The Island Arc (1998) 7, 231±245

Thematic Article
An outline of the petrology, structure and age of the Pompangeo Schist
Complex of central Sulawesi, Indonesia
CHRIS PARKINSON
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1,
Meguro, Tokyo 152, Japan

Abstract Variably dismembered and metamorphosed accretionary complexes constitute

the basement of much of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. The most extensive of these
is the Pompangeo Schist Complex, which crops out over  5000 km2 in central Sulawesi,
and is predominantly composed of interbanded phyllitic marble, calcareous phyllite,
graphitic schist and quartzite; rocks of terrigenous to shallow marine origin. Along the
eastern margin of the complex, schists are interthrust with unmetamorphosed Jurassic
sandstone, which may represent parental material of the complex. The schists are un-
conformably overlain by pelagic sediments with an Albian±Cenomanian biostratigraphy.
Synmetamorphic progressive deformation of the Pompangeo Schist Complex has re-
sulted in repeated isoclinal folding and a strong transposition foliation striking north-
northwest/south-southeast and dipping west, subparallel to the compositional banding
of the complex; microstructural fabrics indicate a top-to-east sense of shear. On a re-
gional scale the Pompangeo Schist Complex is lithostratigraphically coherent and an
east-to-west metamorphic ®eld gradient is recognizable, which, if continuous, repre-
sents a relatively low thermal gradient of  15 °C/km. K±Ar dating yielded ages of ca
111 Ma. Correlative metamorphic rocks appear to underlie the entire Neogene mag-
matic province, since they occur sporadically throughout western Sulawesi, including
the Bantimala region of the South Arm. The Pompangeo schist metamorphism cannot
be correlated with arc magmatism in western Sulawesi, which is of Neogene age. The
Pompangeo and Bantimala schists, as well as other accretionary complexes in western
Sulawesi, were probably generated in the same subduction system that was responsible
for the extensive Mesozoic continental arc in central Kalimantan, at the eastern margin
of Sundaland.

Key words: blueschist, Cretaceous, Indonesia, Pompangeo Schist Complex, Sulawesi,

Sundaland.

INTRODUCTION common with the Sanbagawa±Ryoke system of

Japan, the juxtaposition of an inner plutono-vol-
To metamorphic petrologists and plate tecton-
canic arc associated with high-temperature
icians the island of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes)
metamorphic rocks against an outer belt of
occupies a prominent position in the panoply of
blueschists has for many years been cited as a
circum-Paci®c high-pressure metamorphic belts.
type example of a paired metamorphic belt sys-
The recognition that the minerals jadeite (de
tem (Miyashiro 1961, 1973). Thus, the rocks of
Roever 1955) and ferrocarpholite (de Roever
Sulawesi have, in a broad sense, been important
1951) are important indicators of high-pressure
in formulating models of subduction zone dy-
metamorphism was ®rst described in rocks from
namics and metamorphism. Our knowledge of
central Sulawesi. More signi®cantly, and in
these rocks has not, however, been commensu-
Accepted for publication August 1997. rate with the importance afforded them.
232 C. Parkinson

The earliest investigations of the rocks of the Sanbagawa±Ryoke paired metamorphic belt
central Sulawesi were conducted by Dutch ge- system led some geologists to infer the presence
ologists and explorers before World War II of a clear structural demarcation, analogous to
(entertainingly summarized in Rutten (1927), and the Median Tectonic Line (MTL), separating the
by van Bemmelen (1949)). These studies sug- two belts. Accordingly, the authors of many
gested that the metamorphic rocks of the island paleogeographic reconstructions of the central
display a broadly bipartite distribution. A vari- Indonesian region (Audley-Charles 1974; Su-
ety of staurolite and sillimanite + andalusite kamto 1975; Hamilton 1979; Katili 1989) imply
+ cordierite-bearing amphibolites crop out that the contrasting metamorphic belts of Sul-
throughout western central Sulawesi (Egeler awesi were generated and juxtaposed in a single,
1947), where they are generally intimately as- simple west-dipping subduction zone. Evidence
sociated with granodioritic and monzonitic bod- for a direct causal relationship between the two
ies. By contrast, Brouwer (1947) noted that belts, however, has never been more than cir-
glaucophane-bearing `crystalline schists' consti- cumstantial.
tute the metamorphic basement in central and The apparent simplicity of the con®guration of
southeast Sulawesi, where they are associated metamorphic rocks in Sulawesi has been chal-
with massive ultrama®c bodies. Comparison with lenged by recent advances in our knowledge of

Philippine
0 500 km Sea
Plate

Celebes
Sea 0 100 200 km

KALIMANTAN
2˚
anes

SUNDALAND
NEW
GUINEA
Manado
SULAWESI
r
ter

CRATON
r
y

na
A ccretio Banda Sea
1000 m
NORTH ARM

AUSTRALIAN CRATON
0

Gulf of Gorontalo
Tinombo
Complex
Palu
Figure 2
Makassar EAST ARM
Palu-Koro Fault
Strait
Sula Platform
2˚

1000 m
Gulf of Tolo
Pompangeo Schist Complex
and correlative units
(Early Cretaceous)
Mekongga
Mountains Neogene magmatic arcs
and associated sediments

Latimodjong
Complex
SOUTHEAST Peleru Mélange Complex
ARM (Oligocene)
100

4˚
0m

Mesozoic
Sedimentary Rocks
Barru Complex

Bantimala East Sulawesi Ophiolite

Rumbia &
Complex Mendoke (?Cretaceous/Eocene)
Ujung Pandang Mountains
Kabaena Buton
SOUTH Sula Platform
(Paleozoic)
ARM
Gulf
Imbricated Tertiary
of sedimentary rocks
6˚
Bone
Fig. 1 Simpli®ed distribution of
120˚ 122˚ 124˚ lithotectonic units in Sulawesi.
 Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 233

their exact distribution and nature (Fig. 1). The 120˚40 121˚ 121˚20'

extension of directly correlative glaucophane- 0 10 20 30 40 km

bearing and other schists into the Southeast Arm

and the island of Kabaena was recognized and Gulf of Tomini
reported by de Roever (1950, 1953). Graphite-
Poso
bearing schists in the Rumbia Mountains in the 1˚20'
1
Southeast Arm (Fig. 1) have been the subject of EAST
Tokorondo 2
recent petrological study by Helmers et al. Mountains
3

