TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

Written Report

COURSE
EEd MUSIC: Teaching Music in the Elementary
Grades
DEVELOPER AND
THEIR This instructional material has been developed by:
BACKGROUND
Aguilar, Monica Charize R.
BEED 3A
monicacharizeaguilar@[Link]
09957688292

Balosa, Christine Joy D.

BEED 3A
balosachristine392@[Link]
09616852251

Esparagoza, Mary Joy N.

BEED 3A
MaJoy923@[Link]
09105339533

Mabanglo, Mari Mar M.

BEED 3A
marmabanglo@[Link]
09661724648

Mariano, Monic B.
BEED 3A
marianoxmonic@[Link]
09094503014

Rodriguez, Nychel D.
BEED 3A
pc235427@[Link]
09317916952

Valencia, Justine Grace R.

BEED 3A
jgvalencia2001@[Link]
09091681435

COURSE
DESCRIPTION This course shall equip the pre-service teachers with
technological, pedagogical and content knowledge to have
an adequate musicianship necessary to teach music
effectively to diverse learners. In this course, elements in
music which form part of the curriculum content of Music
Education, the appropriate teaching strategies and
assessment methods will be given emphasis. Carrying out a
music education program, organizing performing group, skill
and artistry in teaching, finding and utilizing appropriate
musical resources, planning and teaching a lesson to an
entire class shall form part of the authentic and experiential
activities of the course( BTIs covered 1.1.1, 3.1.1 4.1.1,
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

4.5.1, 5.1.1)

COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Course General Orientation
Week 2: Philosophy and Values in Music Education
Week 3: Scope and Sequence of Music Education
Week 4: The Music Teacher
Week 5: Five Facets of Music Teaching
Week 6: Strategies in Music Teaching
Week 7-8: Assessment in Music
Week 9: MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Week 10-17: Demonstration Teaching

TITLE
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE OF MUSIC
RATIONALE
This is the second chapter of EEd MUSIC:
Teaching Music in the Elementary Grades. It
centers the Scope and Sequence of Music that
enables elementary grades to use music as an
expressive language. Specifically, this chapter is clustered
into two key discussions: (a) Musical Notation/ Musical
Terms; and (b)Rudiments/ Elements of Music.

INSTRUCTION TO
THE USERS  This instructional material serves as a guide in
understanding one unit or chapter under EEd MUSIC. It
consists of the following sections:
(a) introductory guide: to introduce and familiarize you
with the course title, description, and rationale for this
chapter/module;
(b) pre-test: to assess and determine your prior
understanding of the subject;
(c) learning objectives:to establish the intended results or
skills to be learned in this chapter;
(d) content (with preparatory, developmental and closure
activities): to deliver and impart intended knowledge,
skills and abilities while utilizing this mode of learning;
(e) synthesis/generalization: to highlight the key points
that you should remember in this chapter;
(f) evaluation: to assess your comprehension of the
concepts covered in this chapter;
(g) assignment/agreement: to promote learning
continuity and help in reinforcing what was learned in the
class;
(h) references: to list all the available resources used for
this chapter and give full acknowledgment to the authors'
intellectual properties.

PRE-TEST
Let us do a SELF-CHECK!
People loves to sing and hear music as
they go onto different phase of their life. It
becomes their entertainment and remedy at the
same time.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

In a clean sheet of paper, give your own definition of

the word “Music” and list down the musical terms you know.
You may answer this for 5-10 minutes and once you are
done we will proceed to the learning objectives of this
chapter.

LEARNING
OBJECTIVES At the end of this chapter, the students are expected
to:
(a) Develop understanding on the basic concepts of the
musical terms mentioned.
(b) Recognize the musical symbols.
(c) Value the importance of music and its elements in
one’s life.
(d) Perform musical presentation showcasing different
elements of music.

CONTENT
PREPARATORY View the video below and then answer the set of
ACTIVITIES questions given.
[Link]

After viewing the video, here are the questions to

ponder:
1) Upon watching, what role does music have in one’s
life?
2) Is it necessary to hear music in order to appreciate it?
3) Why is it important that music has its proper
arrangement?

DEVELOPMENTAL
ACTIVITIES Here are the Musical Notation/Musical Terms and
Rudiments/Elements of Music that will help you understand
music easily.

MUSIC NOTATION
Music Notation
Music notation are symbols used in written music. It
lets the players know which note to play and how long to play
it for.

Different Types of Musical Notes

In order to read music notes, children will need to
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

learn to recognize the different types of musical notes.

