Updated Capstone 101701019 101701021 101701023 JPK Report (Wordfile)

CAPTSONE REPORT
(January 2021 – July 2021)
on
Design of Production Plant for Poly(butylene succinate)

from Succinic Acid and 1,4 Butanediol
A Capstone project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of degree of B.E. Chemical Engineering
By
Rishabh Ranade (Roll No.: 101701019)
Savneet Singh (Roll No.: 101701021)
Shourya Singh (Roll No.:101701023)
Under The Guidance of
Dr. J.P. Kushwaha

Associate Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY,
(Deemed to be University)
PATIALA, 147004, PANJAB, INDIA
January 2021
Declaration
We hereby declare that the report, entitled “Design of Production Plant for Poly(butylene succinate) from
Succinic Acid and 1,4 Butanediol”, submitted to the Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical
Engineering is a record of original and independent Capstone project done by us during the period January –
May 2021, under the supervision and guidance of Dr. J.P. Kushwaha, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology. We declare that this written submission represents our ideas
in our own words and wherever other’s ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree
or diploma at this or any other higher education institution.
Date: 23-06-2021
Rishabh Ranade Savneet Singh Shourya Singh
(101701019) (101701021) (101701023)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the students is correct to the best of my knowledge and
belief. I have checked all the requirements, formatting and other essential components of this report and it is
as per the guidelines and standards.
(Dr. J.P. Kushwaha)
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

i
Acknowledgement
While bringing out this project to its final form, we came across a number of people whose contribution in
various ways helped us in the field of research and they deserve special thanks. It is a pleasure to convey our
gratitude to all of them.
First of all, we would like to thank all our professors for enlightening us with basic knowledge of the various
subjects that we have studied within the course of 4 years and also sharing his experiences of theirs. Which
have allowed us today to design equipments such as Heat exchangers and distillation columns and carry out
material balances and economic studies
And last but not least to our mentor Dr. J.P. Kushwaha for always being there and sharing his knowledge to
complete the work in an organized and systematic manner. It has been great learning experience for all two of
us.
Date: 23-06-2021
Rishabh Ranade Savneet Singh Shourya Singh
(101701019) (101701021) (101701023)
ii
Abstract
In the past few years, there have been rather many types of bioplastics which have emerged and these
bioplastics are being innovated on and new types of polymer material are being pushed into the plastics
market. Nearly the similar, bioplastics do not constitute of monomers which are like a new discovery but they
are rather one of those materials which have merely been rediscovered from among the larger groups of
plastic material.
So, in this paper we have conducted our research on how feasible it is in times like these (in the 21 st century),
how important have sustainable resources become and their feasibility as an economic process to be carried
out. In this report you will find the bio-based process to produce Poly (butylene succinate), the setup of the
plant, the capacities to be produced, the design of the equipment as well as the economic feasibility and
profitability of this venture if to be taken on by a serious manufacturer.
iii
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Bio-Plastics and Poly(butylene succinate) ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Properties of PBS.................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Process route for the manufacturing of Poly(butylene Succinate) ....................................................... 3
1.4 Need Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 Strength ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Weakness ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Opportunity ................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.4 Threat ............................................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Process Flowsheet................................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Process Description .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.6.1 Succinic acid to BDO .................................................................................................................... 6
1.6.2 Synthesis of PBS ........................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1 Process selection ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Material and energy balance ............................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Design of Equipment .......................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Process Economics ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.5 Courses Used ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 3 Material and Energy Balance .................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Material Balance and Energy Balance................................................................................................ 13
3.1.1 Preparation Tank ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Heat Exchanger ........................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.3 Esterification Reactor .................................................................................................................. 20
3.1.4 Distillation Column #1 ................................................................................................................ 26
3.1.5 Polycondensation Reactor ........................................................................................................... 28
3.1.6 Heat Exchanger-2 ........................................................................................................................ 30
3.1.7 Heat Exchanger-3 ........................................................................................................................ 31
3.1.8 Distillation Column #2 ................................................................................................................ 33
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3.1.9 Heat Exchanger-4 ........................................................................................................................ 35
Chapter 4 Equpment Design ..................................................................................................................... 37
4.1 Heat Exchanger................................................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Distillation Column ............................................................................................................................ 50
Chapter 5 Cost Estimation ......................................................................................................................... 56
5.1 Total Capital Investment .................................................................................................................... 56
5.2 Total Production Cost ......................................................................................................................... 58
5.3 Payback Period ................................................................................................................................... 60
Chapter 6 Safety and Hazard Analysis ..................................................................................................... 62
6.1 Safety Data Sheet................................................................................................................................ 62
6.1.1 Identification ............................................................................................................................... 62
6.1.2 Hazard Identification ................................................................................................................... 63
6.1.3 First aid measures ........................................................................................................................ 63
6.1.4 Fire-fighting measure .................................................................................................................. 64
6.1.5 Accidental Release measure ........................................................................................................ 65
6.1.6 Handling and storage ................................................................................................................... 66
6.1.7 Physical and chemical properties ................................................................................................ 67
6.1.8 Stability and reactivity ................................................................................................................ 68
6.1.9 Ecological Information ................................................................................................................ 68
6.1.10 Disposal considerations and transport information ..................................................................... 69
Chapter 7 References .................................................................................................................................. 71
Chapter 8 Appendix .................................................................................................................................... 73
8.1 Appendix - 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 73
8.2 Appendix – 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 75
8.3 Appendix – 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 78
8.4 Appendix – 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 80
v
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Global production capabilities of Bioplastics .................................................................................... 5

Figure 1.2. Process flowsheet for production of PBS ......................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.3. Step-wise conversion of SA to BDO ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2.1 Process followed for coming up with Bioplastic Solution ................................................................ 9
Figure 2.2 PBS .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2.3. Limpet Coil Jacketed Reactor ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.4. Shell and Tube Heat Ex .................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2.5. Binary Distillation Column ............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 4.1. Flowchart representing step by step process of design consideration of Heat Exchanger using
Kerns Method .................................................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.2. LMTD correction factor chart used in Excel .................................................................................. 41
Figure 4.3. A snippet of the excel file showing the preliminary data which was tabulated using the above
mentioned formulas ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.4. Shell ID calculations for triangular pitch ........................................................................................ 43
Figure 4.5. Graph for calculating values of different types of Heads used ....................................................... 44
Figure 4.6. Graph for Reynolds number vs Heat Transfer Factor Jh [Appendix-1] .......................................... 44
Figure 4.7. Graph for Reynolds number vs Heat Transfer Factor Jh [Appendix-2] .......................................... 46
Figure 4.8. Pressure drop range bieng shown to adjust the U Assumed and to calculate U .................................. 48
Figure 4.9. McCabe–Thiele Graph using relative volatility for calculation of number of trays and reflux ratio
........................................................................................................................................................................... 52
vi
List of Tables
Table 1.1. list of properties of PBS [2] ............................................................................................................... 2

Table 1.2. Physical Properties of typical PBS and PLA [2] ............................................................................... 2
Table 1.3. Comparison of physical properties of PBS with other biodegradable polymers [2] .......................... 3
Table 3.1. Data considered for Preperation of Jacketed Vessel(Preparation Tank) with limpet coils[18] ....... 16
Table 3.2. Specification of the designed Jacketed vessel with calculated overall heat transfer coeff (U) ........ 16
Table 3.3. Data considered for Preperation of Jacketed Vessel (Esterification Reactor) with limpet coils[17]
........................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Table 3.4. Specification of the designed Jacketed vessel used as an Esterification Reactor with calculated
overall heat transfer coeff (U) ........................................................................................................................... 21
Table 4.1. Assumptions to base the Heat Exchanger on ................................................................................... 39
Table 4.2. Properties of liquids passing through both Shell and Tube side ...................................................... 39
Table 4.3. Preliminary specifications including Provisional area, Shell OD and ID, U Assumed , number of tubes
etc ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Table 4.4. Tube side values of reynolds, prandtl, nussel number and heat transfer coefficients ...................... 45
Table 4.5. Physical specifications of shell and tube heat ex ............................................................................. 47
Table 4.6. Shell side values of reynolds, prandtl, nussel number and heat transfer coefficients ...................... 47
Table 4.7. Finalised specifications of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger ...................................................... 49
Table 4.8. Final design of Distillation column .................................................................................................. 55
Table 5.1. Segregation of Direct Fixed Cost ..................................................................................................... 57
Table 5.2. Segregation of Indirect Fixed Cost .................................................................................................. 58
Table 5.3. Aggregated Production costs............................................................................................................ 58
Table 5.4. Fixed Charges................................................................................................................................... 59
Table 5.5. General Expenses ............................................................................................................................. 60
Table 6.1. Physical and Chemical properties list .............................................................................................. 67
Table 8.1. Tube side jh vs Re number .............................................................................................................. 73
Table 8.2. Calculation of jh which is used to calculate hi .................................................................................. 75
Table 8.3. Shell side jh vs Re number ............................................................................................................... 76
Table 8.4. Tube side jf vs Re number ............................................................................................................... 78
Table 8.5. Shell side jf vs Re number ................................................................................................................ 80
vii
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Bio-Plastics and Poly(butylene succinate)

In the past few years, there have been rather many types of bioplastics which have emerged and these
bioplastics are being innovated on and new types of polymer material are being pushed into the plastics
market. Nearly the similar, bioplastics do not constitute of monomers which are like a new discovery but they
are rather one of those materials which have merely been rediscovered from among the larger groups of
plastic material.
Polymers might have a synthetic name attached to it but actually the first ever polymers made were made
from natural monomers. Due to its properties being similar to polypropylene, PBS can be used as an
alternative to polypropylene in injection moldings to make products such as battery casings, buckets, bottle
lids, television cabinets and many more. Poly(butylene Succinate) has a wide temperature range for thermo-
plastic processing, this makes the PBS resin appropriate for injection molding, thermoforming, extraction and
film blowing. PBS is also being used to make flexible packaging and paper coatings Poly(butylene succinate)
is a Bio-nanocomposite polymer which is a part of the much broader category of thermoplastic polymer-
polyester family. PBS and its copolymers have thermoplastic processibility and balanced mechanical
properties. Being a biopolymer Polybutylene succinate is an aliphatic biodegradable polymer with
characteristics resonating with polypropylene.
Due to its properties being similar to polypropylene, PBS can be used as an alternative to polypropylene in
injection moldings to make products such as battery casings, buckets, bottle lids, television cabinets and
many more. Poly(butylene Succinate) has a wide temperature range for thermo-plastic processing, this
1
transforms the PBS resin appropriate for syringe molding, extraction and film blowing. PBS is also being
used to make flexible packaging and paper coatings [1].
1.2 Properties of PBS
Poly(butylene succinate) is an aliphatic polymer with properties such as biodegradability (Table 1.3) , melt
processability, chemical and thermal resistance as can bee seen in Table 1.1 and Table 1.2.
Table 1.1. list of properties of PBS [2]
Chemical Formula (C8H12O4) n
Density 1.26 kg/m3
Melting Point 115 C (338K)

0
Solubility in water Insoluble
Glass transition temperature -32 C 0
Stiffness 5.6 x 10 kg/cm

3 2
Degree of crystallinity 35-45%
Yield Strength 336 kg/cm 2
Heat distortion temperature 55 C

0
Smell Odourless
Colour Milky white
Taste Tasteless
Table 1.2. Physical Properties of typical PBS and PLA [2]
Properties PBS PLA

Biodegradable at 30 °C Yes No
Biodegradable at 70 °C Yes Yes
Derivewd from renewable raw materials Partly Yes
Elongation at break [%] 560 4 to 7
Glass transition temperature -32 55 to 60
Heat distortion temperature [°C] 97 55
2
Melting point * [°C] 114 150 to 175
Modulus of elasticity [MPa] 550 to 700 3500 to

