Agri 11 Course Pack PDF

Prepared by:
ELPIDIO M. AGBISIT, JR., Ph.D.

BARBARA L. CAOILI, Ph.D.
2020
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
College of Agriculture and Food Science
AGRI 11
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE
1st Semester AY 2020-2021
COURSE GUIDE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Title: Overview of Agriculture with Emphasis on Philippine Agriculture

Prerequisite: None
Credits: 1 unit
Semester Offering: 1st and 2nd Semester
Mode of Delivery: Remote and Flexible Learning (Online or Offline)
Sections: 10 Lecture sections (maximum of 15 students per section)
Schedule of meetings: 1 hour per week
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students are expected to:

1. define agriculture and describe its modification;
2. describe the evolution of agriculture;
3. explain the relationship of food consumption with agriculture production;
4. describe the state of the Philippine agriculture;
5. develop government plans and programs for agriculture; and
6. give example and evaluate the contribution of the College to agriculture.
COURSE OUTLINE
I. Overview of Agriculture
A. What is agriculture?
B. Perception on agriculture
II. History of Agriculture
III. Philippine Nutritional Facts
IV. The State of Philippine Agriculture
A. Basic information
B. Regional profile
V. National Plans and Programs
A. The Department of Agriculture
B. Philippine Agriculture 2020
VI. New Trends in Agriculture
VII. Contribution of the College of Agriculture, UPLB to the Philippine agricultural
development
MODE OF DELIVERY
This course will be offered under the Remote and Flexible Learning setting for the 1st
semester of the academic year 2020-2021 either in an online or offline mode. Students must
choose their preferred mode of course delivery at the start of the semester. Those with stable
and reliable internet connection may opt for the online mode, while those without internet
access are encouraged to sign-up for the offline mode.
The online mode will be delivered to the students using ZOOM and Google Classroom.
The details for these meetings will be sent to all the registered students.
On the other hand, those who opted for the offline mode will be given either the printed
or electronic (in USB flash drive) copy of the learning materials. Upon the approval of the
faculty in-charge, the students may shift within the semester from the online to offline mode
and vice-versa depending on their access to the internet.
COURSE MATERIALS
All officially enrolled students shall be given a copy of the following documents at the
start of the semester:
1. Course Guide
A detailed description of the course and its requirements.
2. Lecture Manual
The learning manual, in modular format, will be available to the students under the
online mode through the learning management system (LMS). Take note that in some
instances, not all the lecture materials will be uploaded at the start of the semester.
Some succeeding materials may be uploaded/published after the current module. For
the offline mode, the complete printed or electronic copy of the materials will be sent
to the students via express mail.
SCHEDULE
TIME MON TUES WED THUR

7:00-8:00 AM A1-BLC A2-EMAJ A3-BLC
9:00-10:00 AM C1- EMAJ C2-BLC C3- EMAJ
4:00-5:00 PM J1- EMAJ J2-BLC J3- EMAJ J4-BLC
STUDY SCHEDULE
AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 2 of 9

University of the Philippines Los Baños
Week Module/ Topic Learning Resources Learning
No. Tasks/Assessment
1 Policies and Synchronous Submit the Student
Grading System Course Guide Information Sheet
Zoom meeting invitation will
be sent to your UP email.
2 Lesson 1: Synchronous Activity 1: Answer sheet

Overview of Lecture Module in the Lecture Module
Agriculture: Basic Zoom meeting invitation will
Information be sent to your UP email.
3 Lesson 2: Asynchronous Activity 2: Creative

Perception of Lecture Module Work: Quotation about
Agriculture Agriculture
4 Lesson 3: History Asynchronous Activity 3: Reaction

of Agriculture Lecture Module Paper: Knowing the
4 video clips Past, Understanding the
Present, Rearranging
the Future
5 LEVELLING OFF Synchronous Discussion/QUIZ 1

ACTIVITY Attendance is a MUST for
online students
6 Lesson 4: Asynchronous Activity 4: Role Playing:

