CS158-2 Activity #6

Instructions:

Research three (3) studies related to Artificial Intelligence (Medicine) and

another three (3) studies related to Artificial Intelligence (Education). For each
study, provide answers to the following items:

 Title
 Author(s)
 ISBN / Reference URL
 Problem
 Procedure
 Conclusion/Findings
 Benefits
 Opinion about the study

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 Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #1

Title: CAUSABILITY AND EXPLAINABILITY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN

MEDICINE

Author(s): Andreas Holzinger, Georg Langs, Helmut Denk, Kurt Zatloukal, and
Heimo Müller

ISBN / Reference URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/widm.1312

Problem: How people can trust the algorithm results from the input data?

Procedure: Causable explanatory AI which can allow users to understand the AI

algorithms' decision-making process. These were the general approaches of
explainable AI models.
Approach 1: Posthoc system which aim to provide specific decision — model-
agnostic
Approach 2: Ante-hoc system which aims to provide linear regression
Approach 3: Uncertainty provides a measure of how small perturbations of training
data
Approach 4: Attribution seek to link a particular output of the deep neural network
to input variables.
Approach 5: Activation maximization identifies input patterns that lead to maximal
activations relating to specific classes

Conclusion/Findings: In our economy, AI is already one of the main innovations. Like

the invention of the steam engine or electricity, it would introduce improvements.
Concerns over possible lack of power in the human-AI relationship, though, are rising.
For example, in serious situations immediately before an automobile crash, problems
such as autonomous driving and the uncertain decision-making of the driver. The
same goes for the issue of the degree to which medical decisions should or should be
endorsed or even taken by AI itself. It would be important to explain how a system
option has been made in certain situations and to determine the consistency of the
description.

Benefits: DL algorithms are very useful: autonomous driving, facial recognition,

comprehension of voice, recommendation systems, etc. are now running very well. It
is very hard for humans, though, to grasp how these algorithms concluded. In the
end, these are so-called models of the "black box." The dilemma is that, even though
we understand the basic concepts of mathematics,

Opinion about the study: For the benefit of most of us, Artificial Intelligence would
be a great way to improve the technologies relating to medical field. It is a faster way
to form solutions to problems even on the hardest ones, the problems that cannot be
solved by humans’ intelligence. However, many of us does not have the confidence
to trust the data involved in what we call Artificial Intelligence or commonly known as
the AI. They cannot trust this kind of technology is also known for trial and error,
there were no assurance it will work without any investigations made. This study
proves that explainability can turn into causability, causability can lends to
justification of how the users of AI can trust the results from the input data. The
explainability can examine of how the users can trust the certain result, it is basically,
explainability = examination of data while causability = justification of results.

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 Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #2

Title: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CARDIOLOGY: CONCEPTS, TOOLS AND

CHALLENGES - “THE HORSE IS THE ONE WHO RUNS, YOU MUST BE THE
JOCKEY”

Author(s): Erito Marques de Souza Filho, Fernando de Amorim Fernandes,

Celine Lacerda de Abreu Soares, Flavio Luiz Seixas, Alair Augusto Sarmet
M.D. dos Santos, Ronaldo Altenburg Gismondi, Evandro Tinoco Mesquita,
Claudio Tinoco Mesquita

ISBN / Reference URL: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?

script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2019005022109

Problem: Why does cardiology need artificial intelligence?

Procedure: Basic concepts and artificial intelligence was a generic database can be
arranged in a matrix of rows and columns. It was basically divided into three (3) types
of learnings: supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement. The following were the
tools and application of artificial intelligence in cardiology:
Tool 1: Support Vector Machine to predict with success the deterioration of
ventricular function in patients
Tool 2: Naive Bayes to predict the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular events
Tool 3: K-nearest neighbors compared the prediction of all-cause mortality in 10
years between the classical logistic regression
Tool 4: Genetic algorithms developed a wearable device to detect arrhythmias from
the information record of a single-lead electrocardiogram
Tool 5: Random Forests analyzed a database consisting of clinical and
electrocardiographic variables
Tool 6: K-means used a database consisting of clinical variables and
echocardiographic parameters for which two models
Tool 7: Artificial Neural Networks constructed a deep learning-based early warning
system
Tool 8: Gradient Boosting prediction of risk of bleeding after percutaneous coronary
intervention