Musical notes are named A, B, C, D, E, F and G. They have
no particular start or end - there isn't a 'first' note - but they
are always in that order.
In between the notes are accidentals - sharps (♯) and
flats (♭). In order they are typically: A, B♭, B, C, C♯, D, D♯,
E, F, F♯, G, G♯, A♭. Just remember that the '♭' symbol
means that a note is played a semitone lower, and a '♯'
means that a note is played a semitone higher. So, looking at
the keyboard, 'C♭' is a B because B is the note a semitone
below C.
At the keyboard we often start with C major because it
is a simple key to play in, C major is visually simple on the
keyboard as it doesn't contain any black keys - but it isn't the
same for every instrument.
The different types of musical notes - the different
symbols that indicate how long a note lasts for - have
different names. These are semibreve, minim, crotchet,
quaver and semi quaver - but there are others too.

The Staff

The staff (the plural is stave) is what musical notation

is written on. It's a set of five, horizontal lines and four
spaces. One way to think of the staff is like a graph for
music. Composers write rests, musical symbols (such as
accidentals) and notes on the staff to indicate the pitch of
musical notes.
Music notes are written on or between the five lines
of the staff. Sometimes notes go higher or lower than the
staff. In these cases, ledger lines can be added.
A clef is placed at the beginning of the staff. The two
most common ones that we will look at today are the treble
clef and the bass clef.
The treble clef is the most
common clef in music. The
symbol used for the treble clef
looks like the letter "G" with the
bottom part encircling the second
line of the staff. This indicates
that the note on the second line
is a G. That's why the treble clef is also known as G clef.
Many woodwind, brass, and tuned percussion instruments
with higher ranges use the treble clef. On the piano, the
treble clef is played by the right hand.
Another type of clef is the
bass clef. The symbol used for the
bass clef is like a stylized
apostrophe with two dots to the
right of it. Between the dots is the
fourth line of the staff indicating the
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

placement of the note F below middle C. This is why the

bass clef is also known as F clef. Musical instruments in the
lower ranges, such as the bass guitar, use the bass clef. On
the piano, the bass clef is played by the left hand.

Each note is worth a certain number of beats. This

means we have to count to that number while holding the
note.

Semibreve

The semibreve (or whole note) is worth four beats and

is written as an oval-shaped zero. The oval-shaped part of
this musical notation symbol is called the note head.
Minim

Minims (half notes) are worth two beats. This musical

notation's symbol is like a semibreve, but with a line (stem)
coming out of the right-hand side.
Crotchet

These quarter notes are worth one beat. To draw one,

do the same as you would for a minim but with the note head
filled in.
Quaver

Quavers (eight notes) are worth half a beat. It's written

like a crochet but with a tail coming out the side of the stem.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

Semiquaver

Semiquavers (sixteenth notes) are worth a quarter of

a beat. This is written just like a quaver, but with two tails
coming out of the stem.

When two or more quavers or semiquavers

appear next to each other as part of one beat,
they are beamed together like this:

Bar Lines

Vertical lines called bar lines are used when writing

music. A bit like musical punctuation, they help musicians
keep track of where there are in the music. Bar lines divide
music into measures called bars. Each bar has a certain
number of beats, and they group beats into patterns. At the
end of a piece of music, you'll have a final bar line: a normal
bar line with a bold line to the right.

Time Signatures

Time signatures refer to the number and types of note

in each bar of music. A specific number of music notes are
allowed in each bar. The number of notes allowed in the bar
is determined by the time signature.
Time signatures are made up of two numbers: a top
number and a bottom number. We can have 2/4 time, 4/4
time and 3/8 time, just to name a few.
The top number tells us how many beats are in a bar.
The bottom number tells us the type of beat. '2' means a
minim beat because a minim is half of a semibreve, '4'
means a crochet beat because it is a quarter of a semibreve
and '8' means a quaver beat.
Take the 2/4 time signature as an example. The '2' on
the top means that there are two beats in a bar. The '4'
means that we have a crochet beat. So, in 2/4 time, you have
two crochet beats in a bar.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

MUSICAL TERMS
There are probably thousands of different terms and
words used in music throughout the world. Various
composers and music writers may use these terms in
different ways. Many of the music terms listed below come
from the Italian language. That is because Italy was where
many of these terms were first introduced.

List of Musical Terms:

Acappella - singing without any instruments
Adagio - slow Allegro - to play music brisk and happily,
sometimes fast
Alto - high pitched, an alto voice is lower than a soprano, but
higher than a tenor Andante - moderate tempo or pace of
music
Arpeggio - notes of a one chord are played quickly, one
after the other
Bass - low, the lowest of the voices and the lowest part of
the harmony
Bravura - to play music boldly
Bridge - the part of a song that transitions between two main
parts
Capo - the beginning
Chord - when three or more notes are played at the same
time. There are many different types of chords or
combinations of notes that can be played in music.
Coda - the end, tail, or closing section of a song
Common time - this is a typical beat of 4 beats per measure.
Many songs have this timing and it is indicated by a "C" or
haft circle.
Crescendo - growing steadily louder
Dissonance - a combination or quality of sounds that sound
unstable
Dolce - to play a piece of music sweetly
Forte - to play music loudly or strongly
Harmony - when several notes or chords come together to
create a certain sound
Improvisation - making up the song or melody as you play
Key - a musical key is when the notes of a song are centered
around a certain note or class of notes that sound "right"
when played.
Legato - to play music smoothly, to blend notes together
Lento - slowly Measure - the period or time frame of song
that has the entire timing. The measure is then repeated over
and over during the song.
Meter - a pattern of strong and soft beats throughout the
music
Octave - In music, an octave has all notes (A,B,C,D,E,F,G)
as well as their sharps and flats included. This octave is
repeated in both higher and lower pitches. So, the next
higher A note, after the note you are playing, is considered
one octave higher.
Pizzicato - when you pluck the strings on a stringed
instrument, rather than playing them with a bow
Score - this is the written down version of music. Generally,
for a complex piece that shows the music for a number of
musical instruments.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