Philippine Lecture Module Business Perspective
Nutritional Facts
7 Lesson 5: The Asynchronous Activity 5: Role Playing
State of Philippine Lecture Module
Agriculture Basic
Facts
8 LEVELLING OFF Synchronous Discussion/ QUIZ 2
online students
9 Lesson 6: Plans Asynchronous Activity 6A: Role Playing
and Programs: Lecture Module Activity 6B: Reaction
Paper

online students
11 Lesson 7: New Asynchronous Activity 7: Literature

Trends in Lecture Module Review Poster
Agriculture
12 Lesson 8: Asynchronous Activity 8: Reflection

Contribution of Lecture Module Paper: My Course, My
the College of PDF supplemental College, The Nations’
Agriculture, UPLB Future

online students
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Activity Reports: 70%

Quizzes: 20%
Literature Review Poster: 10%
TRANSMUTED GRADING SYSTEM:

96-100 1.00
92-95 1.25
88-91 1.50
84-87 1.75
80-83 2.00
76-79 2.25
72-75 2.50
66-71 2.75
60-65 3.00
<60 5.00

ABOUT THE INSTRUCTORS
Elpidio M. Agbisit, Jr., Ph.D. (Professor, IAS-CAFS, UPLB)

Dean, College of Agriculture and Food Science
Mailing Address: CAFS Deans Office, Samonte Hall,
University of the Philippines Los Baños,
College, Laguna 4031
Official Landline: 049-536-3535
Email address: emagbisit@up.edu.ph
Mobile number: 0917-142-5821 (Globe)
0939-903-9882 (Smart)
Barbara L. Caoili, Ph.D. (Professor, IWEP-CAFS, UPLB)

Associate Dean, College of Agriculture and Food
Science
Mailing Address: CAFS Deans Office, Samonte Hall,
University of the Philippines Los
Baños,
College, Laguna 4031
Official Landline: 049-536-3535
Email address: blcaoili@up.edu.ph
CP number: 0909-998-9003 (Smart)
0925-846-6717 (Sun)
HOUSE RULES:
As communication is different in a face-to-face class than in the Remote and Flexible Learning
setting, please observe the following house rules to ensure that the message you intend to
convey is received correctly.
A. Online
1. Observe proper netiquette.
a. For your own security, do not share your password with anyone. Change your
password if you think it was compromised. Be careful of personal information.
Always log-out when you finished using the system.
b. Be respectful. Treat your instructors and classmates with respect in any online
communication. Avoid using the “caps lock” feature as it can be interpreted as
yelling.
c. Use clear and concise language. As students at university level communication,
use correct spelling and grammar, including in discussion boards. Do not use
slang terms and texting abbreviations. Avoid using emoticons.
d. Use standard fonts such as Arial, Calibri and Tahoma in 10 or 11-point font size.
e. In sending emails, use a descriptive subject line. Be brief and avoid
attachments that your recipient could not open. Sign you message with your
name and contact details. Always think before you send an email to more than
one person and reply to emails using the “Reply All” button.
f. When posting on the Discussion Board in your online class, make sure that the
message is on topic and within the scope of the course materials.
2. Submit the reports on or before the deadline set by your instructor.
3. Strictly follow the file name format:

AGRI11.Section.Activity Number.Surname.First and Middle name initials.
For example the file name for Activity 1 should be appear as:
“AGRI11.J1.A1.Agbisit.EMJ”; while for Quiz 1, it should be
“AGRI11.J1.Q1.Agbisit.EMJ”.
4. The topic for the Literature Review Poster (Activity 7) will be assigned in
alphabetical order.
5. Send an email to your instructor with proper descriptive subject if you have any
questions and concerns regarding the course.
B. Offline
1. Inform your instructor on how you would submit your reports. Should you submit
the report electronically or through courier services, send the reports on or before
the deadline set by your instructor.
2. Should you opt to submit electronical files for the requirement, strictly follow the
file name format:
AGRI11.Section.Activity Number.Surname.First and Middle name initials.
For example the file name for Activity 1 should be appear as:
“AGRI11.J1.A1.Agbisit.EMJ”; while for Quiz 1, it should be
“AGRI11.J1.Q1.Agbisit.EMJ”.
3. The topic for the Literature Review Poster (Activity 7) will be assigned in
alphabetical order.
4. You may send an email to your instructor with proper descriptive subject if you
have any questions and concerns regarding the course. Otherwise, you may
contact your instructor through text messaging.
The information sheet at the end of course guide should be properly filled up, signed and
submitted to the Professor on or before the first meeting of the semester for both online
and off-line mode.
REFERENCES
Agricultural Transformation and Food Security 2040. 2013. ASEAN Region with a Focus on
Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. Philippines Country Report. JICA.