(1989). In eastern central Sulawesi, Pompangeo ARM

Pompangeo
schists are overthrust by a serpentinite-matrix 4 Mountains
meÂlange containing blocks of amphibolite, meta- 1˚40' Wanaripalu
gabbro, jadeite-bearing metama®te and meta-
Figure 5 Mountains
6
Kruyt
chert with Oligocene metamorphic ages Lake Mountains
5 Kolonodale

(Parkinson 1996). Furthermore, glaucophane- Poso

bearing rocks are not restricted to eastern and

central Sulawesi but occur, with amphibolite and Tineba Mountains

eclogite, in two small tectonic windows in the 2˚

Barru and Bantimala areas of the South Arm,

where they are intercalated with slabs of ultra- Koro Ue
ma®c rocks and broken formations (together Mountains

known as the Bantimala Complex). The ®eld re-

lations, petrology and age of these rocks have Soroako

been reported by Wakita et al. (1996) and

2˚20'

SOUTHEAST
Miyazaki et al. (1996). Glaucophane- and lawso-
ARM
nite-bearing metabasites, schists and marbles Gulf of Bone
also crop out in the Latimodjong Mountains Neogene Sedimentary Cover Matano Broken Formation
(Late Cretaceous)
Kambuno Granodiorite
(Gisolf 1917; C. Parkinson unpubl. data, 1993), (Miocene) Pompangeo Schist Complex
where they constitute part of the Latimodjong East Sulawesi Ophiolite (Early Cretaceous)
(Cretaceous/Eocene) and Nanaka and Tetambahu
Complex. Rocks of this complex are apparently underlying metamorphic
units (Oligocene)
Formations (Jurassic)

distributed throughout western central Sulawesi

(Simandjuntak et al. 1991a, 1991b). Granulite,
garnet peridotite and eclogite of uncertain age
and origin crop out in the ¯oor of the Palu±Koro
Fault valley, south of Palu (Helmers et al. 1990;
A. Kadarusman pers. comm., 1996).
Fig. 2 Highly simpli®ed geological map of central Sulawesi.
Numerals represent localities mentioned in the text. 1, S. Saatu,
northern Tokorondo Mountains; 2, S. Malei, northern Pompangeo
Mountains; 3, S. Bombalo, northern Pompangeo Mountains; 4,
S. Tomasa and S. Tompakoe, eastern margin of Poso depression;
5, Laa basin; 6, Towi Mountains.

(limestone and quartz-rich clastic sediments) and

THE POMPANGEO SCHIST COMPLEX
Most of the major mountain ranges and high-
lands with elevations exceeding 1000 m in cen-
tral Sulawesi are composed of rocks of the
Pompangeo Schist Complex. Schists crop out in a
series of north±south-trending ranges, which
comprise, from east to west: the Tokorondo,
Koro Ue, Kruyt, Wanaripalu, and Pompangeo
Mountains (Fig. 2). Large areas of these moun-
tains are covered by impenetrable jungle, tropi-
cal rainforest or cloudforest; this factor, allied
with limited accessibility and poor quality of
exposure resulting from pervasive tropical
weathering, severely hampers any detailed study
of the Pompangeo schists. Furthermore, the na-
ture of the predominating protolithologies
the small grain size of their recrystallized prod-
ucts ensure that the schists reveal little infor-
mation about metamorphic conditions. The
evident structural and lithological complexity
hinders interpretation of the fragmentary data
available. Accordingly, here I present no more
than a simple overview of the petrology and
structure of the Pompangeo Schist Complex
dominantly derived from a 50 km traverse across
the strike of the complex, in the Tokorondo,
Kruyt and Wanaripalu Mountains (Fig. 3), but
also including data from schists exposed in the
S. Saatu (S., sungai (river)) of the northern
Tokorondo Mountains, S. Malei and S. Bombalo
of the Pompangeo Mountains, the Majumba area
of the Laa basin and the S. Tomasa and
234 C. Parkinson
S. Tompakoe

120'30˚ 120'45˚
S. Poso 18˚
4˚ Pompangeo Mtns.
To k o r o n d o Mtns. S. Tonusu N
Poso 62˚

Depression S. Wimbi
24˚
1'45˚
Tentena 47˚
S. Udulemo 46˚ 25˚
Bada 45˚
34˚
Wanaripalu Mtns.
42˚ 19˚
22˚ Peyatua
Basin 63˚ S. Tora Kelei
48˚
67˚
88˚ 78˚ 60˚
Tonusu
71˚ 62˚
43˚ 56˚
83˚ 72˚ 23˚ 45˚ 48˚ 33˚
35˚
88˚ 54˚ Kruyt Mtns.
S. Puna S. Toka
45˚
63˚ 62˚
S. Malei
LAKE POSO 75˚ S. Jaentu
82˚ 52˚ 58˚
Peura 45˚

38˚
Jaentu
FM88 (qtz-fd sct): Qtz + oligoclase + Bt + Ms + Gr
FM89 (qtz-fd sc): Qtz + oligoclase + Bt + Ms + Gr + Act
FM87 (qtz-fd sct): Qtz + oligoclase + Bt + Ms + Gr

FM84 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Act + Bi + oligoclase

FM83 (ms sct): Ms + Bt + Qtz + Act + oligoclase

FM82 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Act + bt + oligoclase
FM79 (m/bas): Gln + Ep + Alm + Chl + Rt
FM75 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Ab + Chl + Ep
FM71 (ms sct): Ms + Cld + Chl + Alm + Gr

FM68 (m/bas): Gln + Lws + Ep + Alm + Rt + Ms

FM66 (ms sct): Ms + Qtz + Chl + Gln + Alm + Cld

FM65 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Chl + Gln + Ttn + Ep + Alm + Cld
FM64 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Chl + Gln + Ttn + Ep + Alm
FM63 (m/bas): Gln + Ep + Alm + Rt + Ms + Chl + Lws
FM62 (qtz-ms sct): Qtz + Ms + Chl + Gln+ Ttn + Ab

FM61 (m/bas): Gln + Alm + Ep + Ttn + Chl + Ab

FM55 (qtzite): Qtz + Ms + Cld + Ab
FM54 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Hem
FM49 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Hem
FM50 (mar): Cal + Ms + Ep + Chl + Gr
FM47 (ms sct): Ms + Ep + Chl + crossite + Gr

FM45 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl + crossite

LP8 (qtz-ms sct): crossite + Ep + Ms + Qtz + Chl

TE37 (qtz-ms sct): Ms + Qtz + crossite + Sps + Ep + Chl

TE47 (ms sct): Ms + crossite + Ep + Cal + Gr + Chl + Ttn
TE49 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl

TE48 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl

KK80 (m/bas): Lws + crossite + Sps + Chl + Ttn + Qtz

KK82 (m/bas): crossite + Lws + Sps + Chl + Ttn + Qtz
TE30 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl + Lws
TE29 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl + Lws

TE28 (m/cong): Qtz + Ms + Chl + Stp + Cal

TE27 (qtz-ms sct): Ms + Chl + Qtz + Gr + Ttn + Stp

TE26 (qtz-ms sct): Ms + Chl + Qtz + Gr + Ttn

TE25 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl

TE5 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl
TE4 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl

TE2 (ms sct): Ms + Chl + Cal + Gr + Stp + Ttn

TE3 (mar): Cal + Ms + Gr + Chl
42˚ S. Salua Basin
29˚ 24˚
63˚
6˚ 18˚
53˚ 42˚ 26˚
33˚
70˚
51˚ 49˚
No section 24˚
S. L

18˚ 42˚ Kamba

Taripa 9˚

Walati
Basin

TE8 (mar): Cal + Gr + Ms + Chl

TE7 (qtz-fd sct): Qtz + Ab + Stp + Chl + Ms + Hem

TE9 (qtz-fd sct): Qtz + Ab + Stp + Chl + Ms + Gr

TE10 (qtz-fd sct): Qtz + Ab + Stp + Chl + Ms + Gr
TE13 (m/tuf): Ab + Qtz + Stp + Chl + Ms + Hem
TE14 (m/tuf): Ab + Qtz + Stp + Chl + Ms + Hem
TE15 (phll): Ms + Chl + Cal + Qtz + Ab + Gr

TE51 (phll): Ms + Qtz + Cal + Hem + Chl

TE52 (phll): Ms + Qtz + Cal + Hem + Chl

TE54 (phll): Ms + Qtz + Cal + Ab + Hem + Chl

TE55 (phll): Ms + Qtz + Cal + Ab + Hm + Chl

PE3 (qtz sct): Qtz + Fe carpholite + Ms + Kln + Hem + Chl

KEY sample location Quaternary Qtz:quartz
alluvium Ms: white mica
ST foliation Gr: graphite
Chl: chlorite
Poso & Puna formations
village/kampung S2 foliation (Mio-Pliocene clastics) Cal: calcite
Stp: stilpnomelane
Hem: haematite
ML1 lineation Granodiorite
unsealed road/track (Mio-Pliocene western
Ab: albite
Kln: kaolinite
F1 folds Sulawesi magmatic province) Lws: lawsonite
fault Gln: glaucophane
Ep: epidote
Pompangeo Schist Complex Sps: spessartine
stream/river (S. = sungai = river) F2 folds (Early Cretaceous) Alm: almandine
Cld: chloritoid
qtz sct: quartz schist; phll: phyllite; m/tuf: Bt: biotite
metatuff; qtz-fd sct: quartzo-feldspathic schist; Act: actinolite
0 5 10 15 km mar: marble; ms sc: muscovite schist; qtz-ms Rt: rutile
sct: quartz muscovite schist; m/bas: metabasite; Ttn: titanite
qtzite: quartzite

Fig. 3 Mineral assemblages in samples and representative ®eld data for the Pompangeo Schist Complex along an  50 km traverse in the
Lake Poso region of central Sulawesi. For location see Fig. 2.

S. Tompakoe of the Poso depression. Previous rocks which constitute the base of the East Sul-
work on the schists is restricted to the recon- awesi Ophiolite. Overthrusting and emplacement
naissance expeditions of the Dutch geologist H. of the ophiolite on to the Pompangeo Schist
A. Brouwer and his coworkers (Brouwer 1934, Complex occurred in the Oligocene (Parkinson
1947) and the petrographic investigations of 1998). In the Pompangeo Mountains (S. Malei and
material collected during these campaigns S. Bombalo), ophiolitic tectonic meÂlange occurs
(Willems 1937; de Roever 1947). The Geological as small klippen atop highly deformed rocks of
Research and Development Centre in Bandung the Pompangeo Schist Complex.
has recently produced geological maps of central Throughout northern central Sulawesi, and
Sulawesi on a scale of 1:250 000 (Poso Sheet; especially in the Poso depression, the Pomp-
Simandjuntak et al. 1991a; Malili Sheet; Sim- angeo Schist Complex is directly overlain by
andjuntak et al. 1991b) Mio-Pliocene clastic sediments of the Puna For-
mation and Plio-Pleistocene reef limestones of
the Poso Formation.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The oldest rocks to unconformably overlie the
At the western margin in the Tokorondo Moun- Pompangeo Schist Complex are the unmeta-
tains, the Pompangeo Schist Complex over- morphosed but severely tectonized bituminous
thrusts the Kambuno granodiorite of the western limestones, calcilutites and shales of the Matano
Sulawesi magmatic province. Since the intrusive Broken Formation in eastern central Sulawesi
rocks are of Mio-Pliocene age (Simandjuntak (Koolhoven 1930; Sukamto & Simandjuntak 1983;
et al. 1991), overthrusting must have occurred no Parkinson 1991). The depositional ages of these
later than ca 10 Ma. Rocks at the eastern ex- rocks delimits the timing of exhumation of the
tremity of the Pompangeo Schist Complex are schists. Heterohelix and Globotruncana have
underthrust beneath an extensive nappe of been reported (Sukamto & Simandjuntak 1983),
variably disrupted and metamorphosed ophiolitic and preliminary biostratigraphic analysis of
 Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 235

planktonic foraminifera in tectonized limestones meters. East of Lake Poso the complex
from the Kolonodale region has indicated Albian is characterized, in descending order of abundance,
and Campanian to Maastrichtian ages (Cornee by variably micaceous and graphitic marble, cal-
et al. 1994). As well as pelagic carbonates, ra- careous phyllite, quartz±mica schist, phyllite, and
diolarian cherts and manganese nodules are rel- metaconglomerate with thin (generally < 10 m)
atively common in the Matano Formation, and discontinuous metabasic intrusions and meta-
radiolarian assemblages in cherts from the Sor- tuffaceous horizons. Lithological variations, espe-
oako and Tentena regions indicate an Albian± cially those involving phyllite, calcareous phyllite
Cenomanian age (Silver et al. 1983; D. L. Jones and marble, are sometimes gradational; in most
pers. comm., 1989). Signi®cantly, a similar ®eld cases, however, disparate lithologies are juxta-
disposition of pelagic sediments atop a schistose posed across west-dipping thrusts. The relative
basement has also been recognized in the Ban- proportions of lithologies west of the lake is
timala area of the South Arm (Haile et al. 1979), slightly different: graphitic marble and calcareous
where radiolarian biostratigraphy also yields an phyllite are repeatedly interthrust with quartz±
Albian±Cenomanian age (Wakita et al. 1996). mica schist, quartzo-feldspathic schist and gra-
phitic quartzite (Fig. 4). Metaserpentinite and
metabasite are interfolded and intercalated with
LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
quartzite in the western extremity of the complex.
The Pompangeo Schist Complex consists of a di- In general, lithological gradations and boundaries
verse range of lithologies generally interlayered are orientated subparallel to the dominant north-
on a scale ranging from centimeters to tens of northwest/south-southeast structural grain of the