Conclusion/Findings: In reality, AI has been shown to be a fundamental method for

modern cardiology clinical practice. Several applications have been successfully
carried out and have made substantial changes regarding personalized treatment
from a medical and therapeutic point of view. It is imperative that safe data be used
to be able to use those methods, which means a modern design. The essence of
these results, such as wearable devices and omic-data, is complex and includes new
sources. This current interactive ecosystem, on the other hand, involves information
acquisition that is not traditionally found in standard medical courses. A curricular
redesign is also necessary and should be the focus of a comprehensive discussion
and concrete acts.

Benefits: The core principle is to have improved resources, including better results,
for decision-making. It is a dynamically interactive and continuously modified data-
driven care management that would enable greater personalization of care59 and a
real-time appraisal of the patients' view of the health system, aimed at creating value
for the patient.

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 Opinion about the study: Cardiology is one of the beneficial professions in medical
field that Artificial Intelligence can be applied to, it is a profession wherein the most
difficult to perform surgeries due to its life and death possibilities. Artificial
Intelligence can adopt its field wherein it can help to recognize objects or organs,
veins (those can be cut and cannot be cut) especially in surgeries and those suctions.
It has a greater chance of having successful surgeries when AI is being applied to.
Other benefits or results can AI do is it can recognize sounds, the beating of the heart
and other sounds. The concepts and conclusion of this study can provide results and
which system is applicable to a certain problem, it can possibly predict risks,
sensitivity, variables, and events. However, the prediction can be performed well if
the algorithm is inputted correctly and accurately, supervision learning is the key
included in this study to improve data which can possibly terminate the capability of
Artificial Intelligence or AI.

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 Artificial Intelligence Study on Medicine #3

Title: ARTIFICIAL INTEFFIGENCE IN RADIOLOGY: DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Author(s): Charles E. Kahn, Jr, MD

ISBN / Reference URL:

https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiographics.14.4.7938772

Problem: Identify salient features in the radiologic images

Procedure: The procedure selection was to help radiologists or referring physicians

select the most appropriate imaging procedure; considerations include the efficacy,
costs, and risks of the various possible procedures. The following were the decision
support techniques and applications
Approach 1: Icon a rule-based expert system, helps radiologists with the process of
differential diagnosis of lung disease seen on chest ra- diagraphs in patients with
lymphoproliferative disorders.
Approach 2: Phoenix is a rule-based expert system that helps physicians plan
diagnostic imaging work-up strategies.

Conclusion/Findings: Integration is the future of human learning and artificial

intelligence applications in medicine. Help mechanisms for DCCISION that are built
into WIFI’s routine health roles have the greatest chance of changing patient
practice. Decision support systems can add value to clinical information systems and
consultations in the field of radiology. Radiology decision support systems are
prepared to increase the quality of medical treatment by integration of computer-
based health data.

Benefits: There are several various elements of expertise in the selection, study, and
analytical understanding of radiological samples, and these historically divided
aspects of the consultative process need to be merged. It is important to put the
roles of clinical care together to train the next generation of radiologists and to
provide the expertise on which the field of radiology Wi-Fi expands. Now recognized
as a significant target for health care, the computer-based medical record would
facilitate widespread clinical computation and provide a forum for combining clinical
records, photographs, laboratory results, Health literature and technologies for
decision support.

Opinion about the study: As Radiology improve the images of the bones and internal
cracks to clearly specify the diagnosis of the patients whether it is a first diagnosis or
second diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence can predict the most possible findings of the
patient, it considers the efficiency and lessen the misleading diagnosis of the patient.
AI in the profession of Radiology is a great method to increase the speed of giving
results and improve the quality of the image as this study aim to seek, the AI can
help to list all possible findings rather than the doctor diagnose the certain x-ray
images. Decision support system has an objective improving the object or somehow
the facial recognition of the different parts of the body but internally speaking.
Decision support system also provides prototype in criticizing illustrative examples
presented by the physicians and radiologists.