AGRITECH: The UPLB – CAFS Technologies. Published by the UPLB-CAFS Publication Section,
the DA-BAR and the UPLB-FI.
https://teach.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/NetiquetteGuideforOnlineCourses. pdf
Fernando A. Bernardo. UPLB: Century of Challenges and Achievements.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 2015. 8th National Nutrition Survey Dietary Survey.,
Department of Science and Technology.
Notable research contributions of the College of Agriculture and Food Science, UPLB. Posted
CAFS 111th Anniversary Celebration
Philippines Agriculture 2020. A Strategy for Poverty Reduction, Food Security,

Competitiveness, Sustainability, and Justice and Peace. National Academy of Science and
Technology.
Philippine Statistics Authority. 2018. Food Consumption and Nutrition. Agriculture Indicators
System (AIS). Report No. 2018-6.
Philippines Statistics Authority. 2019. Selected Statistics on Agriculture.
The Agriculture Plans of Presidential Candidates for 2016. Rappler.com
www.britannica.com
www.environmentalscience.org
www.foodsystemprimer.org
www.nast.ph
www.youtube.com

STUDENT INFORMATION SHEET
NAME:
LAST FIRST M.I.
Student Number:
Mailing Address:
Landline Number:
Cellphone
Number:
E-mail Address:
MODE OF LEARNING: Online Offline
Do you agree to be invited in FB group? Yes No
Do you agree to be invited in messenger group? Yes No
STUDENT HONOR PLEDGE

I agree that all course information and learning materials shared in AGRI 11 are
for my own learning program use only. I agree not to post, reproduce, store in any
retrieval system, transmit, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopy, or record) any part of the course guide materials nor use these materials
in any non-AGRI 11 matters. I agree to uphold the highest standards of integrity in my
academic work by neither giving nor receiving unauthorized aid of any kind in my
course requirements. I will properly acknowledge the sources of ideas and thoughts or
work of others and avoid using fraudulent, falsified or fabricated evidence or material
in my reports. I hereby bind myself to give my best effort to assure that the remote
learning objectives will be satisfied.
Pledged:
SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME
Date Signed:

ASSIGNMENT FOR ACTIVITY 7: LITERATURE REVIEW POSTER
Students are required to submit a poster to review the literature on an assigned topic in
the past 5 years.
Offline students are requested to coordinate with the faculty in charge regarding the
assignment of the topic and mode of submission.
CONTENT OF THE POSTER

• Definition and timeline of the development of the agriculture system
• Figure(s) best describing the characteristics agriculture system
• Advantage(s) and Disadvantage(s)
• Recent advances addressing one of the disadvantages
• Why do you think this will work or not work?
• Recommendations
• Literature Cited
• Student name, section and date of submission should be indicated in a footer.
ASSIGNMENT OF TOPICS:
1. Subsistence Agriculture
2. Conventional/Intensive or Industrial Agriculture (Plants)
3. Conventional/Intensive or Industrial Agriculture (Animals)
4. Organic Agriculture (Plants)
5. Organic Agriculture (Animals)
6. Sustainable Agriculture (Plants)
7. Sustainable Agriculture (Animals)
8. Precision Agriculture (Plants)
9. Precision Agriculture (Animals)
10. Smart Agriculture (Plants)
11. Smart Agriculture (Animals)
12. Urban Agriculture(Plants)
13. Urban Agriculture (Animals)
14. Agritechture (Plants)
15. Agritechture (Animals)
16. Regenerative Agriculture
17. Food Tracking Mobile Applications
RUBRICS:
• Content is 60%.
• Originality & Creativity is 20%.
• Visual Clarity & Graphic Relevance is 20%.