Solo - played by a single musical instrument or voice

Sonata - a song written for one or more instruments playing
solo
Soprano - the highest of the singing voices
Sotto voce - quietly
Staccato - when each music note is played sharply and by
itself.
Stanza - the verse of a song Tempo - timing or speed of the
music
Tenor - a range of voice that is between the bass and the
alto.
Vibrato - the repeating changing of the pitch of a note

RUDIMENTS/ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
The rudiments of music are the most basic elements
that one must know and understand in order to appreciate
and perform music in a technically perceptive and proficient
manner. It is certainly possible to enjoy music without
knowledge of the basics of music, but to understand the
technical aspects of the music or to compose and perform
music, it is generally necessary to have at least a basic
understanding of them. They include some knowledge of
music theory, the ability to read music, and several other
important components. Learning these rudiments can
provide one with the tools to appreciate music at a deeper
level and a foundation on which to develop greater
knowledge of music.
Each of the elements of music are like an ingredient in
a recipe. Just a like a recipe needs a little bit of some
ingredients, and a lot more of others, they all contribute to
the overall flavor of the dish. The combination and amount of
an ingredient is like the chef adding their personal flair and
spice to a dish, so to, a musician and composer uses the
elements of music to flavor their musical dish to suit their
taste and personal style.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Dynamics

Dynamics refers to the volume of a piece of music.
Music can be described as loud, or soft, or there could be
gradual changes from loud to soft, or soft to loud, depending
on the performer’s interpretation of the music. There are
several Italian music terms that are used to describe the
dynamics of a piece of music.

Dynamics in Music Definitions

In real life, music that is performed very, very soft or
“pianississimo” would be almost at a whisper. Whereas
music performed very, very loudly or “fortississimo” would be
music that is deafening and as loud as possible for the
instrument or ensemble as a whole.
All musical aspects relating to the relative loudness (or
quietness) of music fall under the general element of
DYNAMICS.
The terms used to describe dynamic levels are often
in Italian:
 pianissimo [pp] = (very quiet)
 piano [p] = (quiet)
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

 mezzo-piano [mp] = (moderately quiet)

 mezzo-forte [mf ] = (moderately loud)
 forte [f ] = (loud)
 fortissimo [ff ] = (very loud)

Other basic terms relating to Dynamics are:

 Crescendo: gradually getting LOUDER
 Diminuendo (or decrescendo) : gradually getting
QUIETER
 Accent: "punching" or "leaning into" a note harder to
temporarily emphasize it.

Why are Dynamics Important?

Dynamics in music are very important because they
can add a lot of emotion to a piece of music. When a piece of
music performed very softly, it evokes emotions that are in
stark contrast to music that is performed very loudly. Let’s
face it, heavy metal music is not meant to be listened to
quietly, and a lullaby that is sweetly sung to help a baby or
young child sleep is not meant to be screeched as loudly as
humanly possible!
The dynamics of a piece of music can help to wake
you up, can help to put you to sleep, can help to motivate
you to get dancing, or even help you to concentrate and
study.
Next time you listen to a piece of music, try taking
note of the different dynamics being used in the
performance. You could even try mapping out the dynamics
on a piece of paper. Even better, try changing and adding
some dynamics to your next performance to help improve the
experience for yourself and the audience.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Form

The Form or Structure of a piece music refers to the
order and arrangement of the different parts. Music
vocabulary such as introduction, verse, chorus, bridge, solo,
in and outro are common music terms that can be used to
describe most rock or pop music. There are several more
musical definitions for many more different types of musical
form and structure used in classical music.

Type of Musical Forms/Structures

There are many different types of musical structure
and form in the music you listen to. It is helpful as a musician
to know what is structure in music, in the music you are
either playing, studying, or listening to. Some of the most
common structure in music definitions used are in the list
below. Please note that this is not a complete list of every
type of musical structure or musical form, but these structure
in music definitions will help you start your music
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COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

appreciation and music understanding journey.

When describing a section in a piece of music, it is
common practice to use a capital letter for each section of
the music.