stilpnomelane
chlorite
garnet ? Fe Mn
biotite
chloritoid ?
carpholite ?
lawsonite
epidote ?
albite ?
oligoclase
no section
titanite
rutile
Ca-amphibole
Na-amphibole

phengite
graphite
kaolinite

High-grade Low-grade

120'30˚ 120'45˚

Tokorondo Wanaripalu Mtns N Pompangeo Mtns

Mtns.
Poso
1'45˚
FM66C Depression Tentena
FM68A
FM62B Kelei
Tonusu

? Kruyt
LAKE POSO Mtns. ?

0 5 10 15 km
Black phyllite Metaconglomerate Jaentu
Basin
Calcareous
Thrust Mio-Pliocene granodiorite Graphitic marble phyllite

Normal fault Quartz-mica

Quartzite
Taripa
Quaternary alluvium schist
Folds Quartzo-feldspathic Metabasic
Mio-Pliocene clastics schist intercalations
Kamba
Track
Tectonic blocks Tuffaceous Serpentinitic Walati
Sample locality intercalations intercalations
for K-Ar dating (Peleru Mélange Complex) Basin

Fig. 4 Generalized geological map of the Lake Poso region showing lithological variations and metamorphic ®eld gradient in the Pompangeo
Schist Complex.
236 C. Parkinson
N N
Poles to ST foliation (n = 115)
L1 mineral stretching lineations (n = 19)
F1 fold hinges (n= 17)
complex (Fig. 5). Thus, progressively higher
structural levels are encountered upon moving
eastwards and, ignoring interlayering, the gross
sequence of predominating lithologies, from low to
high structural levels (i.e. from east to west across
the complex) comprises: weakly recrystallized
phyllite and metaclastic ! semipelitic schist !
metaconglomerate ! variably micaceous and
graphitic marble ! quartzite ! metaserpentini-
te ! metabasite.
Material parental to the Pompangeo Schist
Complex presumably includes variably argilla-
ceous limestone, tuff, grit, sandstone and con-
glomerate: rocks of a shallow marine or
continental margin origin. The abundance of
small basic igneous intrusions (particularly
within the quartzite) and serpentinitic interca-
lations increases westwards. Signi®cantly, rocks
of a clear ophiolitic association or oceanic origin,
such as pillow basalt and pelagic sediment, were
not identi®ed in the complex.
STRUCTURAL STYLES
The Pompangeo Schist Complex has suffered a
protracted and complicated polyphase defor-
mational history, and it is often dif®cult to dif-
ferentiate discrete episodes. The earliest and
most pervasive phase is a strongly developed
west-dipping foliation, orientated subparallel to
the compositional layering, and readily apparent
on satellite and aerial photographic images as
strongly developed parallel lineaments which
correspond to ridges eroded along planes of
Poles to S2 foliation (n=14)
F2 fold hinges (n = 30) Fig. 5 Stereo plots of various
F3 fold hinges (n = 10) structural features of the Pomp-
angeo Schist Complex.
compositional layering (Fig. 6). Lineaments are
particularly well developed in the Pompangeo
and Kruyt Mountains, where they are consis-
tently orientated north-northwest±south-south-
east (N330±340°E). On the mesoscopic scale (in
the ®eld), foliation surfaces are de®ned by the
preferred orientation of mica, graphite, chlorite
and occasionally, amphibole. In ®ner grained
graphitic and micaceous schists the foliation is
not strictly planar but deviates around ubiqui-
tous asymmetric quartz phacoids (1±10 cm
across) and rootless, intrafolial isoclinal folds
(F1). The latter are generally de®ned by thin
quartz or mica/graphite laminae, having ampli-
tudes of < 10 cm and, where suf®ciently well
exposed, can be seen to be asymmetric. The
limbs of the folds are truncated at very low an-
gles by mica- and graphite-rich bands. In the
Wanaripalu and Kruyt Mountains the foliation
encloses at least two generations of disharmonic
isoclinal folds, which interfere to produce Type-3
interference patterns (Fig. 7b). The presence of
these folds and the layer-parallel orientation of
the foliation indicates that the foliation is the
product of repeated isoclinal folding and trans-
position, and as such should not be considered as
strictly an S1 surface. This surface is designated
ST, the transposition foliation. Fold styles and
asymmetries suggest that the early stages of
progressive deformation (F1 folding, transposi-
tion) resulted from non-coaxial deformation.
The ST foliation of the schists east of Lake
Poso displays a relatively consistent north-
northeast±south-southwest strike, but dips can
aaa 0 1

Poso

Formation
2 3 4 km

120˚55' E
Pompangeo
Pompangeo

Mountains

Alluvium

Fig. 6 Aerial photographic image of a part of the Pompangeo

MountainsFigure
northeast
Complex of Tentena.

and valleys eroded along compositional layering. Ridges are trun-

cated by east-dipping low-angle thrusts (D2).

vary considerably over small distances (tens of

meters), especially in the Kruyt Mountains
where the schists have been strongly refolded
during later deformational episodes. West of
Lake Poso, however, the ST foliation strikes
north-northwest±south-southeast, and dips are
predominantly to the west. Locally, the ST foli-
ation assumes a mylonitic character, where sig-
moidal quartz shear pods (often surrounded by
anastomosing mylonitic zones), asymmetric
mineral augen (quartz, calcite, feldspar), S±C
fabrics and displaced broken grains invariably
indicate a top-to-east sense of shear. In less in-
tensely deformed rocks a strong stretching
lineation (ML1) is developed parallel to F1 in-
trafolial fold axes (i.e. generally north-north-
west±south-southeast). The lineation lies in the
plane of the ST foliation and in most cases gives
these rocks a strong lineated-schistose (L-S)
tectonite fabric. The lineation is usually de®ned
by small rods of quartz or calcite; in some schists
on the eastern and western shores of Lake Poso
the stretching lineation is de®ned by microbou-
dinaged needles of crossite (Fig. 8).
A second discrete phase of deformation, D2, is
restricted to the schists east of Lake Poso, and is
N