LESSON 1: OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE: Definition
What is Agriculture?
Origin: Late Middle English from Latin agricultura,

from ager, agr- ‘field’ + cultura ‘growing, cultivation’.
DEFINITION
Google: the science or practice of farming, including

cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the
rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other
products.
Merriam-Webster: the science, art, or practice of
cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising
livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and
marketing of the resulting products
Agriculture refers to the art, science and business of cultivating the soil, planting of
crops, growing of fruit trees, management of forests, raising or catching or both of livestock,
poultry or fish, including harvesting and postharvest handling.
• Art – a skill in performance acquired by experience, study or observation

• Science – knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws
specifically as obtained through scientific method
• Business – a commercial or industrial enterprise
In Filipino: Agrikultura o Pagsasaka
Agricultural Lands refers to lands devoted to or suitable for the cultivation of the soil,
planting of crops, growing of trees, raising of livestock, poultry, fish or aquiculture
production, including the harvesting of such farm products, and other farm activities and
practices performed in conjunction with such farming operations”. According to Agriculture and
Fishery Modernization Act.
Agricultural Sector the sector engaged in the cultivation of the soil, planting of crops,
growing of fruit trees, raising of livestock, poultry, or fish, including the harvesting and
AGRI 11. Lesson 1. Overview of Agriculture: Definition Page 1 of 4

marketing off such farm products, and
other farm activities and practices.
HAIL COLLEGE DEAR
Agriculture is used as raw material for (U.P. College of Agriculture Song)
various farm products which are
processed in factories. Agriculture Hail College dear
generates employment, both for people Thou learning fountainhead of worth untold,
working in the farming sector as well as We proudly sing thy praise
those in the industrial, agriculture-based And wave thy flags of green and gold
We love thy fields and pastures
sector.
Where our daily work is done
And nature’s endless secrets
Are unraveled, one by one
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE (Chorus)
1. Benefits derived from agriculture. Agriculture College dear,
a. Food Devoted sons we’ll ever be.
b. Feed Unceasing inspiration
Do we always draw from thee,
c. Fiber
We come from all the regions
d. Shelter Of these eastern island fair,
e. Medicine And trustingly we place our selves
f. Draft In thy protecting care.
g. Power/Energy With mount Makiling standing guard
h. Sports In its majestic hue,
i. Ornamentals And Laguna’s placid waters
Lending splendor to the view,
j. Tools/Instruments/
With life so full of sunshine
Equipment That one’s heart to heaven lifts; There is no
place more charming blest,
2. Generates income for local With God’s more bounteous gifts
farmers. Returns are huge from (Chorus)
high value crops
3. It earns dollars from export Composed by Antonino Buenaventura
Lyrics by Leopoldo B. Uichanco
4. It creates employment
5. It is a source of living
AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS CONTRIBUTING TO AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND

PRACTICE
1.Indigenous knowledge
2.Biological science – breeding, physiology, genetics, nutrition
3.Natural and physical sciences – chemistry, physics, mathematics, environment
4. Economics and management
• Macro and micro economics
• Marketing
• Business management
5.Entrepreneurship – innovation
6. Social and political science – Sociology, behavioral science, politic and governance

ACTIVITY 1:
Identify five (5) agriculture commodities that
contribute or have contributed to the ten (10)
identified benefits listed above.
123rf.com
File Name: AGRI11. Section. A1. Family Name. First & Middle
Name Initials
ACTIVITY 1. Answer Sheet:
FILE NAME:
AGRI11. SECTION. A1. FAMILY NAME. FIRST & MIDDLE NAME INITIALS
NAME:
Commodity Scientific Name and Further Explanation
Food: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Feed: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fiber: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Shelter: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Medicine: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Draft: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Activity 1. Answer Sheet continuation…. NAME:
Power/Energy: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sports 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ornamentals 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tools/ Equipment 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

LESSON 2: OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURE: Agriculture Quotes
“Agriculture, for an honorable and high-

minded man, is the best of all occupations
and arts by which men procure the means of
living.”
toppng.com
Xenophon,
Greek Historian
“For all gainful professions, nothing is better, nothing more

pleasing, nothing more delightful, nothing better
becomes a well-bred man than agriculture.”
Marous Tullius Cicero,

cleanpng.com Roman Philosopher
“Agriculture is the most healthful, most

useful and most Noble Employment
of Man.”
George Washington
clipartmag.com
“No other human occupation opens so wide a

cleanpng.com
field for the profitable and agreeable
combination of labor with cultivated thought,
as agriculture.”
Abraham Lincoln
“Weeding is as necessary to agriculture as

sowing."
Mahatma Gandhi
creative.chiarafans.club
AGRI 11. Lesson 2. Overview of Agriculture: Quotes Page 1 of 7