 Monothematic – a piece of music based on a single

melodic idea. Often the melody is repeated by a different
instrument each time.
 Binary – a piece of music with two main sections. A B
OR AA BB.
 Ternary – a piece of music with three sections, the third
section is a return to the first. A B A. Twinkle, Twinkle
Little Star features a simple use of ternary form.
 Rondo – a piece of music with a return to the first section
with a different section in between. A B A C A.
 Theme and Variations – a melody that is repeated with
a variation each time. The variations could be changes in
note length or added ornamentation to the melody.
 Through Composed – a piece of music with no
repeating sections.
 Strophic – a piece of music with verses only. This
musical structure is often used in folk and children’s
songs.
 Song Form – a piece of music with a combination of
verses and choruses, usually with an introduction, solo
and coda.

Why is Structure Important in Music?

It is important to know what is structure in music for
many reasons. When you understand what musical structure
is, and the common framework that music is built upon, you
will start to understand how to put your own music together in
new and interesting ways. As a musician knowing the
definition of structure and musical form, will help you
anticipate what section will come next in the music.
When listening to a piece of music, just by listening to
each section, and being able to discern what each section is,
and the type of structure being used, is a great benefit and
advantage. When you know what are form and structure in
music you will be able to read the “map” of the music and be
able to navigate the musical landmarks within a piece of
music that you are performing, studying, or listening to.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Harmony

The simple definition of musical harmony is the sound
created when two or more pitches are performed at the same
time to form a chord. In modern music, the harmony often
comes from instruments like the guitar and piano. These
instruments often play chords that support the main melody,
which is typically performed by a singer. Other pitched
instruments like the bass contribute and support the harmony
by providing a basis of support for both the melody and the
chordal accompaniment.
Another way to put it would be to say that what is
harmony in music is that it comes from any pitched
instrument that performs with and supports the melody.
Harmony is the VERTICALIZATION of pitch. Often,
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

harmony is thought of as the art of combining pitches into

chords (several notes played simultaneously as a
"block"). These chords are usually arranged into sentence-
like patterns called chord progressions.
Harmony is often described in terms of its relative
HARSHNESS:
 DISSONANCE: a harsh-sounding harmonic combination
 CONSONANCE: a smooth-sounding harmonic
combination
Dissonant chords produce musical "tension" which is
often "released" by resolving to consonant chords. Since we
all have different opinions about consonance and
dissonance, these terms are somewhat subjective.
Other basic terms relating to Harmony are:
 Modality: harmony created out of the ancient
Medieval/Renaissance modes.
 Tonality: harmony that focuses on a "home" key center.
 Atonality: modern harmony that AVOIDS any sense of a
"home" key center.

Why is Harmony Important in Music?

In Western music tradition, most people would agree
that the melody is the most important part of the music. The
melody, and the series of pitches that it consists of,
determines the overall sound and harmony in the music. But,
what is harmony in music, and how else can it be described?
If you think of the melody as being the main part of the
meal, then the harmony will be the parts of the meal that
accompany the main. For example, if you order a steak at a
restaurant, you normally don’t just get steak. The meal
comes with other things like a salad, some mashed potato
and even a yummy sauce. Together, on the plate they make
a perfect and enjoyable meal. The accompanying food is not
in competition with the steak, but rather there to make the
meal more enjoyable.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Melody

The definition of a melody is a series of pitches that
make a tune. In most popular music today, the melody is like
an egg, it is the binding agent that holds all the elements of
music together in a piece of music. The melody is the part
that people remember and will sing along to when listening.
The melody determines the harmony and tonality of
the piece of music. The main melody can be heard when it is
played by an instrument that has a unique timbre or tone
color/quality. If the melody is meant to be happy or sad, it
can drive the rhythm of the piece of music and set the tempo.
Melody is the LINEAR/HORIZONTAL presentation of
pitch (the word used to describe the highness or lowness of a
musical sound). Many famous musical compositions have a
memorable melody or theme.(THEME: a melody that is the
basis for an extended musical work)
Melodies can be derived from various scales (families
of pitches) such as the traditional major and minor scales of
tonal music, to more unusual ones such as the old church
modes (of the Medieval and Renaissance periods: c. 500–
1600), the chromatic scale and the whole tone scale (both
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COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
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Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

used in popular and art-music styles of the late 19th and

20th-century periods), or unique scale systems devised in
other cultures around the world.
Melodies can be described as:
 CONJUNCT (smooth; easy to sing or play)
 DISJUNCT (disjointedly ragged or jumpy; difficult to sing
or play).

Why is Melody Important in Music?

