DYEING

OF
FABRICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT IN CHEMISTRY

Submitted by
ABHIRAM H
XII ‘B’
at

PRESIDENCY SCHOOL BANGALORE SOUTH

2020-21

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 CERTIFICATE

Name: ABHIRAM H                                 Class: XII B

Roll no:
Institution: Presidency School Bangalore South

This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine project

work named "Dyeing of Fabrics” has been carried out solely,
sincerely, and satisfactorily by ABHIRAM H of Grade XIIB.
 

Teacher In-charge                         External Examiner

Principal

Date:                                     Institution Rubber Stamp

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement and
timely suggestions offered by our principal
Ms. J Bhuvaneswari.
I extend my gratitude for giving me the opportunity to make
use of the facilities available in the campus to carry out the
project successfully.
I would like to thank my chemistry teacher Ms. Shailaja for
able guidance and support provided throughout this
assignment.
I would also like to thank, the chemistry lab assistant, for the
assistance in setting up of the instruments and chemicals and
helping me complete the project in a timely manner.
I would also like to thank the management of Presidency
School Bangalore South for having given me the opportunity
to use the facilities provided by the school.
I would like to specially thank my parents for their constant
support and encouragement without which I would not be
here today.
Lastly I extend my thanks to one and all who were directly or
indirectly involved in the successful completion of this
project.
                                                              Signature of the candidate

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 CONTENTS

Sl. No. TOPIC Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 TYPES OF DYES 6

3 THEORY 7

4 EXPERIMENT 8

5 PROCEDURE 9-10

6 RESULT 11

7 PRECAUTIONS 12

8 BIBILIOGRAPHY 13

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 INTRODUCTION
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on the entire
textile materials such as fibres, yarns, and fabrics with the
goal of achieving colour with desired colour fastness. Dyeing
is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and
particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the
fibre by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature
and time being key controlling factors.
The primary source of dye, historically, has been nature, with
the dyes being extracted from animals or plants. Since the
mid-19th century, however, artificial dyes have been
produced to achieve a broader range of colours and to
render the dyes more stable to washing and general use.

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 TYPES OF DYES
Textile dyes can be classified into different groups based on
their chemical compositions.
1.  Acid dyes are used mainly for dyeing wool, silk, and
nylon.
2. Direct (substantive) dyes have strong affinity for
cellulose fibres.
3. Mordant dyes require the addition of chemical
substances, such as salts, to give them an affinity for the
material being dyed. They are used with cellulosic fibres,
wool, or silk after such materials have been treated with
metal salts. 
4. Sulfur dyes are used to dye cellulose. They are
inexpensive but produce colours lacking brilliance. 
5. Azoic dyes are insoluble pigments formed within the
fibre by padding, first with a soluble
coupling compound and then with a diazotized base.
6. Vat dyes being insoluble in water are converted into
soluble colourless compounds by means of alkaline
sodium hydrosulphite. Cellulose absorbs these
colourless compounds, which are subsequently oxidized
to an insoluble pigment. Such dyes are colourfast. 
7. Disperse dyes are suspensions of finely divided
insoluble, organic pigments used to dye hydrophobic
fibres such as polyesters, nylon, and cellulose acetates.

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 THEORY
Cotton fibres show good durability and utility. It is a stable
material; it stays undamaged even in the conditions of high
exposure of weak acids and alkalis. It has high water
absorbing capacity. Cotton fabrics are easy to dye, they have
very low elasticity characters. They are easy washable and
can be ironed even at very high temperatures.

Woollen fibres are high moisture absorbers too. They take

up moisture in vapour form. It generates heat when it
absorbs moisture. Each wool fibre is a molecular coil-spring,
making the fibre remarkably elastic. They have highly
durability and resilience.

Malachite Green is an organic compound that is used as a

dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in
aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for
materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Although called
malachite green, this dye is not prepared from the mineral
malachite - the name just comes from the similarity of
colour.
CHEMICAL FORMULA: [C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl
COMMON NAME: Triarylmethane dye.
STRUCTURE:

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 EXPERIMENT

AIM:
To dye cotton and woollen clothes with malachite green.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
o 500 ml beakers
o Tripod stand
o Wire gauze
o Glass rod
o Spatula
o Wool cloth
o Cotton cloth.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
o Na2CO3
o Tannic Acid {C76H52O46}
o Tartaremetic acid
o malachite green dye

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 PROCEDURE
o Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate.
Dissolve it in 250ml of water.

o Preparation of tartaremetic solution:

Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic solution.
Dissolve it in 100ml of water by stirring with the help of glass
rod.

o Preparation of tannic acid solution:

Take 100ml of water in a beaker
Add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it.
Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid is
obtained.

o Preparation of dye solution:

Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye.
Add to it 400ml of water.
Warming results in a clear solution of the dye.

I. Dyeing of wool:
1. Take about 200ml of dye solution and dip in it the
woollen cloth to be dyed.
2. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes.
3. After that remove the cloth and wash it with hot water
3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for dyeing.

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 II. Dyeing of cotton:
Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily, therefore
it requires the use of a mordant.
1. For dyeing a cotton cloth it must be dipped in sodium
carbonate solution for 10 minutes and then rinse with
water.
2. Then put the cloth in hot tannic solution for about 5
minutes.
3. Take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and keep
it in tartaremetic solution for about 5 minutes.
4. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula to
remove most of the solution.
5. Place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about
5 minutes.
6. Remove and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with
water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

III. Dyeing of cotton directly:

1. Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it directly
into boiling solution of the dye.
2. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes.
3. Remove the cloth, wash it with water, squeeze and
keep it for drying.

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 RESULT

FABRIC RESULT
Wool The dye is adsorbed quickly
Cotton (directly) The dye is adsorbed slowly and
gives low intensity colouration
Cotton (NaHCO3 + The dye is adsorbed fast with a
Tannic acid) better intensity

Thus, from the above table, we can note that wool adsorbs
dye fastest whereas cotton adsorbs dye only on indirect
dyeing.

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 IMAGES

Boiling of Malachite Green Dyeing of Cotton Cloth

Dyeing of Wollen Cloth Dyed Cotton Cloth

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 PRECAUTION
 Let the Malachite Green solution boil properly for
about 8-10 minutes to get better results.

 While dyeing cotton directly, let the cotton cloth be

present in the dye for more than or equal to 2
minutes but not less.

 Using of solutions such as tartaremetic solution,

tannic acid solution must be eminent.

 Usage of gloves is preferable to ensure tidiness.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY
I collected the information for this project from the
following sources:
 www.wikipedia.org

 britannica.com

 www.seminarsomnly.com

 www.chemstudy.com

 NCERT CHEMISTRY CLASS 12 MANUAL

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