos 2  0 (b) At this point t2  
4, so t
4 .
d 3 d
   Speed
 (2t)2 (2t(
sin(t2  ))2t

4
2.324
for 3    2 , there is a maximum of r when 
3 by the First 52. (a) vA(t)
1, 2 and vB(t)
3/2, 3/2

1t
3
Derivative test. The curve is farthest from the origin when 
3 . (b)  (2
 4) dt
6.1262
0
(c) Setting xA
xB, we find that t
4. Plugging t
4 into yA and yB,
we find that both values are the same (4). Thus, the particles collide
Review Exercises
when t
4. (Note: If you graph both paths, they will cross at (1, 1).
15. 16. However, the particles are there at different times.)
53. (a) Area


1
 4
d

0 2 1  sin 
2 32
3 
(b) The polar equation is equivalent to r  r sin 
4. Thus,
r
4  r sin 
r2
(4  r sin )2
[–3, 3] by [–2, 2] [–4.5, 4.5] by [–3, 3] x2  y2
(4  y)2
0 ≤ u ≤ 2p 0 ≤ u ≤ 2p x2  y2
16  8y  y2
Cardioid Convex limaçon 8y
16  x2

x2
4


32
17. (a) 18. (a) (c) Area
2  dx, which, indeed, is .
4 8 3

[–1.5, 1.5] by [–1, 1] [–3, 3] by [–2, 2] APPENDIX

0 ≤ u ≤ 2p –p / 2 ≤ u ≤ p / 2
4-petaled rose Vertical line
Section A3
19. (a) 20. (a)
1. a c b
x
4 1 4
9 2 7

d
1/18
[–1.5, 1.5] by [–1, 1] [–1.5, 1.5] by [–1, 1]
2. = ? >
0≤u≤p/2 0≤u≤p
Lemniscate Circle ( )
33. r2 cos2   4r2 sin2 
16, or 2.7591 3 3.2391

16 d
0.2391
r2

cos2   4 sin2  3. d
0.39 4. d
0.36
39. (a) v(t)
4 sin t, 2  cos t and a(t)
4 cos t, 2  sin t 5. (2.01, 1.99); d
0.01 6. (0.19, 0.21); d
0.19
(b) 3 7. (3, 15); d
5
40. (a) v(t)
3 sec t tan t, 3 sec2 t and 8. (4.5, 3.5 ); d
4.5
  2
0.121
a(t)
3(sec t tan2 t  sec3 t), 23  sec2 t tan t 9. (a) 4
(b) 3 (b) d
0.05
41. Speed
v(t)
 
  
t
(1  t2)3/2
2

1
(1  t2)3/2
2 1

2
1t
10. (a) 2
(b) d
1/12
1 11. (a) sin 1
0.841
The maximum value of is 1, when t
0.
1  t2
(b) d
0.018
et sin t
42. r(t)
et cos t, et sin t, with slope
tan t. 12. (a) 1/3
et cos t
(b) d
0.155
v(t)
et cos t  et sin t, et sin t  et cos t
2et cos t 13. d
min {1  1,  e 1  e  1}
1
a(t)
2et sin t, 2et cos t, with slope t

2e sin t


1  3e 

tan t 3 3
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the angle is always 90°. 14. d
min 3  ,  3
1  3e