In Western music tradition, most people would agree
that the melody is the most important part of the music. The
melody, and the series of pitches that it consists of,
determines how all the elements of music are used.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Rhythm

Rhythm in music includes several different aspects,
and some prefer to use the term duration. A simple definition
of this musical term is to describe how long or short a sound
is. This means describing the notes of any given instrument
in a piece of music as mainly long or sustained, or short.
Within this musical element, other terms are included.
Tempo for example refers to the speed or pace of music. The
term meter refers to the type of time signature used in the
music.
In Western European musical tradition, the rhythm is
the underlying structure that all the other elements of music
are held together by. You could say that the rhythm in music
is like an egg in a cake recipe. It is what holds and binds
everything together in time. The rhythm, and its musical
features, determines the speed of the music, the type of
beat, and then how the notes of each instrument perform
rhythms and connect to make the whole.
Rhythm is the element of "TIME" in music. When you
tap your foot to the music, you are "keeping the beat" or
following the structural rhythmic pulse of the music. There
are several important aspects of rhythm:
 DURATION: how long a sound (or silence) lasts.
 TEMPO: the speed of the BEAT.
 Largo = "large" or labored (slow)
 Adagio = slow
 Andante = steady "walking" tempo
 Moderato = moderate
 Allegro = fast ("happy")
 Presto = very fast

 METER: Beats organized into recognizable/recurring

accent patterns. Meter can be seen/felt through the
standard patterns used by conductors.
 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
CENTER OF DEVE LOPMEN T
EL E M E NT A R Y EDU CA T I O N
Villa Lucinda Campus, Tarlac City

Other basic terms relating to Rhythm are:

 Syncopation: an "off-the-beat" accent (between the
counted numbers)
 Ritardando: gradually SLOWING DOWN the tempo
 Accelerando: gradually SPEEDING UP the tempo
 Rubato: freely and expressively making subtle
changes in the tempo. (a technique commonly
encountered in music of the Romantic era)

Why is Rhythm Important in Music?

Rhythm is an especially important element of music.
Without the underlying beat, time signature and tempo, the
members of an ensemble would not be able to keep in time
together. Rhythm is an important part of everyday life. Our
heartbeat, and its own tempo, lets us know if we are relaxed
with a slow pulse, or even frightened or scared with pulse
and heartbeat racing!
In any given piece of music, the different lengths of
notes and how they are arranged, can give a quite different
“feel” to the music. If the music has a slow tempo, lots of
sustained notes, and simple rhythms, then the music might
be more calming. But, in contrast, if the beat is driving and
with a fast tempo, with lots of complex rhythms, then the
music be what you need to get up and moving!
As a musician, to have a good “sense of rhythm” is
especially important. If you can feel and maintain a steady
tempo, then you are halfway to becoming a great musician.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Texture

Texture in music refers to the number of instruments
or voices that contribute to the overall density of the music. If
there are only a few instruments playing, like a duet for
example, then the music can be described as thin or sparse.
On the other hand, if there are several instruments
performing together, like in an orchestra, the piece can be
described as either thick or dense. Texture also refers to the
layers of sound in a piece of music, these layers are named
by their role within a piece of music.
Texture refers to the number of individual musical
lines (melodies) and the
relationship these lines have to one another.
 Monophonic (single-note) texture: Music with only one
note sounding at a time (having no harmony or
accompaniment).
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 Homophonic texture: Music with two or more notes

sounding at a the same time, but generally featuring a
prominent melody in the upper part, supported by a less
intricate harmonic accompaniment underneath (often
based on homogenous chords—BLOCKS of sound).

 Polyphonic texture: Music with two or more

independent melodies sounding at the same time. The
most intricate types of polyphonic texture— canon and
fugue—may introduce three, four, five or more
independent melodies simultaneously! This manner of
writing is called COUNTERPOINT.

 Imitative texture: Imitation is a special type of

polyphonic texture produced whenever a musical idea is
ECHOED from "voice" to "voice". Although imitation can
be used in monophonic styles, it is more prevalent in
polyphonic art-music— especially from the Renaissance
and Baroque periods.

Role of an Instrument
There are four main roles that an instrument can
perform in any section of a piece music. Please note that not
every piece of music will have an instrument in each of these
roles.

Melody – this is defined as a series of pitches that form a

tune. The melody, or main melody, is the part that is most
memorable and is often the part you sing along to in the
music.
Beat – an instrument that performs the beat is often a drum
or percussion instrument. The beat is defined as performing
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the underlying pulse of the music and helps the listener to

hear the tempo of the music.
Melodic Accompaniment – the melodic accompaniment is
performed by any pitched instrument that is not performing
the melody but plays along and supports the melody. For
example, if there was someone singing, and a guitar
strumming the chords, then the guitar would be the melodic
accompaniment and the melody would be sung by the
vocalist.
Rhythmic Accompaniment – these are any instrument that
performs with and supports the beat. These could be like a
tambourine or shaker that plays a rhythmic pattern to
accompany the drum kit that is playing the beat. The bass
guitar, or double bass, are also often part of the rhythm
section or rhythmic accompaniment. Even though the bass
plays pitched notes, they often are in time and playing on the
beat with the drum kit.