1˚45'

Strong north-northwest±south-
6. An Outline of the Petrology, Structure and Age of the Pompangeo Schist
of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. C. D Parkinson.

southeast orientated lineations (dashed lines) correspond to ridges

Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 237

characterized by coaxial north±south to north-

northeast±south-southwest-trending folds (F2),
which deform the ST foliation. These folds are
asymmetric, tight±isoclinal, recumbent or gently
inclined and generally have wavelengths of a few
meters or more. Axial planes dip at quite shallow
angles (5±30°) to the east, and all have vergences
to the west (Fig. 7a). An axial planar cleavage
(S2) is often developed in hinge regions. Syntec-
tonic M2 minerals (including sporadic develop-
ment of blue amphibole in schists) are sometimes
aligned with the S2 surface, and they clearly
cross-cut the ST metamorphic fabric. The distri-
bution of thin conglomeratic marker beds in the
Kruyt Mountains indicates that these folds may
be parasitic on much larger recumbent folds, on a
kilometre scale, as suggested by Brouwer (1947).
F2 folds are usually associated with low-angle
thrusts, which lie parallel to the axial planes of
the folds. In the Kamba region of the Kruyt
Mountains and in the S. Wimbi of the Wanaripalu
Mountains, thrust planes dip consistently to the
east-southeast, at angles between 10 and 25°.
Where well exposed, some thrust planes can be
seen to be curved (concave upwards); some have
been folded by a later F3 event. Aerial photo-
graphic images of the Pompangeo Mountains
suggest that the thrusts may be large-scale fea-
tures, continuous over tens of kilometers; ridges
eroded along ST are imbricated by linear faults,
whose surface traces are orientated north-
northeast±south-southwest (Fig. 6).
The latest phase of (post-metamorphic) defor-
mation manifests as folds which can be traced
from the Pompangeo Schist Complex into the
overlying Mio-Pliocene cover units (Puna and
Poso Formations). These F3 folds can be geo-
metrically related to currently active northwest±
southeast sinistral wrench faults and related
deformation of the Palu±Koro, Matano, Poso and
other fault systems. F3 folds in the Pompangeo
Schists generally occur in en echelon fold trains
with consistent north±south trends; Most are
highly cylindrical and symmetrical, steeply in-
clined to upright, open structures.

PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The areal extent and relatively coherent nature
of the Pompangeo Schist Complex enables re-
gional metamorphic patterns to be traced, and
progressive metamorphic gradient to be broadly
delineated. However, determination of equilibri-
um assemblages and estimation of pressure and
238 C. Parkinson
Fig. 7 (a) F2 folding of well-bedded metasandstone of the
Pompangeo Schist Complex; S. Jayakita, Pompangeo Mountains.
(b) ST foliation deviating around F1 rootless intrafolial fold in
chloritic quartz±mica schist of the Pompangeo Schist Complex;
S. Toka, Wanaripalu Mountains.
temperatures of metamorphism are problematic.
Parageneses diagnostic of most low- or moder-
ate-grade metamorphic facies are largely lacking
in the predominating lithologies (quartzite,
marble, serpentinite). Furthermore, although
metamorphic grade clearly increases from east
to west across the complex, detailed investiga-
tion of this ®eld gradient is made dif®cult by the
rapid changes in lithology across the strike
(Fig. 4).
Parageneses in the schist and marble of the
Kruyt, Wanaripalu and Pompangeo Mountains
are almost exclusively characterized by varying
modal proportions of quartz, calcite, muscovite,
chlorite, albite, iron oxide and graphite. In
metapelite and metaclastic rocks brownish-
green-to-green stilpnomelane is of sporadic but
widespread occurrence. Some quartz schists on
the track between Kamba and Majumba contain
the assemblage: Qtz + Fe-carpholite + Ms + Kln
+ Chl (Fig. 9a). Electron microprobe analyses of
two samples of carpholite in schists from the S.
Laa region yielded compositions of: Fe-carpho-
lite79, Mg-carpholite20, Mn-carpholite1 and Fe-
carpholite68, Mg-carpholite31, Mn-carpholite1.
Further west, on the eastern shore of Lake Poso
and in the Poso depression the assemblage in
metapelites comprises: Qtz + crossite + Ep
+ Ms + Chl + Ttn + Cal ‹ Ab ‹ Lws ‹ Sps. Py-
rite and apatite are common accessory minerals.
Lawsonite laths are turbid due to incipient al-
teration to zoisite/calcite. Amphibole needles lie
in the ST plane and are consistently orientated
north±south. All display `reverse' optical zona-
tion (cf. Misch 1969), that is, zonation from core
to rim comprises: colorless glaucophane ! blue
crossite ! greenish-blue sodic actinolite. Syn-
kinematic recrystallization synchronous with
elongation parallel to ST is demonstrated by
microboudinage of the amphiboles. Fine-grained,
discontinuous metabasic intercalations occur in
the S. Tompakoe and S. Tomasa, on the eastern
margin of the Poso depression. These rocks
contain Gln + Lws + Sps + Ttn + Qtz (Fig. 9b),
with accessory hematite and zircon.
On the western shore of Lake Poso, crossitic
amphibole is associated with epidote, and occa-
Fig. 8 Oriented photomicro-
graph of zoned sodic amphibole
displaying synmetamorphic mic-
roboudinage; zonation comprises a
colorless glaucophanitic core (GL)
and light blue (CR1) and dark blue
(CR2) crossitic rim. Groundmass
consists of spessartine, epidote,
phengite and quartz. Sample LP8;
Lake Poso.