4150
Tensile strength [MPa] 34 50 to 70
Table 1.3. Comparison of physical properties of PBS with other biodegradable polymers [2]
1.3 Process route for the manufacturing of Poly(butylene Succinate)
The process routes provide a detailed description of the steps involved in the production of bioplastics. They
can be used for various calculations related to their resource consumption.
1.4 Need Analysis
Over 8 million tons of plastic waste are dumped into the oceans annually, which is equivalent to the
production of 300 million tons of plastic. This issue has led to the development of biodegradable plastics and
reflecting on all of this we estimate the market cap to be around 8 Billion Dollars as of 2019. Leading
producers in the sector are Mitsubishi Chemical and Anqing He Xing, with revenue ratios of 75.17% and
23.15% respectively in 2019. The analyssis of the report by industryARC has tracked the opportunities in the
3
biodegradable plastic market to be growing at a CAGR of around 11% during the forecast period of 2019-
2025. [3]
1.4.1 Strength
Due to the increasing demand for bio-based plastics, especially for packaging equipment, the demand for
these products is expected to grow at a robust rate of 9% during the forecast period. This is primarily due to
the ecological awareness regarding the use of such materials by the year of 2025. The global Polybutanediol
Succinate (PBS) market was valued at USD 227 in 2020 and will reach USD 467.7 million by the end of
2027, growing at a CAGR of 12.8% during 2022-2027 [4].
1.4.2 Weakness
Cost of production is relatively high.
1.4.3 Opportunity
According to the IAEA, the global carbon footprint reached a record high of 32.5 gigatons in 2017. This is
largely due to the increasing use of petroleum-based plastics and the environment-friendly alternative
materials.[4]
1.4.4 Threat
Existing market players for this niche product play a rather substantial role when it comes to the possibility of
them posing as threats. We can check the current global production capacities in figure 1.1 to get a better
image.
4
Figure 1.1 Global production capabilities of Bioplastics[5]
1.5 Process Flowsheet
Given below is the process flowsheet which shows the pilot for the production of PBS on an industrial scale.
The process flowsheet is a visual tool which helps the reader gain insights and helps generate an
understanding of the equipments and the chronological order of the processes taking place as shown in figure
1.2. The following Flowsheet will be discussed in-depth in the next section.
Figure 1.2. Process flowsheet for production of PBS

5
1.6 Process Description
The process description can be described in 2 parts which would be further discussed in-depth;
• 1st is the conversion of Succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol (BDO) via dimethyl succinate (DMS) under
the action of a rhenium-copper bimetal catalyst (Re/XCu-MC) and the by-product formed at this
stage would be γ-Butyrolactone (GBL).
• 2nd is the synthesis of Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) using Succinic acid and BDO by the
esterification and polymerization method which consists of 2 steps namely esterification and
polycondensation.
So, for understanding these processes let us begin by describing the processes for a better understanding:
1.6.1 Succinic acid to BDO
SA is relatively an inexpensive and biologically retrieved cemichal which could be made into BDO.
Hydrogenation in a hydrogenation reactor takes place where dicarboxylic acid and alcohol end up producing
diol via alkyl oxalate (DMS). The carboxylic acid in this case is Succinic acid, the alcohol used is methanol
and the diol produced is BDO via DMS and the catalyst used is a rhenium copper bimetal-based catalyst as
they are super-efficient when it comes to the methylation of Succinic acid to Dimethyl succinate. Its attractive
characteristics, such as its low porosity and its hydrophobic property, make it a promising material for various
applications.
The major conversion of SA to BDO takes place in the batch hydrogenation reactor and the conversion can be
seen in figure 1.3
6
Figure 1.3. Step-wise conversion of SA to BDO
1.6.2 Synthesis of PBS
For the synthesis of PBS first the 2 main reactants which taken are Succinic acid and 1,4 butanediol and they
are mixed in a specific ration of 1.3:1 which will be accounted for in the material balance in the 3 rd Chapter.
So the 2 streams of SA and 1,4-BDO which are taken at 25 °C are sent over to the preparation tank which is
basically a mixing tank but jacketed lined with limpet coils through which hot water passes to increase the
temperature of the mixing tank to 80 °C. The mixing tanks in itself is fitted with an agitator which will
require some energy to run and is inculcated in the energy balance in Chapter 3.
After being mixed for 1 hour the mixture is to be sent over to the esterification reactor at 180 °C, for which it
is first passed through a shell and tube heat exchanger which increases its temperature from 80 °C to 180 °C
which has been designed in Chapter 4. And straight after this heat exchanger the mixture of SA and BDO is
sent over to the esterification reactor which like the previous mixing tank is a jacketed reactor lined with
limpet coils as the heating element but instead of water flowing through the coils in this case steam is flowing
7
as we have to increase the temperature from 180°C to 230 °C which is not easily possible by water in liquid
form and thus we take its vapor form.
On being processed in the esterification reactor the vapor stream is sent upwards to the binary distillation
column for separation of BDO and Water respectively and the liquid stream leaving the esterification reactor
contains a major portion of the monomer C8H12O4 which is polymerized in the polycondensation reactor at
240 °C.
Another upward vapor stream leaves the polycondensation reactor which is sent to the binary distillation
column where the BDO and water are separated respectively, water from the top and BDO from the bottom.
The water from the 2 distillation columns are sent over to WWTPs and the BDO is reused for other purposes.
From the bottom of the poly condensation reactor in the liquid stream containing the polymer, it is then sent
over to cool and be moulded and the finished PBS is received to us.
8
Chapter 2
Methodology
The methods opted for the process are discussed in this chapter. The sequence in which they are occurring is
listed.
2.1 Process selection
Figure 2.1 Process followed for coming up with Bioplastic Solution

Figure 2.1 depicts polyester structure is ideal for decomposition in compost/landfill settings. It is easily
broken down by soil bacteria, or can also be decomposed into its monomers if left in contact with water for 3-
4 years. Its high workability allows it to be molded into shape easily, and can be extruded in the form of thin
films, solid coupons or pellets to be remolded. Also, it is easily miscible with starch, rice-flour husk to alter
the properties for different applications.
9
Figure 2.2 PBS
2.2 Material and energy balance
Stoichiometry calculations are made, in order to calculate the input and output streams and the
compositions of streams from several sections of the process. Similarly for energy balances
different books and websites are referred for determining the properties of the compounds in
streams at different temperatures.
In the Material and Energy balance;
The jacketed reactors which are used for in the case of the Preparation tank and the Esterification
Reactor they are partially designed in the 3rd Chapter itself and the energy transfer between the
walls is calculated. The jacketed reactor used is the one with limpet coils (figure 2.3) to heat the
inner substance.[6]
Figure 2.3. Limpet Coil Jacketed Reactor[6]
10
2.3 Design of Equipment
In designing part, preparation tank, heat exchanger and one distillation column will be designed.
The design of preparation tank will include calculations related to volumetric flow rates and tank
volume. The designing of heat exchanger will involve using kern’s method. For designing the
distillation column, we will be using short-cut methods that are useful in the preliminary design
work and can act as aid in defining the computer solution.[6]
In our design of equipment we have designed 2;
1. Shell and Tube Heat exchanger (figure 2.4) – Kerns Method
Figure 2.4. Shell and Tube Heat Ex [7]

2. Binary Distillation Column (figure 2.5) – Fenske’s equation and McCabe–Thiele
Figure 2.5. Binary Distillation Column[7]

These processes have been described in depth and been calculated on in chapter 4 to minimize
confusion.
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2.4 Process Economics
For the calculations of plant economics, various costs involved in the plant including fixed capital
investment, direct costs, indirect costs and working capital are evaluated using appropriate
principles.
2.5 Courses Used
In this we are going to discuss the various courses used to design our capstone project, which we
learnt in our chemical engineering:
1. Material and Energy Balances (UCH301): This course is used for performing material and
energy balance on various equipments as described in chapter 3.
2. Mass Transfer-I (UCH502) Mass Transfer-II (UCH602): These are used in designing of
distillation column as described in chapter 4.
3. Heat Transfer (UCH402): This subject is used to calculate different heat loads in energy balance
of different equipment in process as described in chapter 3.
4. Plant Design (UCH801): It is used in economic analysis of the plant as described in chapter 5.
5. Chemical Process Industries (UCH507): It is used to understand the manufacturing process and
to develop the flow sheet for selected process.
6. Process Equipment and Design (UCH610): This course is used in designing of heat exchanger
and distillation column as described in chapter 4.
7. Process Utility and Industrial Safety (UCH605): This course is used for safety analysis as described in
chapter 6.
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Chapter 3
Material and Energy Balance
3.1 Material Balance and Energy Balance
Material and energy balances are used to describe the balances on the unit operations and unit processes.
Material balance is basically based on the law of conservation of mass, mass cannot be destroyed or created
whatever quantity goes in a process the equal amount of quantity should come out. The same goes for the
energy balance. The energy balance is based on law conservation of energy, it says that energy cannot be
created or destroyed it can only be converted from one form to other. For a satisfactory energy balance, the
energy into the system should be equal to the energy out of the system.
Material balances helps in the calculation of the formation of the products in a particular reaction it also helps
in the estimation of the yield of the particular product. Material balance can also be used to determine the
change in the product quantity if any change in reactants is done. The general statement of the material
balance is given as follows
In – Out +/- generation/consumption = accumulation
The energy balance helps in the optimization on the use of energy. It provides information about how much
quantity of energy is required in a particular process or how much energy is used. Energy balance also helps
in the optimization of the use of energy. With increase in demand of energy the cost increases for the
particular product.
Material and energy balances can be simple but sometimes it can be very complicated, but the basic approach
is general. Now a day with the use of computers material and balance could be done easily and changes can
also be calculated.
13
As we start applying the Material and Energy balance across the equipment starting from the primary mixing
tank all the way across to the polymerization reactors and distillation columns and as we carry out these
calculations some primary assumptions and values have to be set, so the following assumptions are;
Assumptions and Data:
• The overall heat transfer coefficient U (kW.m-2.K-1) is calculated using imperical formula U = 5 +
0.25.(Td - T) and is nearly 1 kW.m-2.K-1 in all cases. [8]
• Reference temperature is taken as 298 K (Which is 25 C)[9]
• In distillation column the feed is taken as 70% vapor
3.1.1 Preparation Tank
Material Balance:
Succinic Acid Fcold out = 3113.660
𝑓1 = 3438.40 kg/h 25 °C 105 °C 80 °C

f3 = 6849.31 kg/h
Preparation Tank
f2 = 3410.91 kg/h
1,4 – Butanediol
F hot in =3113.66 150 °C
f1 and f2 entering the preparation tank represent succinic acid and butanediol respectively. After mixing, they
exit the preparation tank as f3.
Energy Balance:
We will calculate the energy required for the mixing of Succinic Acid and 1,4- BDO in the tank as a 2-part
process;
14
1. The energy required in mixing to turn the temperature higher using the formula;
Q = m . CP . (Tout - Tin)
2. The energy required by the agitator for mixing which is taken as 1 kW per m3 of the volume of the
mixing tank and the efficiency is .9
The energy required for mixing using Q = m . CP . (Tout - Tin)
The specific heat capacity of the mixture is calculated using the formula
𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ( ) . 𝐶𝑝1 + ( ) . 𝐶𝑝2
𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
3438.4 3410.91
𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ( ) . 1.29 + ( ) . 2.21
6849.31 6849.31
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 1.748
𝐾
Specific heat capacity of mixture Cp = 1.748 kJ/kg K
Q = 6849.31 * 1.78 * (80-25)
Q = 186 .26 kW (Jacketed tank)
The energy required by the Agitator
From the Equipment Design chapter, we find the volume of the Preparation tank to be 6.98 m3. Therefore,
energy required by the agitator with an efficiency of .9 is Q agitator = 6.91*.9 = 6.219 kW
Total energy requirement for Preparation Tank is 192.48 kW
Now as material in the vessel is heated, we shall discuss about the heat transfer that takes place between the
vessel and the limpet coil which acts as the heating jacket, these calculations were carried out on excel as
shown in table 3.1 and table 3.2;
15
Table 3.1. Data considered for Preperation of Jacketed Vessel(Preparation Tank) with limpet coils[18]
T1(jacket) in 423 K
T2(jacket) out 378 K
t1(Vessel) initial 298 K
t2(Vessel) final 353 K
dt1 125.00 K
dt2 25.00 K
LMTD 335.133 K
No. of Limpet coils 6.000
Length of channel 36.761 m
Area 3.490 m2
Q 67662.752 W
67.663 KW
Table 3.2. Specification of the designed Jacketed vessel with calculated overall heat transfer coeff (U)
Heat transfer rate for Limpet coil type jacket
Description Nomenclature Jacket fluid Vessel side fluid Unit