Why is Texture in Music Important?

Texture is an especially important Element of Music.
The way a piece of music uses each of the Elements of
Music, contributes to the overall texture of the music.
If the music for example, has lots of voices singing
close harmonies, then the texture could be described as
“tight”. On the other hand, if the melody is sung by more than
one voice, and is supported with a large ensemble, then the
density and texture of the music could be quite thick and rich.
In contrast, if the music has lots of distorted timbres
from a heavy distorted rhythm guitar, and another electric
guitar performing with a crunchier timbre, and then these are
accompanied by a drum beat that has the drummer using a
double kick, and the bass player performing a very rhythmic
bass riff, then the overall texture could be described as
dense and heavy. This would be because there is a lot going
on, all the time. The sound and timbre of each instrument
contributing to the overall density and heaviness of the
music.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Timbre

Timbre in music refers to the unique sound quality of
an instrument. For example, a nylon string guitar and a steel
string guitar each have a unique sound, and just by hearing
them we can determine the instrument. Timbre can also be
described using the term tone color. Just like in a painting
and the use of different color creates different images, the
“color” of an instrument is like painting sound for our ears to
hear. Every instrument and voice have their own unique
sound, and it is this quality that makes a piece of music
unique.
Under the banner of timbre and tone color, is another
term – performing media. Performing media refers to the
instruments used in a piece of music and the action used to
produce a sound. This action is then used to classify an
instrument into groups like the string family, brass family,
woodwind family, percussion family and voices. There are
several other ways to classify instruments with other terms
like aerophone, chordophone, membranophone, idiophone
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and electronic sound.

Instrument Families of the Orchestra

In the Orchestra, there are four families of instruments.
These include the String Family, the Brass Family, the
Woodwind Family, and the Percussion Family. Each family of
instruments has a common element that unites them
together. The definitions of what makes each family of the
orchestra unique are below.

String Family – instruments with strings. These include

musical instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, double
bass OR string bass, harp, harpsichord, piano, and guitar.
These instruments are mostly bowed, plucked, or strummed
to make a sound.
Brass Family– the instruments that belong to this family
were all originally made from brass and have a cup shaped
mouthpiece. To make a sound on a member of the brass
family, the brass player blows air through a cup shaped
mouthpiece. Instruments that belong to this family include the
cornet, bugle, trumpet, trombone, French horn, and tuba.
Woodwind Family – the defining feature of instruments that
belong to this family of the orchestra were that they were all
originally made of wood OR have a reed in the mouthpiece.
Like the brass family, these instruments require moving air to
make a sound, but the mouthpieces for this family of
instruments vary greatly. Instruments that belong to the
Woodwind Family include the piccolo, flute, clarinet, oboe,
bassoon, contrabassoon, saxophone and even the recorder!
Percussion Family – for an instrument to belong to this
family, the sound production method is what unites them. In
simple terms, percussion instruments are those that can be
hit, shaken, or scraped to make a sound. But percussion
instruments can be categorized further as either tuned or
untuned. The difference between these is that a tuned
percussion instrument has definite pitch and untuned
percussion instruments do not have definite pitch.
Tuned Percussion instruments include – xylophone,
glockenspiel, marimba, tubular bells, timpani and celeste.
Untuned Percussion instruments include – bass drum,
snare drum, cymbals, bongo, gong, triangle, tambour,
tambourine, clave, guiro, shakers, woodblock, drum kit and
many, many more!
The five main categories are aerophones,
chordophones, idiophones, membranophones and electric
sounds or electrophones.

Aerophones – these instruments require moving air to make

a sound. Examples of aerophone instruments include – flute,
recorder, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, cor
anglais, french horn, piccolo, pan flute, harmonica, and
ocarina.
Chordophones – a chordophone is an instrument with
strings. There are several ways to make a sound with these
instruments from bowing, plucking and strumming.
Chordophones include the guitar, violin, cello, harp,
mandolin, banjo, double bass, lute, hurdy gurdy, dombra,
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charango, bouzouki, and many more.

Idiophones – an idiophone is an instrument that is hit,
shaken or scraped to make a sound. These instruments
include the cymbals, guiro, tambourine, xylophone,
glockenspiel, balaphon, mbira, slit drum, rattle, triangle, bell,
Gamelan, tapping sticks, wood block, maracas, vibraphone,
and too many more to list here!
Membranophones – a membranophone is an instrument
that has a skin or membrane stretched across it. This group
of instruments includes most drums such as the snare drum,
bass, drum, bongo, tambour, djembe, talking drum, dun dun,
congas, timpani, bodhran, tabla, darbuka, khol, and again,
many more drums from all parts of the globe.
Electric Sounds or Electrophones – electric sounds, or
electrophones, are instruments that require electricity to
make a sound. These include instruments such as the
electric guitar, bass guitar, electric piano, organ, synthesizer,
theremin, Hammond Organ, electric drum kit and countless
others

Why is Timbre Important in Music?

