BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1) NCERT Class XII Text Book for Chemistry

2) Chemistry Laboratory
Laboratory Manual Class
Class XII !"C "ubli#ations
"ubli#ations

$) %%%&s#rib'&#om

() %%%&s#holasti#&#om

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I %oul' like to thank my tea#her for her
aluable *ui'an#e &I %oul' also like to thank my +arents for their
su++ort an' +atien#e also I am in'ebte' to my frien' an'
#lassmates for hel+in* me out in the +re+aration of the +ro,e#t
&-n#e a*ain my sin#ere thanks to eeryone inole' as this
+ro,e#t %oul' not hae been +ossible %ithout their #ontribution&
AIM:

 To 'etermine *lu#ose #ontent in 'i.erent bis#uits /+referably of

'i.erent bran's)&

MATERIALS REQUIRED0

am+le of bis#uit "estle an' mortar Test tube Tri+o' stan'

Bene'i#ts rea*ent 3ehlin*s rea*ent
THEORY:

4hen %e think of su*ar %e +robably +i#ture the %hite *ranules

you +ut in #ookies that your +arents +ut in #o.ee or that you +ut
on your #ereal& !#tually this is ,ust one kin' of su*ar #alle'
su#rose %hi#h is extra#te' from su*ar #ane or su*ar beets&
 Te#hni#ally su*ar is a #arbohy'rate that o##urs naturally in eery
fruit an' e*etables& It is the ma,or +ro'u#t of +hotosynthesis the
+ro#ess by %hi#h +lant transform suns ener*y into foo'&

5lu#ose is another ty+e of su*ar an' is ery im+ortant

bio#hemi#al& 3or one thin* *lu#ose is the only fuel use' by brain
#ells& 5lu#ose is also an im+ortant sour#e of ener*y for mus#le
an' other tissue in the bo'y&

 The *lu#ose in your bloo' #omes from foo' you eat& Com+lex
#arbohy'rates foun' in +asta or #ereals for exam+le are lon*
#hains of su*ar mole#ules that are broken 'o%n by en6ymes to
sim+le su*ars su#h as *lu#ose& u#rose or table su*ar is also
broken 'o%n to form *lu#ose& Be#ause #arbohy'rates an' su#rose
in foo' are broken 'o%n to form *lu#ose the leel of *lu#ose in
our bloo' *oes u+ after you eat&

Like most of the #hemi#als in your bloo' the leel of *lu#ose

must be ti*htly #ontrolle' &The leel of *lu#ose in your bloo' is
#ontrolle' by insulin a hormone ma'e in the +an#reas& Too little
*lu#ose an' your brain an' other or*ans %ill not hae the ener*y
they nee' to fun#tion &too mu#h *lu#ose in the bloo' #an #ause
'iabetes %hi#h is a serious an' *ro%in* health +roblem in %orl'&

3oo' +ro'u#t #an be teste' to 'etermine %hether they #ontain

re'u#in* su*ars throu*h test kno%n as Bene'i#ts test or
3ehlin*s test &these test #an also be use' to 'etermine if su*ar is
+resent in #ertain bo'ily 7ui's su#h as urine %hi#h is im+ortant
for 'ia*nosti# testin*&
WHAT IS A REDUCING SUGAR?

!ny su*ar that forms an al'ehy'e or ketone in the +resen#e of an

alkaline solution is a re'u#in* su*ar&

 Ty+es of re'u#in* su*ars in#lu'e *lu#ose fru#tose

*ly#eral'ehy'es la#tose arabinose an' maltose&

BENEDICT’s TEST

 To test the +resen#e of re'u#in* su*ars a foo' sam+le is

'issole' in boilin* %ater& Next a small amount of Bene'i#ts
rea*ent is a''e' an' the solution be*ins to #ool& 8urin* next (91:
minutes the solution shoul' be*in to #han*e #olor& If the #olor
#han*es to blue then no *lu#ose is +resent &If a hi*h amount of
*lu#ose is +resent then #olor #han*e %ill +ro*ress to *reen
yello% oran*e re' an' then a 'ark re' or bro%n&

FEHLING’S TEST

 To #arry 3ehlin*s test the solution is 'ilute' in %ater an' %arme'
until fully 'issole' &Next 3ehlin*s solution is a''e' %hile
stirrin*& If re'u#in* su*ars are +resent the solution shoul' be*in
to #han*e #olor as rust or re' #olore' +re#i+itate forms& If
re'u#in* su*ars are not +resent the solution %ill remain blue or
*reen&

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Re'u#in* su*ar test su#h as Bene'i#ts test an' 3ehlin*s test #an
be use' to 'etermine %hether su*ars are +resent in urine %hi#h
#an be in'i#atie of 'iabetes mellitus they #an also be use' in a
;ualitatie manner su#h as in titration ex+eriment to 'etermine
the amount of re'u#in* su*ar in solution &
PROCEDURE

1& Take sam+le of bis#uit an' #rush it

2& Take <ml of solution of 3ehlin*s rea*ent in a test tube&

$& !'' 29$ *rams of the #rushe' sam+le of bis#uits an' a'' to the
solution

(& "ut the test tube in %ater bath

<& Re+eat this for Bene'i#ts test&

OBSERVATIONS

M#ities =a++y =a++y Britania

Bene'i#ts Mustar' 8ark Mustar' Bro%nish re'
3ehlin*s Bro%n Mustar' Bro%n 8ark bro%n

INFERENCE

Britania #ontain the maximum amount of *lu#ose follo%e' by

M#ities Britania #ontains the least *lu#ose of all the three
Prec!"#$%s:

1& 4ei*hin* of the sam+le an' rea*ents shoul' be a##urately

'one

2& Rinse the test tube +ro+erly

$& Test tube shoul' not be 'isturbe' till the #olor #han*es

(& Take 'o%n the #olor rea'in*s from the sam+le #arefully from
the #olor s#ale +roi'e' on the rea*ent bottle&