properties
Name HW Reaction mixture
Pressure P 3.5 barg
Temperature T,t 423 298 K
Viscosity µ 0.00108 0.00044 mN s/m2
density ρ 985 1326 kg/m3
Mass flow rate m 3113.660 6849.31
0.86
specific heat capacity Cp 4186 1784 J/kg K
16
Half-pipe diameter D 0.142 m
De (Equivalent diameter) De 0.223142857 m
thermal conductivity k 0.59 0.4 W/m K
Pitch Dg 0.05 m
Total length of limpet coil (vertical) Dp 2 m
Diameter of limpet coil (helix) Dc 2.10 m
Agitator diameter L 1.1 m
Agitator width W 0.085 m
Agitator rps 11.6
Daimeter of tank Dv 1.95 m
Agitator index 0.67
Metal thermalconductivity k 15 W/m K
Thickness of shell 0.008 m
Ri (shell scale resistance) 0.0002 m2 K/W
Ro (jacket scale resistance) 0.0001 m2 K/W
Jacket side heat transfer coefficient 63.149 m2 K/W
Reactor side heat transfer coefficient 38,68,750.71 m2 K/W
Rd = Ri+Ro (dirt factor) 0.0003 m2 K/W
Rw (Wall resistance) 0.000533333 m2 K/W
1/Uo 0.01729
Uo 57.850 W/ m2K
Vessel side ho (other equations)
heat transfer co-efficient
ho 11952.74587 m2 k / W
hb 11873.8535 m2 k / W
hb 17188.13959 m2 k / W
17
So, from the above tables using the dimensions of the vessel as were seen in the assumptions, we use the
overall heat transfer coefficient for the calculation of the energy transfer that takes place between the jacket
and the tank;
Q = U.A.ΔT
Q = 67.663 kW
So total energy being used in the vessel is;
192.48+67.663
Q = 260.143 kW
3.1.2 Heat Exchanger
In this heat exchanger, energy is transferred between stream F3 (mixture of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol,
outlet stream of mixing tank) and water. It is assumed that Cp is constant over the temperature range and heat
exchanger is well insulated so that no heat losses take place.
F3 = Flow rate of mixture entering the heat exchanger in kg/h
T2 = Temperature of mixture entering the heat exchanger in oC

18
F4 = Flow rate of mixture leaving the heat exchanger in kg/h
T3 = Temperature of mixture leaving the heat exchanger in oC
FS1 = Flow rate of steam entering the heat exchanger in kg/h
TS1 = Temperature of steam entering the heat exchanger in oC
FS2 = Flow rate of steam leaving the heat exchanger in kg/h
TS2 = Temperature of steam leaving the heat exchanger in oC
Cp = 1.748 KJ/kg.K (specific heat capacity of mixture)
Cp = 1.864 KJ/kg.K (specific heat capacity of steam)
Energy in
Mixture
Q3= Energy of mixture entering the heat exchanger
Q3 = F3CpT
Q3 = 6849.311.748(80-25) = 658492.663 KJ/h
= 182.914 KW
Steam
QS1= Energy of steam entering the heat exchanger
QS1 = FS1CpT
QS1 = 5973.2771.864(300-25) = 3061901.79 KJ/h
= 850.528 KW
Total energy in = 182.914 + 850.528 = 1033.442 KW
Energy out
Mixture
19
Q4= Energy of mixture leaving the heat exchanger
Q4 = F4CpT
Q4 = 6849.311.748(180-25) = 1855752.051 KJ/h
= 515.486 KW
Steam
QS2= Energy of steam leaving the heat exchanger
QS2 = FS2CpT
QS2 = 5973.2771.864(192.47-25) = 1864642.519 KJ/h
= 517.956 KW
Total Energy out = 515.486 + 517.956 = 1033.442 KW
3.1.3 Esterification Reactor

Material Balance
f4 = 14.73 kg/h f5 = 409.72 kg/h f6 = 503.93 kg/h
180 °C 230 °C f7 = 20.64 kg/h
f3 = 6849.31 kg/h Esterification Reactor f8 = 377.10 kg/h
f9 = 5523.19kg/h
F hot in =3058.46 kg/h 300 °C
F Cold out =3058.46 Kg/h 190 °C
20
First step is similar to that of the calculation of the heat transfer that takes place by the jacketed reactor to heat
the components in the esterification reator from 180 °C to 230 °C and find the heat transfer that takes
between the limpet coils and the vessel through the limpet coils which again have been calculated and shown
in table 3.3 and table 3.4
Table 3.3. Data considered for Preperation of Jacketed Vessel (Esterification Reactor) with limpet coils[17]
T1(jacket) in 573 K
T2(jacket) out 463 K
t1(Vessel) initial 453 K
t2(Vessel) final 503 K
dt1 120.00 K
dt2 40.00 K
LMTD 345.819 K
No. of Limpet coils 6.000
Length of channel 36.761 m
Area 3.490 m2
Q 25774.979 W
25.775 KW
Table 3.4. Specification of the designed Jacketed vessel used as an Esterification Reactor with calculated
overall heat transfer coeff (U)
Heat transfer rate for Limpet coil type jacket
Description Nomenclature Jacket fluid Shell side fluid Unit

properties
Name HW Reaction mixture
Pressure P 3.5 barg
Temperature T,t 573 453 K
21
Viscosity µ 0.00108 0.00044 mN
s/m2
density ρ 616 1260 kg/m3
Mass flow rate m 1268.162 2840
0.35
specific heat Cp 1816 1784 J/kg K

capacity
Half-pipe diameter D 0.142 m
De (Equivalent De 0.223142857 m
diameter)
thermal k 0.59 0.4 W/m K
conductivity
Pitch Dg 0.05 m
Total length of Dp 2 m
limpet coil (vertical)
Diameter of limpet Dc 2.10 m
coil (helix)
Agitator diameter L 1.1 m
Agitator width W 0.085 m
Agitator rps 11.6
Daimeter of tank Dv 1.95 m
Agitator index 0.67
Metal k 15 W/m K
thermalconductivity
Thickness of shell 0.008 m
Ri (shell scale 0.0002 m2