The Element of Music, Timbre, is important for several
reasons. Timbre is what gives each instrument their unique
sound or “voice” in the music. If every instrument sounded
the same, then our music would not have a lot of variety!
The same piece of music, played by different
instruments, can and does, sound very different in
comparison to each other. The timbre of an instrument
makes it appealing to people of all different ages, cultures,
and tastes. Some people love the crunchy or distorted
sounds of an electric guitar, where others prefer the sounds
of a clean acoustic guitar. The timbre of an instrument is
what makes music appealing to people everywhere.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC - Tonality

Tonality in music refers to the overall sound of the
music. Is the music mainly pleasant sounding (consonant) or
unpleasant sounding (dissonant)? Or is the music in a major,
minor key? Often a lot of world music has a tonality based on
an unusual scale like the medieval modes, or Indian raga.

Tonality in Music Definition

 Tonality in Music
The definition of tonality in music is the overall
relationship between melody and harmony and how they
create a unique sound set when combined. As said earlier,
the tonality of a piece of music depends on two other
elements of music – melody and harmony. Often a composer
will write a melody for a piece of music, using a certain key
signature. Once the melody is created, in the given key
signature, then the harmony is created and based on the
chords that are found within this key signature, supporting
the melody.
Tonality, Melody and Harmony are all interdependent
on each other. The melody cannot exist without a tonality of
the home key signature, and the harmony cannot exist
without the melody and the key signature it is based on.
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 Accidentals
An accidental in music is a sign placed before a note
that either raises or lowers a note by a semitone. An
accidental is better known as sharps or flats. See the table
below to see what these music symbols look like. To
understand an accidental, you also need to know what tones
and semitones are.

 Scales
A scale in music terms, is a series of eight notes that
span an octave. An octave contains 8 notes, and in music,
this would be from, for example, a low C to a high C.
There are many different types of scales. The most
common ones used in the European music tradition are the
Major and Minor scales. The difference between each scale
is the order and arrangement of the tones and semitones.
The overall sound of these scales is slightly different. This
will be explained later in this article.
The order of tones and semitones in a Major scale is
as follows – T T S T T T S
In a Minor scale, there is a difference between the
ascending and descending scale.

A Minor scale ascending – T S T T T T S. For the E Minor

scale, this would mean the notes are, in ascending order – E
F# G A B C# D# E
A Minor scale descending – T T S T T S T. For the E Minor
scale, this would mean the notes are, in descending order –
E D C B A G F# E

 Overall Sound
The overall sound of a piece of music depends on
many different factors and can even be a matter of opinion.
Generally, though, music falls under two main categories of
overall sound, no matter what scale or home key is being
used. The two terms used to describe the overall tonality of a
piece of music are consonant and dissonant.

Consonant – music that has a pleasant sound

Dissonant – music that has an unpleasant sound

There are several things that contribute to the overall

sound or tonality of a piece of music. These are listed and
defined below.

Atonal – music without a key or home center. This music

usually has a dissonant sound
Tone Row – a set pattern of the 12 notes from a chromatic
scale. This type of “scale” was used in music known as 12
Tone Music, written in the early parts of the 20th century.
Some tone row music is also known as Aleatoric Music – or
Chance Music. This is because the composer would choose
the order of the tones or pitches in a random or chance
order. This music has a very dissonant sound, and purposely
makes the listener feel uncomfortable!
Diatonic – this is music that uses the notes of the scale and
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has no use of accidentals. It is a term often applied to music

written in a major key. Diatonic music is usually described as
consonant sounding.

Not all music will continue to have a consonant or

dissonant sound. Composers can change the overall sound
or tonality of the music through a few techniques, and for a
variety of reasons. One main way that music can change is
using modulation. The definition of modulation in music is to
change or move away from the original key.

Why is Tonality in Music Important?

Tonality in music is a particularly important Element of
Music. The Elements of Music – Melody, Tonality and
Harmony are all dependent on each other. The melody
determines the tonality of the music, and the tonality of the
music determines the harmony, then the harmony
contributes to the tonality! It is hard to separate these three
Elements of Music, because they cannot exist without each
other.
When you develop a good understanding of tonality
and harmony, you will find it easier to work out music by
“ear”. To have a musical “ear” can take a lot of practice, and
it helps if you know what key signature or “tonality” is being
used in the music, because from there you can work out the
harmony and other parts much easier.