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 Artificial Intelligence Study on Education #1

Title: Can artificial intelligence transform higher education?

Author(s): Tony Bates, Cristóbal Cobo, Olga Mariño and Steve Wheeler

ISBN / Reference URL:

https://educationaltechnologyjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41239-020-
00218-x

Problem: What needs to be done to make AI more relevant to teaching and learning
in higher education?

Procedure: Diversity of perspectives is still one of the most powerful strategies for
approaching the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. These are the following
approaches leading to Artificial Intelligence to teaching and learning:
Approach 1: multidisciplinary research the number of multidisciplinary research
centers, this has not defined traditional research in higher education during, or prior
to, the 20 centuries.
Approach 2: Educators need to be more involved suggests that educators themselves
are not paying enough attention to the potential of AI.
Approach 3: The lack of ‘fit’ between current AI applications and modern educational
theories
Approach 4: The perceived threat to teachers and instructors

Conclusion/Findings: AI is a sleeping giant of schooling. 'Breakthrough' teaching and

studying AI technologies are unlikely to come from conventional higher education.
They are most likely to come from organizations from beyond the traditional post-
secondary structure. The main issue then is whether technology should strive to
replace teachers and educators by automation, or whether technology should be
used not only to empower teachers, but also to empower learners.

Benefits: The challenge seems to be enabling higher education to emerge fully into
the world of AI without compromising its core principles and values: developing the
capacity to avoid bias and to ensure diversity, protect privacy, develop transparent
data policies, integrate regular ethical data impact assessments of the systems
adopted and treating personal data as a fundamental right (at least allowing three
basic rights usus, abuses. Increasingly in this changing landscape, it will be critical
that higher education institutions become agile learning organizations capable of
quickly adopting new practices and dynamics.

Opinion about the study: The goal of this study was to explore the potential and real
effect on higher education of artificial intelligence (AI). In terms of the real effect, we
must infer that it is, at best, negligible on the evidence provided. On this study
submitted, few results of any important evidence-based impact of AI on post-
secondary or higher education teaching and learning. The key influence on the
prediction of student progress or loss has been. There was no credible proof of better
learning outcomes arising from AI implementations, or radical or even tangential
pedagogical improvements. It is true that we, as editors, were unhappy with the
results of our call for articles.

Artificial Intelligence Study on Education #2

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 Title: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TRENDS IN EDUCATION: A NARRATIVE
OVERVIEW

Author(s): Maud Chassignol, Aleksandr Khoroshavin, Alexandra Klimova, and

Anna Bilyatdinova

ISBN / Reference URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918315382

Problem: How can the students as well as the teachers cope up with the AI
applications in between K12 and university settings?

Procedure: It presents an overview of the state of the art in AI as a promising

technology to support educational process. We searched information manually and
classified findings:
Overview 1: Communication: using intelligent tutoring systems for appropriate
feedback
Overview 2: Assessment to track students’ performance
Overview 3: Teaching methods: from personalized learning to educational robots

Conclusion/Findings: It discusses the educational effect of Artificial Intelligence and

offers a viewpoint on this topic. It further discusses how the AI can help to decode
student issues and learn how to support them, to stimulate a community's creativity
and to design a modern educational experience.

Benefits: AI technology deployment offers many opportunities for vast open online
courses to be created. Assessing a vast range of activities, finding understanding and
training gaps will no longer be an issue for the introduction of smart systems. In
addition, it is getting more and more powerful to assess learning growth. Around the
same time, when the machine takes choices based on the huge numbers, these
smart evaluation systems can miss certain accurate but unusual special solutions. It
suggests that without a human coach, evaluation frameworks based on AI will not be
completely true in any possible scenario.