Fig. 9 (a) Plane-polarized light (PPL) photomicrograph of quartz
schist (PE3A) displaying aggregate of ferrocarpholite in quartz. East
of Kamba, Pompangeo Mountains. (b) PPL photomicrograph of
metabasite (KK82A) displaying alternating bands of glaucophane
(dark) and lawsonite + quartz (light). Equant grain in the bottom left
is spessartine-rich garnet. S. Tompakoe, Poso depression.
sionally pale pink spessartine garnet in metape-
lite, and with lawsonite in marble. Albite, chlorite,
muscovite and graphite are virtually ubiquitous in
all lithologies, and titanite, tourmaline, zircon and
pyrite are common accessory minerals. Thin
(< 5 m) metamorphosed dykes in the quartzite of
the Tokorondo Mountains provide better indica-
tions of metamorphic grade at those points in the
lithotectonic sequence. The metabasic rocks are
generally composed of ®nely crystalline
Gln + Lws + Chl + Ms + Ttn + Rt. Alignment of
glaucophane ®bres and phyllosilicates de®ne a
weak ST schistosity. Porphyroblastic almandine
and epidote are common. Epidote prisms, which
may attain lengths of several centimetres, are
aligned parallel to the foliation ( north±south)
and display evidence of microboudinage. Alman-
dine-rich garnet is of similar size, highly euhedral
and poikiloblastic, generally containing inclusions
of epidote, glaucophane and lawsonite. In a few
rocks there is little or no distortion of the sur-
rounding fabric, indicating that the garnet growth
Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 239
was post-tectonic. Metapelites at the western
extremity of the complex are characterized by the
assemblage Cld + Alm + Ms + Chl; quartzo-
feldspathic schists contain Qtz + oligoclase + Bt
+ Ms.
Systematic changes in parageneses developed
in the range of lithologies that constitute the
Pompangeo Schist Complex de®ne a broad, pro-
gressive metamorphic ®eld gradient. Metamor-
phic grade increases from east to west, that is,
with decreasing depth in the west-dipping meta-
morphic pile; thus, the ®eld gradient is inverted.
Characterization of the gradient in terms of the
appearance/disappearance of index minerals is
dif®cult for the reasons already outlined. There is
no ®eld evidence for large discontinuities in
metamorphic grade across the complex, but east
of Lake Poso the schists have clearly been imbri-
cated by a post-metamorphic (D2) event.
P±T CONDITIONS OF METAMORPHISM
The absence of compositional data and appro-
priate geothermobarometers precludes detailed
P±T determinations, but parageneses and sta-
bility ®elds can be used to obtain approximate
P±T conditions.
Parageneses in the schists of the chlorite and
stilpnomelane-bearing schists in the east are
similar to those developed in Oboke Formation
metapelites of the Sanbagawa Belt of Japan, and
chlorite zone of the Haast Schist Terrane of New
Zealand. Pressure±temperature conditions for
the common Ab + Qtz + Cal + Chl + Ms + Stp
+ Gr (+Ep) assemblage are considered to be
 200±300 °C at 4±6 kbar (Banno & Sakai 1989).
The assemblage Qtz + Fe-carpholite + Ms + Kln
+ Chl in the schists of the S. Laa region is stable
at temperatures  230±260 °C and pressures
above  4 kbar, but not exceeding 7 kbar, be-
cause of the increasing substitution of Mg for Fe
at high pressures (Viswanathan & Seidel 1979;
Chopin & Schreyer 1983; Goffe et al. 1988).
The position of the ®rst appearance of sodic
amphibole in metapelites approximately coincides
with that of lawsonite (in marbles). Signi®cantly,
aragonite was not detected in any lithologies. At
this point the equilibrium assemblage in metape-
lites is Qtz + Ab + Ms + Ep + crossite + Chl +
Gr + Ttn + Sps. Stability of this assemblage is
con®ned to pressures in excess of 4 kbar and
temperatures below  400 °C. Further west
glaucophane decreases, rutile increases at the
expense of titanite, and a Fe±Cld + Alm + Ms +
240 C. Parkinson

Chl + Qtz + Gr + Rt + Ep assemblage is stable

in metapelites. Where ferrochloritoid coexists
with glaucophane, temperatures are probably in
the region 350±450 °C (Maresch 1977; Chopin &
Schreyer 1983).
Increasing grade at higher structural levels, in
the Tokorondo Mountains, is indicated by ap-
pearance and increasing abundance of oligoclase,
biotite and actinolite, and decreasing chlorite in
metapelitic lithologies. This assemblage is com-
parable to those developed in lower parts of the
oligoclase±biotite zone of the Sambagawa Belt.
Estimated P±T conditions of these rocks are
 10 kbar at 600 °C (Banno & Sakai 1989). Al-
though peak P±T conditions of the Pompangeo
Schists are clearly signi®cantly lower than those
recorded in the Sambagawa schists (both horn-
blende and barroisitic amphibole are absent from
the former), the schists in both terrains have
developed comparable intermediate high-pres-
sure metamorphic facies series along geothermal
gradients of  15 °C/km (Fig. 10).

K±Ar DATING OF SCHISTS

In order to accurately determine the age of the
main phase of Pompangeo metamorphism, sam-
ples that (i) contained no relict phases or detrital
grains; (ii) were fully recrystallized; and (iii)
displayed no evidence of a thermal overprint
were selected. The latter criterion disquali®ed
schists from east of Lake Poso, some of which
have clearly suffered a syntectonic M2 meta-
morphic event manifest as recrystallization in F2
fold hinges. Three samples of pelitic, semipelitic
and metabasic schist from the Tokorondo
Mountains yielded white mica (FM62B, FM66C)
and whole rock (FM68A) K±Ar radiometric ages
of 112.0 ‹ 3.9 Ma, 108.0 ‹ 2.5 Ma and 114.0 ‹
3.0 Ma (Table 1).
Fig. 10 Estimated metamorphic ®eld gradient (broad dark stip-
pled line) for the Pompangeo Schist Complex in the Lake Poso area
of central Sulawesi. Boundaries between metamorphic facies ®elds
shown as broad light stippled lines. Am EC, amphibole eclogite
®eld; GR, granulite; GS, greenschist; PrA, prehnite±actinolite; PP,
prehnite±pumpellyite; Pu±Act, pumpellyite±actinolite; ZEO, zeolite.
Reaction curves: aragonite±calcite transformation from Carlson and
Rosenfeld (1981); albite ˆ jadeite + quartz from Newton and
Smith (1967); actinolite, hornblende, barroisite stability coexisting
with chlorite, epidote, muscovite, albite, quartz and hematite from
Otsuki and Banno (1990); [1] chlorite + kaolinite ˆ ferro-
carpholite + water: Goffe et al. (1988); [2] kaolinite + quartz ˆ
pyrophyllite + water: Goffe et al. (1988); [3] glaucophane stability
®eld from Maresch (1977); [4] lawsonite stability from Liou (1971),
Nitsch (1971); [5] ferrocarpholite ˆ ferrochloritoid + quartz +
water from Chopin & Schreyer (1983). B1 is the approximate P±T
®eld of peak metamorphism for Bantimala eclogite and related rocks;
B2 that of retrograde metamorphism for Bantimala eclogite and peak
metamorphism of regional Bantimala schists (Miyazaki et al. 1996;
Parkinson et al. 1998).