resistance) K/W
Ro (jacket scale 0.0001 m2
resistance) K/W
Jacket side heat 22.040 m2
transfer coefficient K/W
Reactor side heat m2
transfer coefficient 36,81,823.43 K/W
Rd = Ri+Ro (dirt 0.0003 m2
factor) K/W
Rw (Wall 0.000533333 m2
resistance) K/W
1/Uo 0.04682
Uo 21.356 W/ m2 K
22
The heat transfer that takes place between the jacketes vessel walls by the help of the Steam which is flowing
in the limpet coils as showin by stream F hot in , the heat transfer is;
Q = U.A.ΔT
Q = 25.775 kW
f3 enters the esterification reactor where the reaction takes place and formation of monomer occurs. Streams
f4, f5 and f6 represent monomer, butanediol and water respectively and they enter the distillation column
(col-102). Streams f7, f8 and f9 represent water, butanediol and monomer respectively and they enter the
polycondensation reactor where PBS formation takes place.
Energy Balance
In the esterification reactor, Streams F1 and F2 are pre-heated upto 180oC for the reaction to take place.
Streams F5, F6, F7 move towards distillation column-1 and streams F8, F9, F10 move to polycondensation
reactor.
F1 = Flow rate of succinic acid entering the heat exchanger in kg/h
F2 = Flow rate of 1,4-butanediol entering the heat exchanger in kg/h
T3 = Temperature of Succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol slurry entering the heat exchanger in oC
F5 ,F8 = Flow rate of monomer leaving the heat exchanger in kg/h
F6 ,F9 = Flow rate of 1,4-butanediol leaving the heat exchanger in kg/h
F7 ,F10 = Flow rate of water leaving the heat exchanger in kg/h
T4,T5 = Temperature of mixture leaving the heat exchanger in oC
23
Energy in
Q1= Energy of succinic acid entering the esterification reactor
Q1 = F1CpT + Heat of Vaporization
Q1 = 3438.4(2.418(180-25)+800)
= 1122.054 KW
Q2= Energy of 1,4-butanediol entering the esterification reactor
Q2 = 3410.91(3.4135(180-25)+777.78)
= 3156.253 KW
Energy at outlet- 1
Q5= Energy of monomer leaving the esterification reactor
Q5 = F5CpT
Q5 = 14.732.06(230-25)
= 1.727 KW
24
Q6= Energy of 1,4-butanediol leaving the esterification reactor
Q6 = F6CpT
Q6 = 409.722.0133(230-25)
= 46.972 KW
Q7= Energy of water leaving the esterification reactor
Q7 = F7CpT
Q7 = 503.931.9822(230-25)
= 56.881 KW
Energy at outlet- 2
Q8= Energy of monomer leaving the esterification reactor
Q8 = 5523.19(2.06(230-25)+2021.62)
= 3749.555 KW
Q9= Energy of 1,4-butanediol leaving the esterification reactor
Q9 = 377.1(2.0133(230-25)+627.778)
= 108.992 KW
Q10= Energy of water leaving the esterification reactor
Q10 = 20.64(1.9822(230-25)+1920)
= 13.337 KW
25
3.1.4 Distillation Column #1
Material Balance
Material balance on Col-102
f10 = 3.94 kg/h f11 = 503.72 kg/h
f4 = 14.73 kg/h
f5 = 409.72 kg/h Distillation Column (Col-102)
f6 = 503.93 kg/h
f12 = 0.11 kg/h f13 = 14.73 kg/h f14 = 405.88 kg/h
Streams f10 and f11 representing butanediol and water respectively exit the distillation column and are sent to
wastewater treatment plant. f12, f13 and f14 representing water, monomer and butanediol exit the distillation
column as a recycle stream.
Energy Balance:
To carry out the energy balance for the distillation column we will have to acquire our values from Chapter 4
where the distillation column was designed for this process and then only would we be able to calculate the
energy balance for the following equipment.
Energy in feed
Q5= Energy of monomer
Q5 = F5CpT
Q5 = 14.732.06(230-25)
= 1.727 KW
26
Q6= Energy of 1,4-butanediol
Q6 = F6CpT
Q6 = 409.722.0133(230-25)
= 46.972 KW
Q7= Energy of water
Q7 = F7CpT
Q7 = 503.931.9822(230-25)
= 56.881 KW
Energy in Distillate
Q11= Energy of 1,4-butanediol in distillate
Q11 = F11CpT
Q11 = 3.922.0133(226.2-25)
= 0.443 KW
Q12= Energy of water in distillate
Q12 = F12CpT
Q12 = 503.721.9822(226.2-25)
= 55.803 KW
Energy in residue
Q13= Energy of monomer in residue
Q13 = F13CpT
Q13 = 14.732.06(99.76-25)
= 0.630 kW
27
Q14 = Energy of 1,4-butanediol in residue
Q14 = F14CpT
Q14 = 405.882.0036(99.76-25)
= 16.887 KW
Q15= Energy of water in residue
Q15 = F15CpT
Q15 = 0.111.9811(99.76-25)
= 0.004 KW
3.1.5 Polycondensation Reactor
f15 and f16 exit the polycondensation reactor as butanediol and water and move towards the condenser. f17
represents the final product PBS.
Figure 3.5: Material balance for Polycondensation reactor
Energy in
Q8= Energy of monomer entering the polycondensation reactor
Q8 = 5523.19(2.06(230-25)+2021.62)
= 3749.555 kW
28
Q9= Energy of 1,4-butanediol entering the polycondensation reactor
Q9 = 377.1(2.0133(230-25)+627.778)
= 108.992 kW
Q10= Energy of water entering the polycondensation reactor
Q10 = 20.64(1.9822(230-25)+1920)
= 13.337 kW
Energy at outlet-1
Q16= Energy of 1,4-butanediol leaving the polycondensation reactor
Q16 = F16CpT
Q16 = 376.962.0133(240-25)
= 45.550 kW
Q17= Energy of water leaving the polycondensation reactor
Q17 = F17CpT
Q17 = 543.971.9631(240-25)
= 63.775 kW
Energy at outlet-2
Q18= Energy of PBS leaving the polycondensation reactor
Q18 = F18CpT
Q18 = 5000(1.61(240-25)+2794)
= 4361.319 kW
29
3.1.6 Heat Exchanger-2
Energy in
Q19 = F19CpT
Q19 = 920.932.24(240-25)
= 443072 KJ/h
= 123.075 KW
Water
QW1= Energy of Cooling water entering the heat exchanger
QW1 = FW1CpT
QW1= 2895.014.18(15-25)
= -121011.418 KJ/h
= -33.614 KW
Total energy in = 123.075 - 33.614 = 89.46 kW
30
Energy out
Q'19= Energy of mixture leaving the heat exchanger
Q'19 = F'19CpT
Q'19 = 920.932.24(80-25)
= 330061.312 kJ/h
= 91.683 kW
Water
QW2= Energy of cooling water leaving the heat exchanger
QW2 = FW2CpT
QW2 = 2895.014.18(24.338-25)
= -8010.955872 kJ/h
= -2.225 kW
Total Energy out = 91.683 - 2.225= 89.46 kW
31
Energy in
Q20 = F20CpT
Q20 = 920.932.85(329.4-25)
= 798943.6122 KJ/h
= 221.928 KW
Water
QW3= Energy of Cooling water entering the heat exchanger
QW3 = FW3CpT
QW3= 2895.014.18(15-25)
= -121011.418 KJ/h
= -33.614 KW
Total energy in = 221.928 - 33.614= 188.313 kW
Energy out
Q'20 = F'20CpT
Q'20 = 920.932.85(30-25)
= 13123.252 kJ/h
= 3.645 kW
Water
QW4 = FW4CpT
32
QW4 = 2895.014.18(79.937-25)
= 664807.382 kJ/h
= 184.668 kW
Total Energy out = 3.645 +184.668 = 188.313 kW
3.1.8 Distillation Column #2
F23 IS again sent to the wastewater treatment plant. F24 can be used as recycled butanediol.
Energy in feed
Q21= Energy of 1,4-butanediol
Q21 = F21CpT
Q21 = 376.962.992(30.02-25)
= 1.572 kW
Q22= Energy of water
Q22= F22CpT
33
Q22= 543.974.1798(30.02-25)
= 3.170 kW
Energy in Distillate
Q23= Energy of water in distillate
Q23 = F23CpT
Q23 = 542.522.0783(210.3-25)
= 58.035 kW
Energy in residue
Q24 = Energy of 1,4-butanediol in residue
Q24 = F24CpT
Q24 = 376.962.9741(99.63-25)
= 23.241 kW
Q25= Energy of water
Q25 = F25CpT
Q25 =1.451.9771(99.63-25)
= 0.059 kW
34
Energy in
Q26 = Energy of PBS entering the heat exchanger
Q26 = F26CpT
Q26 = 50001.611(240-25)
= 1731825 KJ/h
= 481.0625 KW
Water
QW5 = Energy of Cooling water entering the heat exchanger
QW5 = FW5CpT
QW5= 2895.014.18(15-25)
= -121011.418 KJ/h
= -33.614 KW
Total energy in = 481.0625 - 33.614 = 447.448 KW
35
Energy out
Q'26 = F'26CpT
Q'26 = 50001.611(30-25)
= 40275 KJ/h
= 11.187 KW
Water
QW6 = FW6CpT
QW6 = 2895.014.18(154.784-25)
= 1570540.382 KJ/h
= 436.261 KW
Total Energy out = 11.187 + 436.261 = 447.448 KW
36
Chapter 4
Equipment Design
In this chapter we will calculate the design aspects of the equipment’s that have been used in the process plant
for the production of poly(butylene succinate). The preparation tank used to mix the raw materials has been
defined well enough above i.e a jacketed vessel. So, in this chapter we shall discuss and design the 2 major
components of our plant, which are the Heat exchanger and the Distillation Column
Figure 4.1. Flowchart representing step by step process of design consideration of Heat
37 Exchanger using Kerns Method
4.1 Heat Exchanger
To carry out the calculations for designing a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, we shall treat the current
problem at hand as a sizing problem. To solve this problem we shall use kern’s method to design the heat
exchanger in our process flowsheet. Given below is a schematic as to which conditions are followed step by
step to design a shell and tube heat exchanger and find out its overall coefficient (U) which has been carried
out on excel. The working of the excel based program is on a single algorithm. We have combined the use of
both normal functions and the Visual Basic features of MS Excel to produce a comprehensive and detailed
design of a Heat Exchanger. Our algorithm can be seen in the flowchart as shown, this method has been
referred to from Richard Coulson, Chemical Engineering textbook [22].
There are certain parameters that the user will have to enter themselves before running the program and if
these values are not present, we shall calculate them first and treat them as assumptions to our sizing
problem;[22]
1. Tube side inlet and outlet temperatures
2. Shell side inlet and outlet temperatures
3. Shell side or Tube side mass flow rate
4. Purpose of the heat exchanger (heating or cooling)
5. Baffle cut (25% by default)
6. Type of header used
7. Thermophysical properties (as stated before)
The mixture of 1,4 – BDO and Succinic acid is passed through the tube side as it is considered non corrosive
with respect to water passing through the shell side to heat the liquid.
We know that the mixture enters at 80 °C and leaves the heat exchanger at 180 °C. So first we shall calculate
the Capacity Ratio of the Heat Exchanger which is calculated as follows;
38
𝐶𝑝 (𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝑅=
𝐶𝑝 (𝐻𝑜𝑡)
1.748
𝑅= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑
1.864
180 − 80
= 0.93
300 − 𝑡2
Therefore, the temperature at which the steam leaves the shell side of the heat exchanger t2 is
t2 = 192.47 °C
So to sum up the 7 values and assumption required to start with the design of the heat exchanger as
mentioned before summed up in table 4.1;
Table 4.1. Assumptions to base the Heat Exchanger on
Corrosive Fluid(Tube Side)(℃) Inlet(t1) 300

Water Vapor Outlet(t2) 192.47
Non Corrosive(Shell Side)(℃) Inlet(T1) 80

Outlet(T2) 180
Tube Side 6849.31 Kg/h
Define Duty Heating
Select Head Pull-through floating head
Select Baffle Cut 25
Now as we know QCold = QHot and Q = m.Cp.(T2 – T1), we know the tube side flow rate and using this
formula we shall calculate the shell side flowrate as well which comes out to be and further properties of the
liquids passing through mentioned in table 4.2;
Table 4.2. Properties of liquids passing through both Shell and Tube side
Flow rate of Tube Side(kg/h) 5973.277584

Flow rate of Shell Side(kg/h) 6849.31
Corossive Fluid(Tube Side)(℃) Inlet(t1) 300
39
Outlet(t2) 192.47
Cp(kJ/kg℃) 1.864
k(W/m℃) 0.59
Density(g/m3) 602
viscosity(mN sm-2) 0.18
Fouling Factor 0.00033
Non Corrosive(Shell Side)(℃) Inlet(T1) 80

Outlet(T2) 180
Cp(kJ/kg℃) 1.748
k(w/m℃) 0.3
Density(g/m3) 1290
viscosity(mN sm-2) 0.58
Fouling Factor 0.0002
Now, the next step for us would be to calculate the log mean temperature difference for the following heat
exchanger
(𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − (𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛 )

̅̅̅̅𝑙𝑛 ) =
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷(∆𝑇
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
ln 𝐻𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛
(𝑇𝐻𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛 )
Which give us the LMTD to be, LMTD = 62.3469 °C
But this is not the temperature we will use as there a certain temperature correction factor F to be calculated
to find out the actual temperature difference, and for that we use the LMTD charts shown in figure 4.2;
40
Figure 4.2. LMTD correction factor chart used in Excel
Finally, the true temperature difference is calculated with the help of the formula:
̅̅̅̅𝑙𝑛
∆𝑇𝑚 = 𝐹𝑡 × ∆𝑇
Therefore. The actual Temperature Difference come out to be:
∆𝑇𝑚 = 45.324 °C
The step after this is to select tube dimensions for the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger which includes the ID,
OD and Length and the Tube pitch is assumed to be 1.25 times the OD of the tube.
Next, we come to the provisional area (Ao), for which we require;
1. Heat Load (Which we can get form the energy balance, which comes out to be 332 kW)
2. Assumed overall heat transfer coefficient (Uo=500)
3. Actual Temperature Difference
332 × 1000
Ao = = 14.675𝑚2
45.324 × 500
We have chosen 30mm OD and 26mm ID, 5m long tubes, which are made of cupro-nickel material, which
would help us calculate number of tubes required;
41
L = 5m
Area of one tube = L*OD*π
To carry out the next few calculations swiftly we calculated the Tube cross sectional area, number of tubes,
area per pass, volumetric flows and tube side velocity with the help of Richard Coulson’s Chemical
Engineering textbook as show in in the figure below. The data will be tabulated as well as shown in figure 4.3
and table 4.3
Figure 4.3. A snippet of the excel file showing the preliminary data which was tabulated using the above-
mentioned formulas
Yellow represents the data which was inputted by the user themselves into the excel sheet. The tabulated
form of the values required are given below;
Table 4.3. Preliminary specifications including Provisional area, Shell OD and ID, U Assumed , number of
tubes etc
FUNCTIONS VALUES
K of tube wall material 55
Number of Passes 2
LMTD Actual 45.32481158
U(chosen) 500
Ao(provisional) 14.67505504
I.D.(m) 0.026
42
O.D.(m) 0.03
L(m) 5
Area of one tube(m2) 0.471238898
Tube Cross Sectional Area(m2) 0.000530929
Number of Tubes 32
Tubes Per Pass 6
Area per pass(m2) 0.003185575
Volumetric Flow(m3/s) 0.002756219
Tube Side Velocity(ut) 0.865218661
Bundle Diameter(Db) 0.339787466
Shell I.D.(Ds) 0.430039539
Tube Pitch(mm) 37.5
The bundle diameter (Db) was calculated separately as it is dependent on the type of pitch we choose (in our
case we chose a triangular pitch) and the number of passes as in figure 4.4;
Figure 4.4. Shell ID calculations for triangular pitch