Opinion about the study: All around the globe, several initiatives dealing with AI are
being launched, being successfully permitted to use especially on education. This
study provided details explaining the introduction of AI on the market as a promising
technology in its annual report on emerging technologies. Pursuant of the ability to
use AI to accelerate decision-making, rethink market structures and environments,
and overhaul consumer service would drive the payoff. It cannot be a major problem
for the education sector, as it has always said that engagement with human-social
interaction is the essential part of successful research. The purpose of the study is to
describe the educational effect of AI and to present a broad perspective on this
subject. It also explains how the AI can help to decode student issues and learn how
to assist them, To develop a community's creativity and to create a modern
educational experience.

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 Artificial Intelligence Study on Education #3

Title: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ARTIFICIAL TEACHERS AND THE FATE OF

LEARNERS IN THE 21ST CENTURY EDUCATION SECTOR: IMPLICATIONS FOR
THEORY AND PRACTICE

Author(s): Ikedinachi Ayodele Power Wogu, Sanjay Misra, Esther Fadeke Olu-
Owolabi, Patrick A. Assibong, and Oluwakemei D. Udoh

ISBN / Reference URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjay_Misra2/publication/326679815_ARTIFICIA
L_INTELLIGENCE_ARTIFICIAL_TEACHERS_AND_THE_FATE_OF_LEARNERS_IN_THE_21ST_
CENTURY_EDUCATION_SECTOR_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_THEORY_AND_PRACTICE/links/5b5
e4855aca272a2d6745be2/ARTIFICIAL-INTELLIGENCE-ARTIFICIAL-TEACHERS-AND-THE-
FATE-OF-LEARNERS-IN-THE-21ST-CENTURY-EDUCATION-SECTOR-IMPLI-CATIONS-FOR-
THEORY-AND-PRACTICE.pdf

Problem: The study was inspired to answer these following problems:

i. Recent predictions foretell that the jobs of teachers as it is known today, will soon
be replaced by HLMI systems.
ii. The original essence of education is presently at the risk of extinction.
iii. The era of machine takeover will have adverse ontological and psychological
consequences on the minds of learners.
iv. There exist now, ‘an extinction risk fear’ that has shaken the foundation, essence,
and the values of educations in the 21st century.

Procedure: These are the general approaches to the problem in this study:
Approach 1: The emergence of automatic grading systems
Approach 2: The emergence of software for identifying and modifying courses
Approach 3: The Teacher, the Art of Teaching/Tutoring and the Artificial Teacher

Conclusion/Findings: The authors presented significant evidence and logical

explanations from the studies considered for the goals of this paper to argue that the
increasing proliferation of artificial teachers through HLMI systems is much more
harmful than beneficial to the fate of learners all over the world. The nature of
ontological and psychological ramifications credibility is applied to this submission to
influence society and learners. Among other aspects, prospective researchers should
concentrate on seeking ways to improve human intelligence to reduce the growing
uncertainties that contribute to the feeling of worker alienation.

Benefits: Related government departments, learning institutions and labor employers

are expected to prepare the skills and abilities of learners with this dispensation. In
comparison to the latest attempts aimed at competing with HLMI systems in today's
workplace, they would need to operate hand in hand and alongside intelligent
machines. Learning institutions should aim not to give artificial institutions greater
priority. Due to the adverse effects, teachers over individual teachers/tutors. It has
been shown that efforts to replace humans have been correlated with
Artificial Teachers of Teachers.

Opinion about the study: Education has been regarded as the capacity to transfer
information from one person to another by appropriate means. It is therefore the view
of this paper that, while the relationship between student and teacher in an
educational setting is one that may be described as 'so complex and human in
nature'. Theories and assumptions promoted regarding the increasing progress in AI

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 science, systems and the chances of face-to-face extinction are widely
underestimated, as most of the predations made about when robots can reach those
stages of progress have been shown not to be entirely accurate. However, using
Artificial Intelligence or AI in education may lead to lack of personal communication,
technological addiction, raising of high failure and dropouts and chances of cheating
can be visible to the students. Raising the improvements in educational tools can be
an advantage for the educators and establishment yet it can greatly affect the
students using the AI as it raises disadvantages of learning as well as personal
interaction to others.

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