SIGNIFICANCE OF JURASSIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

IN EASTERN CENTRAL SULAWESI
Underlying the East Sulawesi Ophiolite in the
Kolonodale area and throughout the Towi
Mountains northeast of the Gulf of Tomori, low-
grade Pompangeo schists are interthrust or in
indeterminate fault contact with unmetamor-
phosed Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the Nan-
aka and Tetambahu Formations (Fig. 11). The
former consists of thinly bedded sandstone and
shale intercalated with thin limestone and con-
glomerate layers and coal horizons, whereas the
latter comprises limestones, marls and sand-
stones. Both are clearly terrestrial-to-shallow
marine sequences. Jurassic molluscs have been
identi®ed (Simandjuntak et al. 1991a). Similar
rocks (the Meluhu Formation) crop out in the
Southeast Arm, where they are incipiently re-
crystallized and interthrust with Pompangeo
Schists. Bivalves and belemnites indicate a Late
Triassic±Early Jurassic age (Sukamto & Wes-
terman 1992). It may be more than fortuitous
 Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 241
Table 1 K±Ar age data for Pompangeo schists

Sample Rock Mineral %K Radiogenic Error Age (Ma ‹ r)

40
Ar (nL/g) Radiogenic
40
Ar (r%)
FM62B Mica schist Mica 0.340 1.505 3.08 112 ‹ 3.9
PE66C Mica schist Mica 1.307 5.633 1.94 108 ‹ 2.5
PE68A Metabasite Whole rock 0.810 3.708 2.65 114 ‹ 3.0

that, both in the ®eld and in thin section, dis-
tinction between the very low-grade Pompangeo
schists and the unmetamorphosed but indurated
Nanaka and Tetambahu Formations is often
dif®cult. These pronounced lithological similari-
ties indicate that the latter may constitute the
parental material of the former.
Western
Sulawesi Sulawesi Sulawesi
Neogene
TECTONIC SETTING OF METAMORPHISM
AND UPLIFT
The presence of high P/T assemblages in rocks
that record high shear strains has been widely
interpreted as evidence for subduction (Dewey &
Bird 1970; Ernst 1975). Pressure and tempera-
ture estimates and the non-coaxial geometry of
ductile strain are all consistent with generation
of the Pompangeo Schist Complex in a subduc-
tion zone environment.
Mylonites and localized zones of intense defor-
Central Eastern
mation imply that shear strains were not uniform
throughout the complex, and this is consistent

D 3 d e f o r m a t i o n Collision of
Sula Platform
Puna and Tomasa Formations
with the interpretation of the complex as a para-
1
0

West Sulawesi autochthonous imbricate subduction package with

2
0

Magmatic Arc
East Sulawesi Ophiolite
some rocks being metamorphosed and deformed
P a l a e o g e n e

D2 deformation
at different depths and temperatures (and, pre-
3
0

Shallow marine limestones

M2 metamorphism
Marginal marine clastics

O B D U C T I O N
sumably times) to others. In simple terms, the
Volcaniclastics
40

? ? progression of metamorphic grade (from pum-

50

Matano
Formation
pellyite±actinolite through greenschist to epidote
amphibolite facies) from low to high structural
60

levels along a relatively high thermal gradient is

70

Balangbaru
Matano
Formation
consistent with successive underthrusting of
80

Formation
slices of downgoing material in a mature sub-
C r e t a c e o u s

?
duction. In this way the direction of tectonic
90

Bantimala

transport would emplace higher-grade, more

cherts
100

E X H U M A T I O N
1
1 2 3
deeply subducted sections over the more feebly
recrystallized, near-surface sections of rock, a
110

1 3

3 ?
corollary being that metamorphic grade system-
1
120

Greenschist/blueschist

atically decreases away from the old plate junc-

1 metamorphism
130

Eclogite
metamorphism
tion. When compared with other circum-Paci®c
HP metamorphic belts, the Pompangeo Schist
140

S U B D U C T I O N
Complex is anomalous in that parental rocks ap-
150
J u r a s s i c

?
Nanaka and
pear to be predominantly of shallow marine or
160

continental margin parentage. Indeed unmeta-

Tetambahu
Formations
??
morphosed Jurassic sandstones (Nanaka, Tetam-
170

Melulu Formation
Paremba
?
bahu and Meluhu Formations) are intimately
Sandstone
180