To calculate the shell diameter we also consider the Bundle Diameter which is associated with the split-ring
floating head type which is used to give us the final value of Shell I.D.
43
Figure 4.5. Graph for calculating values of different types of Heads used[22]
Now, in this part of the designing we shall move onto rather complicated calculation and start with
calculating Tube side coefficients
Tube side heat transfer coefficient (hi) and pressure drop (ΔPt):
From mass flow rate, number of tubes and tube side passes we calculate the velocity of the fluid through the
tube. Knowing the thermophysical properties and velocity, Reynolds number and Prandtl number are
calculated (figure 4.6)
Figure 4.6. Graph for Reynolds number vs Heat Transfer Factor Jh [Appendix-1]
44
So we shall calculate the following values;
1. Coefficients for water vapor;
4200(1.35 + .02𝑡)𝑢𝑡0.8
ℎ𝑖 =
𝑑𝑖0.2
2. Reynolds Number;
𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝜌
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
3. Prandtl Number;
𝐶𝑃 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘𝑓
4. Nusselt Number;
ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑒 1 𝜇
𝑁𝑢 = = 𝑗ℎ . 𝑅𝑒. 𝑃𝑟 3 . ( )0.14
𝑘𝑓 𝜇𝑤
After computing all of the above values, the tube side heat transfer coefficient can be calculated. And finally,
the following equation can be used to calculate the pressure drop for the tube side (table 4.4):
𝐿 𝜇 −𝑚 𝑢𝑡 2 𝜌
Δ𝑃𝑡 = 𝑁𝑝 [8. 𝑗𝑓 ( ) ( ) + 2.5]
𝑑𝑖 𝜇𝑤 2
Where, Δ𝑃𝑡 is the tube side pressure drop, N/m2.
Table 4.4. Tube side values of reynolds, prandtl, nussel number and heat transfer coefficients
Tube Side
Viscosity Fluid 0.18
Re 75235.56932
Pr 0.568677966
L/di 193
[Appendix 1] Jh 0.0032381
45
Nu 202.2177998
hi(W/m2℃) 4588.788534
[Appendix 3] Jf 0.0031267
ΔPt(kN/m2) 9.906784706
Shell side heat transfer coefficient(hs) and pressure drop(ΔPs):
Similarly, as for tube side, we calculate the same for shell side on the change being in a few variables and we
would require the bundle diameter for calculating the pressure drop. First, we calculate baffle spacing that is
approximately taken to be D /5. Next, calculate the crossflow area and velocity. For calculating the shell side
s
Reynolds number, shell side equivalent diameter is used and is calculated by,
𝑝2 − 𝜋𝑑 2
4 ( 𝑡 4 𝑜) 1.27 2
𝑑𝑒 = = (𝑝𝑡 − 0.785 𝑑𝑜2 )
𝜋𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑜
And the Pressure Drop shell side Δ𝑃𝑠 is calculated by;
𝐷𝑠 𝐿 𝜇 −0.14 𝑢𝑠 2 𝜌
Δ𝑃𝑠 = 8. 𝑗𝑓 ( )( )( )
𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑏 𝜇𝑤 2
Figure 4.7. Graph for Reynolds number vs Heat Transfer Factor Jh [Appendix-2]
46
After using all of the information provided to us above, the shell side specifications come out to be;
Table 4.5. Physical specifications of shell and tube heat ex
Baffle Spacing(lb)(mm) 79
As(m2) 0.003140453
de(mm) 21.3015
Volumetric flow rate (m3/s) 0.001474873
Shell Side Velocity(us)(m/s) 0.469637062
Table 4.6. Shell side values of reynolds, prandtl, nussel number and heat transfer coefficients
Shell Side
Re 22250.21775
Pr 3.379466667
[Appendix 2] jh 0.004087057
Nu 135.9141929
hs(W/m2℃) 1914.149608
[Appendix 4] Jf 0.045355
ΔPs(kN/m2) 60.967373
And after all these values have been gathered then we check certain parameters to see whether our heat
exchanger design falls under the functional range and the values which are checked are;
Tube Velocities:
Velocity and heat transfer coefficients have a directly proportional relationship. However, with an increase in
heat transfer coefficients the pressure drops are also greater. Some permissible velocities for liquids have
been listed below:
Tube Side: Process fluids: 1-2 m/s or a maximum of 4 m/s
Water: 1.5-2.5 m/s
47
Shell Side: 0.3-1 m/s
Pressure Drops:
Generally, the process conditions play an important role in setting the available pressure drops across the heat
exchanger. We have used the following thumb rule for maintaining the pressure drops in both shell and tube
side:
For liquids: If viscosity <1 mN s/m then 0-35 kN/m
Else if viscosity 1 to 10 mN s/m then 50-70 kN/m
And if these values do not fall in the permissible ranges as mentioned above then, number of passes are
altered. As can be seen below that the pressure shell side is more, so number of passes increase as shown in
figure 4.8 where it is written “more”
Figure 4.8. Pressure drop range bieng shown to adjust the U Assumed and to calculate U
And when all the above steps from the very beginning to these pressure drops is calculated, we will also get
the overall heat transfer coefficient U.
48
Thus given below you will find the Specifications and the Design Standards of the Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger Design (table 4.7);
Table 4.7. Finalised specifications of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
FUNCTIONS VALUES
K of tube wall material 55
Number of Passes 4
LMTD Actual 45.32481158
U(chosen) 500
Ao(provisional) 12.13327752
I.D.(m) 0.026
O.D.(m) 0.03
L(m) 5
Area of one tube(m2) 0.471238898
Tube Cross Sectional Area(m2) 0.000530929
Number of Tubes 26
Tubes Per Pass 8
Area per pass(m2) 0.004247433
Volumetric Flow(m3/s) 0.002756219
Tube Side Velocity(ut) 0.648913996
Bundle Diameter(Db) 0.267694831
Shell I.D.(Ds) 0.32375917
Tube Pitch(mm) 37.5
Tube Side
Re 56426.67699
Pr 0.568677966
L/di 193
Jh 0.0032381
Nu 151.6633499
hi(W/m2℃) 3441.591401
Jf 0.0032025
ΔPt(kN/m2) 3.774380129
Baffle Spacing(lb)(mm) 140

As(m2) 0.004532628
de(mm) 21.3015
49
Volumetric flow rate (m3/s) 0.001474873
Shell Side Velocity(us)(m/s) 0.325390222
Shell Side
Re 15416.16684
Pr 3.379466667
jh 0.004856337
Nu 111.8935732
hs(W/m2℃) 1575.854844
Jf 0.047975
ΔPs(kN/m2) 14.22746553
Tubes Needed 62
Uo (Final Overall Error = 4% 629.0739452
Coefficient)
And the Design Standards of the Heat Exchanger Designed from the TEMA standards are:
Material of Construction Carbon Steel
Tube Sheet Thickness 3mm
Baffle Spacing 25mm
Front-end Head Channel and removable cover
Back-end Head Pull through floating head
Shell Used 2 pass shell
4.2 Distillation Column
Due to unavailability of a computer program that can solve complex multicomponent distillation problems like
ASPEN, CHEMCAD etc., we’ll be using short-cut methods that are useful in the preliminary design work
and can act as an aid in defining the computer solution.
50
Minimum Reflux Ratio Calculation
With the help of McCabe Thiele Graphical Design Method, we’ll find out the minimum reflux ratio.
Assuming the feed to be 70% Vapor, we find out the minimum reflux ratio for the three columns. The actual
reflux ratio is assumed to be 1.25 times the minimum reflux ratio.
Based on the assumption, q = .3
𝑞
𝑆𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑞−1
.3
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
.3−1
Slope = -0.43
So,
tan Ɵ = −.43
Ɵ = −23.2°
From the point where xf cuts the equilibrium line, we draw at the angle we calculated above the Q line which
is coloured orange in the figure 4.9. and from there we draw an intercept line from the point touching the
VLE data curve and calculate the Rmin using the intercept on the Y-axis.
First, to calculate Rmin we use the formula;
𝑥𝑑
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 =
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 1
xd = .99, Intercept = .5
. 99
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −1
.5
51
Rmin = .98
Figure 4.9. McCabe–Thiele Graph using VLE data for calculation of number of trays and reflux ratio
[Appendix 5]
The Actual Reflux Ratio (R) = Rmin *1.25 = 1.225
So, now we calculate for the actual operating line the value of the intercept;
𝑥𝑑
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 =
𝑅+1
Where now, xd = .99, R = 1.225
The new value of the intercept is;
. 99
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = = .44
1.225 + 1
52
And after retrieving the Enriching Section operating line and Stripping section operating line, we draw the
number of stages required which comes out to be;
Number of stages = 12
And the Feed Stage comes out to be;
Feed Stage = 6
The efficiency of a single tray is assumed to be 80% so the actual umber of stages required is;
Actual number of stages = 12/.8 = 15
Height of Column
The overall height of a distillation column primarily depends on the plate spacing employed in the design.
Standard plate spacing from 0.5m (6 in.) to 1m (36 in.) are normally used. Plate spacing chosen will depend on the
column diameter and the operating conditions. Height of the column will also influence the diameter of the
distillation unit greatly, as the height to diameter ratio is generally less than 20 or 30. If the tower exceeds this
limit, other optimizations have to be employed.
Height of a column(h) = No. of trays x Spacing between plates
And the actual height of the column is 1.2 times of the column. Therefore, using the above height of column
being used is where we take the tray spacing to be 0.61m:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ = 1.2 × (15 × 0.61) = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝒎
Diameter of Distillation Column
Before beginning the diameter calculation, we first have to determine the liquid and vapour flow rates, we
then do the diameter calculation for each point in the system, where the loading might be to its extremity for
example top and bottom feeds, sidedraws, top and bottom trays etc.
53
To calculate the vapour and liquid flow rates, we’ll use the method given in (Duduna and Igbani 2019) and
stipulates the following relations,
Subsequently, the vapour and liquid mass flow rates are calculated as follows,
𝑉𝑤=(𝐺).(𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣) = 507.66 kg/s
𝐿𝑤=(𝐿).(𝑀𝑊𝑎𝑣) = 420.72 kg/s
Using the above values for the vapour and liquid mass flow rates we calculate the flooding velocity using the
following correlation states in (Takahashi, Teruo and Kozo 1966),
𝜌𝐿 − 𝜌𝑣
𝑢𝑓 = 6√
𝜌𝑣
where 𝑢𝑓 is the flooding vapour velocity(m/s) and 0.6 is the constant.(lonidus reference)
1017.1 − 997
𝑢𝑓 = 6√
997
Uf = 0.85m2/s
𝑉𝑤 = 𝑢𝑓 . 𝜌𝑣 . 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑡
Using the above formula, Anet = .59 m2
𝑢𝑓 × 4
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝐷𝑐) = √
𝜋 × .88
Using this formula, we get Dc = .89 m
Which concludes the designing aspect of our Distillation Column and the specifications as well as the
Designing Standards are given below in table 4.8;
54
Table 4.8. Final design of Distillation column
Number of Trays 15
Overall efficiency of 80%
trays
Number of actual trays 8
Tray spacing (m) 0.61
Operating Temperature ~209
Height of Column (m) 10.98
And the Design Standards of the Distillation Colum designed are:[23]
Material of Construction Carbon Steel
Tray Type Valve Trays
Operating Pressure 101.325 kPa
Reboiler Used Kettle type reboilers.
Condenser Used Jacketed coil condenser
55
Chapter 5
Cost Estimation
5.1 Total Capital Investment
Total capital investment is the total amount of money invested in a firm with a goal to get good
returns. The total capital investment can be calculated with the help of reference taken from the
plant of different capacity.
Capacity of plant in 2010 = 10000 tons/year [14,15]
Capacity of plant in 2020 = 20000 tons/year [14,15]
Capacity ratio is defined as the ratio of the capacities of the two-plants taken into
consideration.
Capacity Ratio [14] = 20000/10000 = 2.0
Old Investment [22] =2.19
Chemical Plant cost index for the year 2010 = 615.4
Chemical Plant cost index for the year 2020 = 609.1
Therefore, to calculate new investment the formula used is;
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 × (𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜)0.6
615.4
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2.19 × ( ) × (2)0.6
609.1
Giving us the new investment ration to be 3.35
56
Total capital investment = TCI = FCC + Working capital = 3.25 Cr Working capital = 25% of
FCC = Rs 4875000
Therefore TCI = Rs 32500000
Capital investment is the total amount of money needed to supply the necessary plant and
manufacturing facilities. It also includes the working capital for operation of the facilities. The total
capital investment is divided into fixed capital investment and working capital. Fixed capital is
further classified into direct cost and indirect cost. Break up of direct cost and indirect cost of the
fixed capital is given in the table 5.1 and table 5.2. Direct cost basically consists of piping,
equipment, installation etc. and indirect cost consists of legal expenses, construction, contractor etc
Table 5.1. Segregation of Direct Fixed Cost[16]
Sr. No. Cost Description % of fixed cost Equipment cost ( Rs.)
1 Purchased Equipment 35 9695000
2 Equipment installation cost 5 1385000
3 Instrumentation and control 3 831000