CLOSURE ACTIVTIES
Musical terms and 8 different
Elements of music are shown in this
chapter. For additional information, you
can see the references below for better
understanding of this chapter.
The class will be divided into 5
groups and each group will be performing a cover of any 2-3-
minute song of their choice. Each group can choose any
instrument that they want to accompany throughout the
performance. Groups will be give 10-15 minutes to prepare
and practice.
Performance of the group will be graded according to
the rubric below:

RUBRICS

CRITERIA EMERGING TYPICAL ABOVE SUPERIOR

(1 Point) (2 Points) AVERAGE (5 Points)
(3 Points)
Rhythm Infrequently Occasionally Generally able Consistently
able to able to to replicate able to
replicate replicate complex replicate
complex complex rhythmic complex
rhythmic rhythmic patterns while rhythmic
patterns while patterns while sustaining a patterns while
sustaining a sustaining a steady beat. sustaining a
steady beat. steady beat. steady beat.

Melody Only with With repeated With minimal Without

considerable hearing and assistance can assistance can
assistance can moderate independently independently
independently assistance can replicate a new replicate a new
replicate a independently melodic melodic
new melodic replicate a new phrase. phrase.
melodic
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phrase. phrase.

Improvisation Spontaneously Spontaneously Spontaneously Spontaneously

creates an creates an creates an creates a
ineffective acceptable effective highly effective
improvisation improvisation improvisation and innovative
as compared that is typical of that is improvisation
to those by students of the advanced for that is
students of the same age or students of the extremely
same age or experience. same age or advanced for
experience. experience. students of the
same age or
experience.

Expressiveness Occasionally Responds to Generally Consistently

responds to the responds with responds with
the requirements of sensitivity to nuances and
requirements the music, but the sensitivity to
of the music, not with requirements of the
but not with sensitivity. the music. requirements
sensitivity. of the music.

Engagement Performs with Performs with Performs with a Performs with

little energy, some energy, great energy, an unusual
focus, and/or focus, and/or focus, and/or amount of
confidence. confidence. confidence. energy, focus,
intensity, and
conviction.

Technique Technique is Technique is Technique is Technique is

typical of typical of advanced superior when
students of a students of the when compared to
younger age same age or compared to students of
or of less training. students of same age or
training. same age or training.
training.

Overall Performance Performance is Performance is Performance is

Performance is typical of typical of advanced superior when
students of a students of the when compared to
younger age same age or compared to students of
or of less training. students of same age or
training. same age or training.
training.

Total Points:
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SYNTHESIS /
GENERALIZATION  Scope and sequence in a commonly used term in
education when talking about a curriculum, books, or
courses. A scope and sequence is a list of the concepts,
topics, and material that is covered in a book, course, or
the lesson plans of a particular curriculum. A scope
refers to the topics and areas of development within a
curriculum, and the sequence is the order in which those
skills are taught.
 In order to read music notes, children will need to learn to
recognize the different types of musical notes. Musical
notes are named A, B, C, D, E, F and G. They have no
particular start or end - there isn't a 'first' note - but they
are always in that order.
 There are eight Elements of Music: Dynamics, Form,
Harmony, Melody, Rhythm, Texture, Timbre and
Tonality.
 To have a solid understanding of the Elements of Music
as a musician, performer or composer is essential. It is
like a chef knowing what ingredients to add to a dish, or
knowing what flavors work best in combination together.
 As a musician and performer, if you understand the
different parts of the music, and how they combine to
make the whole, then it will improve your own
performances. It might be that your performance is
lacking in some way. If this is the case, look at how the
elements of music are being used? Are you adding too
much into the melody? Are you not supporting the
melody with enough of a driving beat or interesting
rhythm? Is the texture too sparse? Is there too many of
the same instrument performing and competing in the
same space and role with the same sound? Are there
different timbres or tone colors fighting with each other to
be heard?

EVALUATION
In a whole sheet of yellow paper, answer the
following questions. Choose and write the letter of
the correct answer.

ASSIGNMENT /
AGREEMENT In a clean sheet of paper, write about the
significance of understanding the basic elements of
music. Briefly 3-5 sentences.

REFERENCES
Music for Kids: Musical Terms and Glossary. (2021).
Retrieved from ducksters:
[Link]
_glossary.php

What is Music Notation. (2021). Retrieved from twinkl:

[Link]
notation

Estrella, E. (2019, March 14). 4 Common Clefs Often Used in

Music. Retrieved from liveabout:
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COL L E G E OF TE A CH E R ED UC A T I ON
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[Link]
clefs-2455921

Liden, D. (n.d.). What are the Rudiments of Music. Retrieved

from infobloom :
[Link]
[Link]

What are the 8 Elements of Music. (2020). Retrieved from

juliajooya:
[Link]
elements-of-music/

Lesson Plans Scope & Sequence. (n.d.). Retrieved from

time4learning:
[Link]

The Elements of Music. (n.d.). Retrieved from wmich:

[Link]
[Link]

Observational Rubric for Music Performance. (n.d.).

Retrieved from yumpu:
[Link]
observational-rubric-for-music-performance

Criteria:

Content and activities 60 points

Organization 30 points
Grammar and punctuation 10 points
Total 100 points

IAN CARLO L. PANZO, LPT

Instructor