? ? associated with the schists in the eastern ex-

tremity of the complex. Consequently, the
Fig. 11 Schematic time chart of major geological events affecting Pompangeo Schist Complex may represent an
the Pompangeo Schist Complex and correlative units. Pompangeo exhumed relic of a partially subducted microcon-
metamorphism delimited by K±Ar radiometric dating: (1) Wakita et al.
(1996); (2) Hasan (1990); (3) the present study. tinental fragment which collided with and at-
tempted to subduct beneath the Sundaland
margin in mid-Cretaceous times. Termination of
242 C. Parkinson
under¯ow by collision and buoyancy of the conti-
nental fragment may have facilitated uplift of the
stranded, recrystallized accretionary complex.
Syn-kinematic sequential `reverse' mineral
growth (zonation and microboudinage) in am-
phiboles indicates that high shear strains may
have prevailed during metamorphic conditions
of declining P±T (retrograde metamorphism)
and uplift, and that the transition from pro-
grade (burial) to retrograde (uplift) metamor-
phism occurred with little change in the strain
regime. This interpretation presupposes that
the amphibole (and other) lineations grew
preferentially in an orientation parallel to the
extension axis of the mean strain ellipsoid. The
stretching lineations indicate that `tectonic
transport' during the uplift phase was directed
approximately north±south (i.e. perpendicular
to that during burial). The occurrence of ra-
diolarian cherts with a Cenomanian biostrati-
graphy (i.e. ca 15 Ma after metamor-phism as
recorded by the K±Ar ages) lying directly upon
the Pompangeo schists may be explicable in
terms of rapid post-metamorphic subsidence by
gravitational collapse and collision-related ex-
tensional tectonics.
CORRELATION WITH OTHER METAMORPHIC
COMPLEXES IN SULAWESI
Phyllite, graphitic quartzite and marble petro-
logically identical to the Pompangeo Schist
Complex crop out throughout the Southeast Arm
in the Mekongga, Mendoke and Rumbia Moun-
tains. Schists from the latter mountains have
been described by Helmers et al. (1989), who
reported Fe±Cld + Gln + Lws + Alm in meta-
pelite and Omp + Fe±Gln + Lws (+ Grt + Ep) in
metabasic intercalations. Thus, they appear to be
equivalent to the Pompangeo schists of the To-
korondo Mountains, rather than the relatively
low-grade schists east of Lake Poso.
Rocks of the Pompangeo Schist Complex are
also petrologically and geochronologically com-
parable to some metamorphic rocks of the north-
west±southeast-trending Bantimala Complex in
the South Arm. Metamorphic constituents of this
complex principally comprise slab-like micaceous
and graphitic schist containing discrete conglom-
eratic and quartzitic bands. Parageneses are in-
dicative of transitional greenschist/blueschist
conditions and are identical to those developed in
the Lake Poso region of the Pompangeo Schists.
Peak P±T conditions have been estimated to be
 350±450 °C at 5±8 kbar (Miyazaki et al. 1996;
C. Parkinson unpubl. data, 1993). They have
yielded white mica K±Ar radiometric ages of
111 Ma (J. D. Obradovich in Hamilton 1979),
113 ‹ 6 Ma, 114 ‹ 6 Ma, 115 ‹ 6 Ma (Wakita et al.
1996) and 111 ‹ 3 Ma (Hasan 1990).
The Bantimala schists are associated with
tectonic blocks of eclogite, garnet±glaucophane
rock, garnet amphibolite and jadeite±garnet±
quartz rock. Some of these rocks underwent peak
metamorphism at pressures in excess of 20 kbar
at 600±750 °C (Miyazaki et al. 1996; Parkinson
et al. 1998). K±Ar dating of phengite from eclo-
gite has yielded ages of 132 ‹ 7 Ma, 113 ‹ 6 Ma,
127 ‹ 6 Ma & 137 ‹ 3 Ma (Wakita et al. 1996;
Parkinson et al. 1998).
In striking concordance with the Pompangeo
Schist Complex, Bantimala schists are also in-
terthrust with unmetamorphosed Jurassic sand-
stones (the Paremba Sandstone of Sukamto &
Westerman 1992) and unconformably overlain by
cherts with Albian±Cenomanian radiolarian as-
semblages (Wakita et al. 1996). Hence, I interpret
the Pompangeo Schist Complex and the Ban-
timala Complex to constitute fragments of the
same accretionary assemblage, metamorphosed
and uplifted in a west-dipping subduction zone at
the eastern Sundaland margin in the Early Cre-
taceous. Mid-Cretaceous glaucophane and other
schists in the Latimodjong Mountains of west
central Sulawesi, and eclogite in the Palu±Koro
fault valley may also constitute other parts of this
Cretaceous accretionary assemblage.
PAIRED METAMORPHIC BELTS IN SULAWESI?
The notion that the con®guration of metamorphic
rocks in Sulawesi represents a metamorphic belt
system is refuted by the new data for the
Pompangeo Schist Complex.
The Pompangeo schists of central Sulawesi
yield Aptian isotopic ages, whereas K±Ar radio-
metric dating of staurolite and/or cordierite ‹
andalusite ‹ sillimanite bearing amphibolitic
material in western Sulawesi has yielded ages of
15.1 ‹ 1.6 Ma for white mica (C. Parkinson un-
publ. data, 1988), 3.0 Ma for biotite (Sukamto
1975) and a range of 5±14 Ma for unspeci®ed
metamorphic material (J. D. Obradovich in
Hamilton 1979). These ages are contemporane-
ous with igneous ages for adjacent granitoid
bodies, and coincide with well-documented Mid-

dle Miocene and Pliocene phases of magmatic
activity throughout western Sulawesi (Priadi
et al. 1993; Bergman et al. 1996).
Although Pompangeo schists overthrust
granodiorites in the Tokorondo Mountains, there
is no ®eld evidence for a profound tectonic suture
or `median tectonic line' in this region. Further-
more, because schists correlative with the
Pompangeo Schist Complex appear to be later-
ally continuous into western Sulawesi, there is no
reason to infer such a demarcation separating
disparate metamorphic provinces.
An extensive continental arc of tonalitic,
granodioritic and granitic rocks with igneous
ages (130±95 Ma) broadly coeval with metamor-
phic ages of the Pompangeo and Bantimala
schists is located in central Kalimantan (Pieters
& Supriatna 1990). It is probably these rocks that
constituted the magmatic arc above the Mesozoic
west-dipping Sunda subduction system in which
the Sulawesi schists were metamorphosed and
uplifted.
CONCLUSIONS
The Pompangeo Schist Complex is a west-dip-
ping assemblage of interbanded phyllitic mar-
bles, calcareous phyllites, graphitic schists,
metaconglomerates and metasandstones which
have been recrystallized under intermediate
high-pressure conditions in the Early Creta-
ceous. Parental material probably included a
high proportion of shallow marine sediments
lithologically similar to the sandstones of the
Nanaka, Tetambahu and Meluhu Formations,
with which the schists are interthrust. An east±
west metamorphic ®eld gradient is recognizable,
and may be comparable to that of the Samba-
gawa Belt of Japan. The recrystallization of the
Pompangeo schists is contemporaneous with
that of petrologically identical metamorphic
rocks of the Bantimala Complex in the South
Arm, with which it may be laterally continuous.
The Pompangeo schist metamorphism cannot be
correlated with arc magmatism in western
Sulawesi, which is primarily of Neogene age.
The Pompangeo and Bantimala schists, as well
as other accretionary complexes in western
Sulawesi were probably generated in the same
subduction system that was responsible for the
extensive Mesozoic continental arc in central
Kalimantan, at the eastern margin of Sunda-
land.
Pompangeo Schist Complex, Indonesia 243
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work formed a minor part of a NERC/
CASE research studentship conducted some
years ago within the Southeast Asia Research
Group of the University of London under the
supervision of Tony Barber and Matthew Thirl-
wall. Fieldwork in Indonesia was funded by the
University of London Consortium for Geological
Research in Southeast Asia and invaluable lo-
gistical support was provided by the Geological
Research and Development Centre, Bandung.
Reviews by Professors S. Maruyama and
S. Banno improved the manuscript.
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