Cost
4 Electrical Systems 2 554000
5 Piping 8 2216000
6 Building 15 4155000
7 Service facilities 3 831000
8 Land 4 1108000
57
Table 5.2. Segregation of Indirect Fixed Cost[16]
Sr. No. Cost Description % of fixed cost Equipment cost ( Rs.)
1 Engineering Services 11 3047000
2 Legal Expenses 1 277000
3 Construction 7 1939000
1385000
4 Contractor 5
5 Contegency 8 2216000
5.2 Total Production Cost
Total production cost is calculated by adding manufacturing cost and general expenses
[15]. Direct production cost is shown in table 5.3.
Total production Cost [17] = Manufacturing Cost + General Expenses
Manufacturing cost [17] = Direct Production Cost + Fixed Charges + Plant Overhead Costs
Table 5.3. Aggregated Production costs
Particulars Basis Chosen Cost (Rs. Lakhs )
Raw Material 25 % of WCI 1218750
Maintenance and Repairs 7 % of FCI 1939000
Operating Supplies 15 % of M and R 290850
Operating Labour (OL) 10 % of TPC 0.1X
Laboratory Charges 10 % of OL 0.01X
Utilities 10% of WCI 487500
Patents and Royalties 1 % of TPC 0.01X
Operating supervision 15 % of OL 0.015X
TOTAL 3936100+0.135X
58
Table 5.4. Fixed Charges[17]
Particulars Basis Chosen Cost (Rs Lakhs)
Depreciation ---- 2770000
Interest 10 % of TCI 3250000
Local Taxes 4 % of FCI 1108000
Insurance 1 % of FCI 277000
Total 7405000
By straight-line method
=length of straight line recovery period ( n = 10 years for chemical plant )
=Rs 2770000
Plant overhead cost = 50 % of (total expenses for operating
labor, supervision and maintenance)
= 0.5 * (0.115X + 1939000)
Total Manufacturing cost = Direct production cost + Fixed charges + Plant Overhead cost
= 3936100 + 0.135X + 7405000 + 0.0575X + 969500
= 12310600 + 0.1925X
General expenses are tabulated in which includes administrative
costs, distribution and marketing costs and R and D.
59
Particulars Basis Chosen Cost (Rs Lakhs)
Administrative Costs 15 % of OL 0.015X
Distribution and Marketing 12 % of TPC 0.12X

Costs
R and D 4 % of TPC 0.04X
Total 0.175X
And on looking upon the table given below we calculate;
Total Production Cost = Manufacturing Cost + General Expenses
Table 5.5. General Expenses
X = 12310600 + 0.1925X + 0.175

X= 12310600 + 0.3675X
X= 194633400
5.3 Payback Period
Cost price of PBS per kg = 194633400 / 7200000 = Rs 27.01
Assuming a profit margin of 10% so selling price of the product = Rs 29.713 Annual Sales =
Selling price x 7200000 = 213933600
Gross annual earnings (Gj) = total annual sales – total annual product cost
= 213933600 - 194633400
= 19300200
Net annual earnings = gross annual earnings – income tax = Gj – 35% of Gj
= 19300200 – 6755070 = 12545130
60
Payback period = Total capital investment / Net annual earnings + dep
= 32500000 /12545130 + 2770000

= 32500000 /15315130 = 2.12 years
61
Chapter 6
Safety and Hazard Analysis

Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a biodegradable polyester. This semi-crystalline
thermoplastic is blended through polycondensation of 1,4butanediol and succinic acid. Raw
materials used for the manufacturing of PBS can be produced from petroleum based
feedstock or from renewable, organic resources like fermentation of glucose and sucrose [1].
Polybutylene succinate decomposes to carbon dioxide and water microorganisms present in
the soil.
6.1 Safety Data Sheet
6.1.1 Identification
i.Succinic Acid [17]
Component: Butanedioic Acid
CAS-No: 110-15-6
EC-No: 203-740-4
Weight %: 99
ii. 1,4-butanediol [17]
Component: 1,4-butylene glycol
CAS-No: 110-63-4
EC-No: 203-786-5
Weight %: 99
iii. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) [18]
62
Chemical name: Polybutylene succinate
CAS-No: 25777-14-4
Weight %: 98.0-99.998
6.1.2 Hazard Identification
i.Succinic Acid
Hazard statement: Serious eye damage, Skin corrosion/irritation, May cause
respiratory irritation, nausea, vomiting and it is combustible. Formation of hazardous
combustible gases or vapour possible in case of fire.
Precautionary statement: Wear face protection/eye protection, wear gloves, wash
hands after handling, [17]
ii. 1,4-butanediol
It may cause eye irritation. It may cause skin irritation and redness. If ingested, it
may cause gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea. May cause
kidney damage and respiratory tract irritation. [17]
iii. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
PBS is not regarded as hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication
Standard (28 CFR 1910.1200).It is not a dangerous substance or mixture according
to the Global Harmonized System (GHS).
PBS contains no substance that is considered to be hazardous to health, at any given
consideration. [18]
6.1.3 First aid measures
i.Succinic Acid
63
If inhaled, move the victim to a fresh environment and allow a comfortable position
for breathing. If in the eye, wash with water for several minutes. If it causes skin
irritation, then wash thoroughly and remove contaminated clothes. In case of
indigestion, wash your mouth, keep your head low so that it does not affect lungs. If
serious, get medical attention. [17]
ii. 1,4-butanediol
In case of contact with eyes, splash water into eyes for at least 15 minutes. In case of
contact with skin, wash with soap and water. Get medical aid if irritation persists. In
case of ingestion, have 2-4 cups of water or milk. Do not induce vomiting. If there's
a leak, remove from exposure and look for fresh air immediately. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. See a physician, if the problem continues. [17]
Effects of exposure to substances may be delayed. If inhaled, remove exposure.
Wash eyes with water for several minutes. If hot material should splash into eyes,
flush with water and seek medical attention. In case of contact with skin, cool under
ice water. Don’t attempt to remove it from the skin, it could result in tear damage.
Get medical attention immediately. [18]
6.1.4 Fire-fighting measure
i.Succinic Acid
In case of fire, to remove people from the area, fire-fighters must wear proper
protective equipment. For small fires, water, dry chemical or chemical foam, carbon
dioxide should be used. Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating ground
water or sewage water. [17]
64
Flash point: 206oC
Autoignition temperature: 630oC
ii. 1,4-butanediol
In case of fire, use water spray, foam, dry extinguishing powder, and carbon dioxide.
During a fire, highly toxic gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or
combustion. During combustion hazardous products like carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide are released. Vapours may form explosive mixture with air.
Flash point: 135oC
Autoignition temperature: 420oC [20]
Dust Forms an explosive hazard. Wear fire fighting attire including self-containing
breathing apparatus. Smoke contains combustion products of different compositions
that may be toxic/irritating.
Autoignition temperature: 275oC[20]
6.1.5 Accidental Release measure
i.Succinic Acid
Vacate the surrounding area, no action shall be taken without suitable training. Do
not let it enter the drains or groundwater. Cover drains, pump off spills, clean up
affected areas, and dispose of them properly. Avoid generation of dust. Provide
proper ventilation and use vacuum with HEPA filter to reduce dust disposal.
ii. 1,4-butanediol
If spilled, then absorb with inert material and place in a suitable container. Clean up
spills immediately, observing precautions in the protective equipment section. Avoid
65
runoff into storm sewers and ditches which lead to waterways. Remove all sources
of ignition. Provide ventilation.
Avoid the formation of dust. If it is spilled while molten, allow it to harden then
clean it up. Dispose of in accordance with Federal, State and Local Regulations.
6.1.6 Handling and storage
i.Succinic Acid
After handling, wash thoroughly and remove contaminated clothing. Make sure there
is adequate ventilation. Dust generation and accumulation should be minimum. Keep
the container tightly closed. Wash clothes before reuse.
Store in dry, cool and ventilated places and away from incompatible substances.
Store in a tightly closed container. Should not come in contact with oxidizing
materials.
ii. 1,4-butanediol
It should be handled carefully. Clean thoroughly after handling. Adequate ventilation
is required. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Container should be sealed
tightly.
Do not inhale. It is stored in a tight container. Store in a dry, cool, and ventilated
area away from incompatible substances like nitric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrogen
peroxide, acid anhydride and reducing agents.
66
Store in a cool, dry place in a tight container at room temperature. Use only in well-
ventilated areas. Wash thoroughly after handling. Incompatible with strong oxidizing
agents and strong acids.
6.1.7 Physical and chemical properties
Table 6.1. Physical and Chemical properties list [21]
Properties Succinic Acid 1,4-butanediol PBS
Physical state Solid liquid Powder
Molecular weight 118.036 90.12
(g/mol)
Molecular formula C4H6O4 C4H10O2 (C8H12O4)n
Melting point (oC) 180-190 20 90-120
Boiling point (oC) 235 230
Appearance White Colourless White
Odor Odorless Nearly Characteristic
Odorless
pH 2.7 7-8
Density 1564 kg /m³ 1017 kg/m³ 1260 kg/m³
Solubility Moderately soluble in Soluble in Insoluble in
water water water
NPFA
67
6.1.8 Stability and reactivity
i.Succinic Acid
Stable at room temperature under normal conditions. Avoid high temperature, excess
of heat and incompatible material. Forms carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide after
decomposition which is hazardous. Not compatible with bases, strong oxidising and
reducing agents.
ii. 1,4-butanediol
Hygroscopic, absorbs water or moisture from air. Avoid contact with incompatible
material, ignition sources and excess heat.
Material is stable. Polymerization is not hazardous. Do not expose yourself to open
flames. Combustion may produce toxic/irritating components like carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, aldehydes and nitrogen oxides. Also include isocyanates and
small amounts of hydrogen cyanide.
6.1.9 Ecological Information
i.Succinic Acid
Value of bioaccumulative potential is 0.21, calculated using am measures log kow of
-0.59 which indicates that bioconcentration of aquatic organisms is low. Succinic
acid does not volatilize from the water surface. Vapours of succinic acid are
degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl
68
radicals. The half-life for this reaction in air is about 5.8 days. Particulate-phase
succinic acid may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition.
ii. 1,4-butanediol
Degradation studies: 98.7% COD, 40 mg COD/g dry inoculum/hr with substance as
sole carbon. Process degradation can be biotic or abiotic that takes 14 days with 96%
degradation rate. The substance is readily biodegradable. It does not accumulate in
organisms n-octanol/water (log KOW) is -0.88 (at 25 °C). Organic Carbon
normalised absorption coefficient is -0.387.
Inherently biodegradable. Ecotoxicity effects are EC50 / 72h / algae > 1100
mg/L.[21]
6.1.10 Disposal considerations and transport information
i.Succinic Acid
Waster generation should be minimized. It should be disposed of according to the
national and local regulations. Handle uncleansed containers carefully.
It is not considered as dangerous in the meaning of transport regulations. Transport
in secure containers that are upright and sealed.
ii. 1,4-butanediol
Disposal of contents/container must be according to the regulations of
local/regional/national/international terms. Do not dispose into sewage drains.
Chemical waste generation determines whether a discarded chemical is classified as
hazardous or not. US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in
40 CFR Parts 261.3.
69
Transfer to an approved disposal area must be in accordance with federal, state,
local, and international regulations.
70
Chapter 7
References
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polyhydroxyalkanoates produced from renewable carbon resources by bacterial fermentation.
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5. Cheng, K., Wang, G.Y., Zeng, J., Zhang, J.A., 2013. Improved Succinate Production by
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10. E4tech, RE-CORD and WUR, 2015. From the Sugar Platform to biofuels and biochemicals.
Final report for the European Commission, contract No ENER/C2/423 2012/SI2.673791.
11. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and
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12. European Commission, 2005. Techno-economic Feasibility of Large-scale Production of
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Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. Society of Environmental Toxicology and
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14. Fujimaki, 1997. Processability and properties of aliphatic polyesters, “BIONOLLE”,
synthesized by polycondensation reaction. Polymer Degradation and Stability 59, 209 – 214.
15. Guidotti, G., Soccio, M., Siracusa, V., Gazzano, M., Salatelli, E., Munari, A., Lotti, N.,
2017. Novel Random PBS-Based Copolymers Containing Aliphatic Side Chains for
Sustainable Flexible Food Packaging. Polymers 9, 724.
16. S. Ayu Rafiqah, Abdan Khalina, Ahmad Saffian Harmaen, Intan Amin Tawakkal,
Khairul Zaman, M. Asim, M.N. Nurrazi and Ching Hao Lee. “A Review on Properties and
Application of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Succinate).” Polymers 2021, 13, 1436. https://doi.org/
10.3390/polym13091436.
17. Safety Data sheet, Succinic Acid.
Retrived from: http://www.affymetrix.com/support/technical/usb/msds/21900A.pdf
18. Safety Data sheet, Succinic Acid.
Retrived from: https://www.finarchemicals.com/msds/Succinic%20acid.pdf
19. Safety Data sheet, 1,4-butanediol.
Retrieved from: https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62042.htm
20. Safety Data sheet, 1,4-butanediol.
Retrieved from: https://www.biochemopharma.fr/uploads/products/msds/204350500.pdf
21. Safety Data sheet, Polybutylene Succinate.
Retrieved from: http://www.koboproductsinc.com/SDSs/RESOBEADS-BG-1030-SDS.pdf
22. Sinnott, R. K., Coulson, J. M., & Richardson, J. F. (2005). Coulson & Richardson's chemical
engineering: Vol. 6. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
23. Forged Components Incorporate distillation column specifications;
72
Chapter 8
Appendix
8.1 Appendix -1
Jh (Heat transfer coeff) Tube side coefficient table and calculation of hi[22]
Tube side heat transfer factor

