HISTOLOGY

2ND Semester
Laboratory
Prelim Examination

NAME: DATE:

Instructor: Ma’am Karryl Leigh A. Membrado, RM, RMT ☺

General Instructions:
1. Read and analyze the question.
2. Strictly NO ERASURES OR SUPERIMPOSITION.
3. ANSWER IN CAPITAL LETTERS

Test I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the correct answer. 2 points each

1. In transmission EM preparations of cells the cell membrane often appears as a trilaminar

structure having two parallel dark-staining components on either side of an unstained middle
layer. This central poorly stained region of the membrane is primarily responsible for which
of the following functions?
a. Creation of a barrier to water-soluble molecules
b. Binding by cellular receptions to specific ligands
c. Catalyzing membrane-associated activities
d. Transport of ions e. Connections to the cytoskeleton

2. Chaperonins are cytoplasmic proteins most likely to be found in which of the following
organelles?
a. Lysosomes
b. Golgi complexes
c. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
e. Mitochondria

3. Which of the following best defines the term “exocytosis”?

a. The discharge of ions or small molecules from a cell by protein pumps in the cell
membrane b. The uptake of material at one domain of a cell’s surface and its discharge from
the opposite side of the cell
c. The process by which proteins move from one cytoplasmic compartment to another
d. The discharge of proteins in cytoplasmic vesicles from a cell following fusion of the
vesicles with the plasmalemma
e. Diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules from a cell across the cell membrane

4. Cytoplasm often stains poorly because its lipid content is removed by the organic solvents
used in the clearing step in routine histological preparations. This problem is most likely to
occur with cytoplasmic regions rich in which of the following organelles?
a. Free polysomes
b. Mitochondria
c. Lysosomes
d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
e. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
5. Polarity in microtubules is important in determining which of the following?
a. The strength of vinblastine binding to microtubules
b. The velocity of transport along microtubules with myosin motors
c. The overall dynamic instability of the microtubules
d. The linkage of microtubules to intermediate filaments
e. The direction of vesicular transport along microtubules

6. Which of the following proteins is/are most likely to have initially contained a “signal
peptide” that bound a “signal recognition particle” during its translation?
a. An enzyme of the respiratory chain
b. Lamins
c. Proteins in secretory granules
d. F-actin
e. Proteins in the large ribosomal subunit

7. Vesicles of a Golgi apparatus that are destined to become part of other organelles most
likely have which of the following on their membranes?
a. Channel proteins
b. Clathrin
c. COP II
d. Actin
e. GTP

8. About 3 years ago, a 39-year-old construction worker became increasingly uncoordinated.

His wife describes bouts of depression and apathy beginning about a decade ago.
Laboratory tests are normal. MRI and CT reveal striatal and caudate atrophy with “boxcar
ventricles.” His mini-mental status examination score is 24/30. The cranial nerve
examination shows dysarthria, saccadic extraocular eye movements, and a hyperactive gag
reflex. There is increased tone in all extremities. Polymerase chain reaction reveals one
normal band with 20 CAG (trinucleotide) repeats and the other with 49 CAG repeats.
Modulation of respiration and mitochondrial membrane potential, and bioenergetic failure are
associated with the abnormal gene in this disease. Which of the following mechanisms used
to establish the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient may be altered in this disease?
a. The action of ATP synthase
b. Transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 in the intermembrane space
c. Pumping of protons into the mitochondrial matrix by respiratory chain activity
d. Proton-translocating activity in the inner membrane
e. Transport of ATP out of the matrix compartment by a specific transporter

9. A 56-year-old man has been taking atorvastatin because of a poor lipid profile and a
family history of cardiovascular disease. The statin family of drugs enhances endocytosis of
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the blood. Endocytosis of LDL differs from phagocytosis of
bacterial cells in which of the following ways?
a. Use of membrane-enclosed vesicles in the uptake process
b. Coupling with the lysosomal system
c. Dependence on acidification
d. Use of clathrin-coated pits
e. Use of hydrolases

10. A 14-year-old boy is diagnosed with epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS). His skin
blisters easily with rubbing or scratching. Blisters occur primarily on his hands and feet and
heal without leaving scars. Genetic analysis shows mutations in the KRT5 and KRT14
genes, which code keratin 5 and keratin 14. What is the primary function of those proteins?
a. Generate movement
 b. Provide mechanical stability
c. Carry out nucleation of microtubules
d. Stabilize microtubules against disassembly
e. Transport organelles within the cell

Test II. DEFINITION OF TERMS. Write your answer in the space provided.

CAT 1.A part of specialized cells that Form adhesive and tight junctions between cells
2. The first zygotic cellular divisions produce cells. Part of the early embryo’s
inner cell mass it give rise to all tissue types of the fetus.

3. Are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a

blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. 

4. Are the principal receptors used by animal cells to bind to the

extracellular matrix

5. Are amphipathic, consisting of two nonpolar (hydrophobic or

water-repelling) long-chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar
(hydrophilic or water attracting) head that bears a phosphate group.

6. Are bound to one of the two membrane surfaces, particularly

on the cytoplasmic side.

7. Unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down

their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

8. Movement of a substance up its concentration gradient is

powered by harnessing the movement of a second substance (eg, Na+) down its
concentration gradient

9. Is the ingestion of particles such as bacteria or dead cell

remnants.

10. is a type of transcellular transport in which various

macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.

Test III. Fill in the chart with a correct answer about the cellular structure components.

COMPONENT STRUCTURE MAJOR FUNCTION ( JUST GIVE 3 )

Plasma
membrane
Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi
Apparatus

Vesicles

Mitochondria

Centrosome
Ribosomes

Lysosomes

Test IV. Discussion. Discuss the following process not more than 15 sentences and not less than
10 sentences.

1. Pinocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. Endocytosis
4. Facilitated diffusion