24
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
0.1
y = 0.099x-0.37
-0.398 48
y = 0.1363x R² = 0.9603
R² = 0.9709 y = 0.0633x-0.33
Heat Transfer Factor, jh
R² = 0.94
y = 0.0385x-0.289 120
0.01
R² = 0.9077
y = 0.0242x-0.252
R² = 0.8674
0.001
0.0001
Reynolds number, Re
Table 8.1. Tube side jh vs Re number

x 24 48 120 240 500
9.982 0.12974 0.10555 0.07736 0.056152 0.041516
10.003 0.12956 0.1054 0.07726 0.056075 0.041459
10.004 0.12955 0.10539 0.07725 0.056071 0.041456
10.027 0.12937 0.10524 0.07714 0.055991 0.041397
10.049 0.12918 0.10509 0.07703 0.055912 0.041338
50.556 0.044967 0.036809 0.027316 0.019878 0.014627
114.2 0.026422 0.021687 0.016162 0.011774 0.008658
174.56 0.020038 0.016446 0.012284 0.008953 0.0065866
307.03 0.013876 0.011356 0.00851 0.0062057 0.0045725
353.15 0.012669 0.010356 0.007766 0.005664 0.0041755
363.82 0.012426 0.010154 0.007616 0.0055548 0.0040955
629.73 0.008688 0.00706 0.0053048 0.0038752 0.0028603
73
801.2 0.007414 0.0060167 0.0045213 0.0033072 0.0024394
1752.3 0.0044147 0.0035976 0.0027183 0.0019977 0.0014729
1826.4 0.0042992 0.003504 0.0026561 0.0019497 0.0014394
1843.2 0.0042744 0.0034838 0.0026432 0.0019396 0.0014325
1965.3 0.0041077 0.003347 0.0025652 0.0018731 0.0013906
1969.7 0.0041021 0.0033423 0.002563 0.0018709 0.0013895
2053.2 0.0040043 0.0032593 0.0025368 0.0018348 0.0015391
2091.1 0.0039649 0.0032243 0.0025445 0.0020709 0.0015671
2125 0.0039332 0.0031945 0.0026034 0.0020777 0.0015935
2149.3 0.0039135 0.003174 0.0027245 0.0020841 0.0016176
2159.2 0.0039065 0.0031661 0.0027498 0.0020873 0.0016283
2174.2 0.0038974 0.0031541 0.0027784 0.0020933 0.0016455
2209.2 0.0038956 0.0031278 0.0028253 0.0021118 0.0016875
2388.8 0.004033 0.0035411 0.0029582 0.0022667 0.0018952
2472.3 0.0040073 0.0035316 0.0030029 0.0023552 0.0019758
2506.4 0.0039976 0.0035297 0.0030209 0.002392 0.002006
2523.8 0.0039928 0.0035295 0.0030302 0.0024106 0.002021
2535.3 0.0039898 0.0035297 0.0030365 0.0024227 0.0020307
2876.5 0.0039232 0.003628 0.0032369 0.0026994 0.0022771
3011.5 0.0039032 0.0036626 0.0033068 0.002784 0.0023593
3032.5 0.0039003 0.0036669 0.0033171 0.0027967 0.0023716
3046.3 0.0038983 0.0036696 0.0033237 0.0028049 0.0023796
3308.5 0.0038626 0.0037081 0.00344 0.0029522 0.0025215
4067.5 0.0037748 0.0037632 0.003691 0.0033083 0.0028437
4377.3 0.0037569 0.0037743 0.0037569 0.0034272 0.0029434
4377.3 0.0037569 0.0037743 0.0037569 0.0034272 0.0029434
4562.1 0.0037525 0.0037786 0.0037833 0.00349 0.0029952
6204.1 0.0037917 0.0038092 0.0038178 0.0038092 0.0033024
6204.1 0.0037917 0.0038092 0.0038178 0.0038092 0.0033024
6218.4 0.0037921 0.0038097 0.0038181 0.0038107 0.0033044
7007 0.0038133 0.0038346 0.0038398 0.0038691 0.0034091
9617 0.0038411 0.0038807 0.0038981 0.00392 0.0036035
11422 0.0038267 0.0038712 0.0038981 0.0038981 0.0036346
11422 0.0038267 0.0038712 0.0038981 0.0038981 0.0036346
11422 0.0038267 0.0038712 0.0038981 0.0038981 0.0036346
18494 0.0036537 0.0036621 0.0037047 0.0036961 0.0036961
18494 0.0036537 0.0036621 0.0037047 0.0036961 0.0036961
18494 0.0036537 0.0036621 0.0037047 0.0036961 0.0036961
18494 0.0036537 0.0036621 0.0037047 0.0036961 0.0036961
33431 0.0032247 0.0032247 0.0032472 0.0032397 0.0032339
33431 0.0032247 0.0032247 0.0032472 0.0032397 0.0032339
74
33431 0.0032247 0.0032247 0.0032472 0.0032397 0.0032339
33508 0.0032231 0.0032232 0.0032456 0.0032381 0.0032322
9.93E+05 0.0015891 0.0015927 0.0015891 0.0015898 0.0015927
9.93E+05 0.0015891 0.0015927 0.0015891 0.0015898 0.0015927
9.96E+05 0.0015883 0.001592 0.0015883 0.0015891 0.001592
Table 8.2. Calculation of jh which is used to calculate hi

re 33508
jh 24 0.0032231
48 0.0032232
120 0.0032456
240 0.0032381
500 0.0032322
8.2 Appendix – 2
Jh (Heat transfer coeff) Shell side coefficient table and calculation of hi[22]
Heat Transfer Factor Jn Segmental Baffles

15 25 35 45 Power (15) Power (25) Power (35) Power (45)
y = 0.53x-0.473
10 100 1000 10000 R² = 0.989 100000
0.1 y = 0.4515x-0.47
R² = 0.9924
y = 0.418x-0.475
R² = 0.9944
y = 0.3955x-0.48
R² = 0.9953
0.01
0.001
75
Table 8.3. Shell side jh vs Re number
x Heat Transfer Factor Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Heat Transfer
Jn 15 Factor Jn 25 Factor Jn 35 Factor Jn 45
10.422 0.21071 0.17524 0.15716 0.14575
10.448 0.21038 0.175 0.15695 0.14556
10.454 0.21031 0.17495 0.1569 0.14551
10.562 0.20896 0.17397 0.15602 0.14472
21.013 0.13637 0.119 0.10709 0.09978
21.088 0.13608 0.11877 0.10689 0.09958
21.113 0.13598 0.11868 0.10682 0.09951
21.167 0.13578 0.11851 0.10668 0.09936
31.249 0.10892 0.09412 0.08598 0.07847
31.311 0.1088 0.09401 0.08588 0.07838
31.45 0.10852 0.09377 0.08566 0.07818
31.473 0.10848 0.09372 0.08562 0.07815
52.028 0.08075 0.07018 0.063196 0.059778
52.166 0.08062 0.07008 0.063102 0.059692
52.189 0.0806 0.07006 0.063086 0.059678
71.99 0.0665 0.058568 0.053245 0.049316
72.05 0.06647 0.05854 0.05322 0.04929
72.23 0.06637 0.058443 0.053135 0.049204
72.51 0.06621 0.058294 0.053001 0.049069
92.16 0.057427 0.049868 0.045611 0.042641
92.83 0.057208 0.049658 0.04544 0.042485
102.48 0.054509 0.047062 0.043248 0.040467
102.93 0.054397 0.046957 0.043155 0.040381
199.55 0.040103 0.034827 0.031602 0.029486
199.82 0.040079 0.034807 0.031582 0.029468
200.45 0.040022 0.034758 0.031536 0.029425
200.78 0.039991 0.034733 0.031512 0.029402
299.13 0.033368 0.028845 0.026123 0.024465
299.36 0.033356 0.028834 0.026114 0.024456
300.15 0.033317 0.028798 0.026083 0.024428
395.07 0.029419 0.025408 0.023095 0.021605
397.29 0.029344 0.025345 0.023038 0.021549
398.7 0.029297 0.025305 0.023002 0.021514
494.4 0.026576 0.023007 0.020911 0.019356
496.04 0.026536 0.022973 0.02088 0.019324
794.4 0.021445 0.018629 0.016872 0.015402
795 0.021438 0.018623 0.016866 0.015396
76
795.6 0.02143 0.018617 0.01686 0.015391
989.7 0.019421 0.016875 0.015268 0.013938
996.8 0.019359 0.01682 0.015216 0.013889
998.2 0.019346 0.01681 0.015205 0.013879
1625.4 0.015534 0.013485 0.012 0.010837
1945.1 0.014325 0.012441 0.011007 0.009891
1958.8 0.014279 0.012402 0.010971 0.009856
2900.9 0.011935 0.010395 0.009155 0.008114
2905.7 0.011925 0.010388 0.009148 0.008107
2911.4 0.011915 0.010378 0.00914 0.0081
2925.7 0.011888 0.010355 0.009119 0.008081
3923.2 0.010333 0.009043 0.007923 0.007026
4897.4 0.009279 0.008155 0.007086 0.0064004
4899.4 0.009277 0.008153 0.007084 0.0063992
4926.4 0.009253 0.008132 0.007064 0.0063841
4949.8 0.009232 0.008114 0.007047 0.0063711
6877 0.007938 0.006971 0.005939 0.0054533
8743 0.007124 0.0062463 0.0053003 0.0047518
8839 0.00709 0.0062155 0.0052745 0.0047274
9810 0.006765 0.0059289 0.0050398 0.0045072
9888 0.006741 0.0059077 0.0050227 0.0044912
18897 0.0050296 0.0044292 0.0038446 0.0034003
19080 0.0050072 0.0044103 0.0038291 0.0033865
19099 0.0050049 0.0044084 0.0038276 0.0033851
19184 0.0049947 0.0043998 0.0038205 0.0033788
28728 0.0041371 0.0036785 0.0031835 0.0028522
28874 0.0041276 0.0036701 0.0031758 0.0028462
29043 0.0041167 0.0036604 0.0031669 0.0028394
29062 0.0041154 0.0036593 0.0031659 0.0028386
38305 0.0036426 0.0032335 0.0028015 0.0025334
38381 0.0036395 0.0032309 0.0027993 0.0025313
38563 0.0036321 0.0032246 0.0027941 0.0025264
48481 0.0032991 0.0029385 0.0025724 0.0022932
48576 0.0032965 0.0029359 0.0025703 0.0022913
48612 0.0032955 0.0029349 0.0025695 0.0022905
48620 0.0032952 0.0029346 0.0025694 0.0022904
58469 0.003064 0.0026859 0.0023519 0.0021124
6.76E+04 0.0028894 0.0025068 0.0022126 0.0019883
6.79E+04 0.0028816 0.0025003 0.0022074 0.0019837
6.81E+04 0.0028795 0.0024985 0.002206 0.0019824
7.79E+04 0.0026682 0.0023812 0.0020887 0.001882
77
7.82E+04 0.0026639 0.0023783 0.0020856 0.0018795
7.89E+04 0.002653 0.0023704 0.0020776 0.001873
8.73E+04 0.002562 0.0022677 0.0019871 0.0018055
9.56E+04 0.0024958 0.00217 0.00192 0.0017478
9.58E+04 0.0024942 0.0021677 0.0019185 0.0017464
9.62E+04 0.0024914 0.0021634 0.0019157 0.0017439
9.67E+04 0.0024882 0.0021586 0.0019127 0.0017411
8.3 Appendix – 3
Jf (Friction Factor)Tube side coefficient table and calculation of hi [22]
Table 8.4. Tube side jf vs Re number

x Jf Tube side
9.983 0.7796
12.332 0.61753
15.245 0.4957
19.391 0.39052
23.381 0.32227
28.275 0.26691
34.195 0.22003
41.351 0.18451
50.248 0.15023
59.061 0.12658
68.43 0.10984
78.9 0.09864
90.14 0.08517
98.19 0.07799
112.7 0.06801
126.91 0.060471
146.35 0.05273
172.02 0.04443
199.3 0.039125
241.04 0.031856
297.1 0.025685
400.81 0.018871
503.46 0.015217
597.39 0.012822
705.4 0.011072
809.7 0.009608
78
865.4 0.008971
1063.2 0.009039
1342.2 0.008434
1840.4 0.007751
2467.3 0.007178
3283.2 0.006595
4089.1 0.0061838
5193.4 0.0057417
6001.2 0.0054775
7117 0.0052184
8092 0.0050377
10345 0.0047139
13046 0.004492
17325 0.0042521
20457 0.0039996
30590 0.003685
43417 0.0033545
52235 0.0032025
61064 0.0031267
9.35E+04 0.0028669
1.15E+05 0.0027183
1.47E+05 0.0025652
2.09E+05 0.0023863
2.76E+05 0.0022856
3.81E+05 0.0021259
4.93E+05 0.0019964
6.30E+05 0.0018933
7.65E+05 0.0018307
9.07E+05 0.00177
1.06E+06 0.0017307
Re 52235
jf 0.0032025
79
8.4 Appendix – 4
Jf (Friction Factor) Shell side coefficient table and calculation of hi [22]
Shell-side friction factors, segmental baffles

10
y = 2.2838x-0.371
R² = 0.8111
y = 1.4791x-0.36
R² = 0.8029
1
y = 1.3304x-0.367
R² = 0.8114
Friction Factor, jf
y = 1.1131x-0.372
R² = 0.8235
0.1
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
0.01
0.001
Reynolds Number, Re
15 25 35 45 Power (15) Power (25) Power (35) Power (45)
Table 8.5. Shell side jf vs Re number

x 15 25 35 45
9.906 3.8083 2.5122 2.1157 1.7234
9.934 3.7979 2.5053 2.1101 1.7191
10 3.773 2.4891 2.0967 1.7088
10.053 3.7535 2.4764 2.0863 1.7008
13.086 2.8928 1.9134 1.62 1.3358
14.246 2.66 1.7609 1.4913 1.2328
16.883 2.2493 1.4913 1.2537 1.0487
18.908 2.0114 1.3349 1.1202 0.9419
24.052 1.5865 1.0547 0.886 0.7525
26.936 1.4189 0.9439 0.7945 0.6783
34.264 1.1197 0.7455 0.6321 0.54262
35.248 1.0889 0.7251 0.61566 0.52774
80
38.372 1.0017 0.66704 0.57012 0.48436
42.369 0.9088 0.60513 0.51665 0.43722
46.343 0.8323 0.55403 0.46819 0.39842
46.782 0.8247 0.5489 0.46388 0.39458
50.929 0.7588 0.50482 0.42427 0.36232
56.5 0.6855 0.45562 0.38272 0.32785
67.28 0.57806 0.38313 0.32474 0.27683
68.17 0.57065 0.3781 0.32079 0.27325
71.2 0.54703 0.36205 0.30824 0.26175
87.42 0.44817 0.29377 0.25605 0.21295
97.97 0.40141 0.26212 0.23152 0.19061
113.67 0.34796 0.23227 0.20353 0.16558
123.95 0.32034 0.21637 0.18906 0.15299
135.25 0.29484 0.2013 0.17566 0.14186
156.19 0.25745 0.17839 0.1559 0.12622
160.47 0.25101 0.17434 0.15248 0.12339
194.97 0.20963 0.14745 0.13016 0.10414
243.95 0.17148 0.12162 0.10878 0.08592
293.23 0.14691 0.10467 0.09408 0.07271
296.71 0.14556 0.10375 0.09321 0.07206
299.56 0.14449 0.10303 0.09252 0.07158
301.35 0.14384 0.10258 0.09209 0.0713
310.77 0.14427 0.10045 0.08991 0.07016
325.31 0.14083 0.09795 0.08684 0.06935
328.39 0.13997 0.0976 0.08626 0.06923
332.29 0.1392 0.09731 0.08774 0.06908
347.56 0.13704 0.09884 0.08637 0.06829
347.72 0.13701 0.09885 0.08636 0.06828
374.77 0.13346 0.0963 0.0837 0.066664
392.88 0.13122 0.0942 0.08242 0.065597
409.93 0.12918 0.09247 0.08099 0.06464
420.39 0.12796 0.09152 0.07996 0.06408
435.33 0.12623 0.09031 0.07856 0.063318
510.5 0.1187 0.08562 0.07361 0.060137
523.92 0.11771 0.08494 0.07305 0.059676
545.01 0.11629 0.08394 0.07231 0.05901
622.37 0.1119 0.08083 0.07047 0.057022
677.6 0.10936 0.079 0.06953 0.05591
749.9 0.10659 0.07685 0.06839 0.054691
798.9 0.10501 0.07528 0.067461 0.053968
945 0.1014 0.0712 0.064333 0.052101
81
995.4 0.10047 0.07053 0.063523 0.051528
1014.8 0.10016 0.07032 0.063247 0.051317
1213.4 0.09791 0.06865 0.061088 0.049399
1302.4 0.09722 0.06807 0.060799 0.04867
1462 0.09614 0.06713 0.060075 0.047534
1529.1 0.0957 0.066766 0.059662 0.04712
1803.6 0.09394 0.065381 0.057729 0.04577
1903 0.09331 0.064905 0.057254 0.045385
2055.9 0.09235 0.064184 0.056659 0.044856
2068.1 0.09228 0.064127 0.056606 0.044817
2360.2 0.09053 0.062818 0.055332 0.043951
2419.5 0.09019 0.062566 0.055176 0.043793
2557.3 0.08941 0.061999 0.054813 0.043446
2732 0.08847 0.061323 0.053792 0.043045
3260.8 0.08589 0.059543 0.052665 0.042053
3575 0.08454 0.058652 0.051801 0.041616
4296.7 0.08184 0.05696 0.050008 0.040681
4547.6 0.08101 0.056462 0.049459 0.040306
7696 0.0736 0.052219 0.044698 0.036172
13848 0.066075 0.047975 0.040093 0.032007
16585 0.063952 0.046741 0.038811 0.031028
17065 0.063625 0.046548 0.038613 0.030884
20397 0.06163 0.045355 0.037407 0.030019
24859 0.059519 0.044057 0.036128 0.029061
50451 0.052751 0.039632 0.031969 0.025652
8.01E+04 0.048914 0.036927 0.029554 0.023841
9.95E+04 0.04724 0.035703 0.028485 0.022965
1.29E+05 0.045343 0.034284 0.027263 0.021878
2.64E+05 0.040627 0.030627 0.024177 0.019069
4.20E+05 0.037902 0.02844 0.022374 0.017596
5.06E+05 0.036879 0.027605 0.021696 0.017071
8.03E+05 0.03445 0.025578 0.020087 0.015758
9.96E+05 0.033379 0.024665 0.019381 0.015325
9.98E+05 0.033368 0.024656 0.019374 0.015321
1.00E+06 0.033357 0.024646 0.019367 0.015318
1.00E+06 0.03335 0.02464 0.019362 0.015316
Re 13848
jf 15 0.066075
25 0.047975
35 0.040093
45 0.032007
82
8.5 Appendix – 5
VLE Data for water and 1,4 butanediol;
x y
0.002 0.009
0.009 0.03
0.013 0.05
0.02 0.08
0.05 0.19
0.11 0.35
0.188 0.502
0.281 0.63
0.391 0.735
0.542 0.835
0.657 0.894
0.81 0.94
0.91 0.98
0.98 0.99
0.99 0.99
83

Updated Capstone 101701019 101701021 101701023 JPK Report (Wordfile)

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CAPTSONE REPORT

(January 2021 – July 2021)

Design of Production Plant for Poly(butylene succinate)

Rishabh Ranade (Roll No.: 101701019)

Savneet Singh (Roll No.: 101701021)

Shourya Singh (Roll No.:101701023)

Under The Guidance of

Dr. J.P. Kushwaha

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,

or diploma at this or any other higher education institution.

Rishabh Ranade Savneet Singh Shourya Singh

(101701019) (101701021) (101701023)

as per the guidelines and standards.

(Dr. J.P. Kushwaha)

Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering

Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala

gratitude to all of them.

material balances and economic studies

Rishabh Ranade Savneet Singh Shourya Singh

(101701019) (101701021) (101701023)

profitability of this venture if to be taken on by a serious manufacturer.

Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

Figure 1.1 Global production capabilities of Bioplastics .................................................................................... 5

Table 1.1. list of properties of PBS [2] ............................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Bio-Plastics and Poly(butylene succinate)

properties. Being a biopolymer Polybutylene succinate is an aliphatic biodegradable polymer with

characteristics resonating with polypropylene.

used to make flexible packaging and paper coatings [1].

1.2 Properties of PBS

Table 1.1. list of properties of PBS [2]

Chemical Formula (C8H12O4) n

Density 1.26 kg/m3

Melting Point 115 C (338K)

Solubility in water Insoluble

Glass transition temperature -32 C 0

Stiffness 5.6 x 10 kg/cm

Degree of crystallinity 35-45%

Yield Strength 336 kg/cm 2

Heat distortion temperature 55 C

Colour Milky white

Table 1.2. Physical Properties of typical PBS and PLA [2]

Properties PBS PLA

Modulus of elasticity [MPa] 550 to 700 3500 to

Tensile strength [MPa] 34 50 to 70

1.3 Process route for the manufacturing of Poly(butylene Succinate)

can be used for various calculations related to their resource consumption.

1.4 Need Analysis

2027, growing at a CAGR of 12.8% during 2022-2027 [4].

Cost of production is relatively high.

1.5 Process Flowsheet

Figure 1.2. Process flowsheet for production of PBS

stage would be γ-Butyrolactone (GBL).

1.6.1 Succinic acid to BDO

seen in figure 1.3

form and thus we take its vapor form.

2.1 Process selection

Figure 2.1 Process followed for coming up with Bioplastic Solution

the properties for different applications.

2.2 Material and energy balance

streams at different temperatures.

In the Material and Energy balance;

Figure 2.3. Limpet Coil Jacketed Reactor[6]