“Those too lazy to plow in the
right season will have no
food at the harvest.”
Proverbs 20:4
“Science and technology coupled with improved human

capital have been powerful drivers of positive
change in the performance and evolution of
smallholder systems."
Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations
“Any possible development of higher education in

tropical agriculture must go hand and hand
with active technical investigation. There can
be no other possible means of developing in
the tropics a university college of agriculture. "
Dr. Edwin Bingham Copeland

ne-np.facebook.com 1st Dean College of Agriculture, UPCA
“If you’re going to complain about farmers make sure you don’t talk with your
mouth full."
www.pininterest.com
“Being the new generation of future

agriculturist and food scientist, it will
be up to you to ensure that every
Filipino will always have food on the
table."
Fernando C. Sanchez Jr.

9th Chancellor, UPLB uplb.edu.ph
BSA ‘88
“Investments in Agriculture are the best weapons

against hunger and poverty, and they have
made life better for billions of people."
Bill Gates
imgbin.com

“The farmer has to be optimist
or he wouldn’t still be a
farmer."
Will Roger
willrogers.com
“My guiding thoughts throughout our effort

to put together a truly helpful farm bill
has been: we’re nothing without the
farmers. They’re the backbone of this
country. And everything we do to help
them helps our country and its future."
davegranlund.com Ronald Reagan
“If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else

will have a chance to go right in the
country”
“If farm ecology and economics go wrong,
nothing else will go right in
agriculture." goodreads.com
M.S. Swaminathan
“Agriculture changes the landscape more than

anything else we do. It alters the composition
of species. We don’t realize it when we sit
down to eat, but that is our most profound
engagement with the rest of nature."
Michael Pollan
believermag.com
“Agriculture as we know it needs to

disappear. We can design better and
healthier proteins than we get from
nature."
Craig Venter
Forbes.com

“The ultimate goal of farming is not growing crops,
but the cultivation and perfection of human
being.”
Masanobu Fukuoka
pinterest.com
“Every product of Los Baños whether it be a variety of plant,

a breed of animal or a scientific paper should bear the mark
of sterling as on silver."
Bienvenido Ma. Gonzales
1st Filipino Dean, UPCA
6th UP President
geni.com
“If we didn’t have a sustainable agriculture

industry, who would be paying the then-
missing taxes to support our defense, police,
roads, airports, elderly, parks, public sporting
facilities and much more?”
forbes.com Gina Rinehart
“Agriculture is not crop production as popular belief

holds – it’s the production of food and fiber from
world’s land and waters. Without agriculture, it is
not possible to have a city, stock market, banks,
university, church or army. Agriculture is the
foundation of civilization and a stable economy."
Allan Savory Islandpress.org
“I have seen first-hand that agriculture science has

enormous potential to increase the yield of
small farmers and lift them out of hunger and
poverty."
imgbin.com Bill Gates
“Large-scale deforestation can be prevented while

increasing food production through better,
smarter agriculture."
Paul Polman
forbesindia.com

“Most farmers know that their children’s
future will probably not be in agriculture,
but they have a hard time imagining a
different life."
Abhijit Banerjee
thenewleam.co
“Women in Africa are really the pillar of the

society, are the most productive segment of
society, actually. They do agriculture."
Mo Ibrahim
Twitter.com
“A sustainable agriculture is one which

depletes neither the people nor the land."
Wendell Barry
Smootpage.blogspot.com
“Maliban sa food security, gusto nating

masiguro and masaganang ani at
mataas na kita ng ating mga
magsasakas."
William Dollente Dar
“The Prophet said, "He who cultivates land

that does not belong to anybody is more
rightful (to own it)."
Narrated ‘Aisha,
Quran
pinterest.com
“The power behind all our efforts – whether in

pursuing inclusive economic growth, improving
competitiveness, food security or disaster risk
management – comes not from any individual,
but from the people.”
President Benigno Aquino
pinterest.com
“Agriculture sector is, after all, considered as the
backbone of the economy. It forms the basis for food
and nutrition security and provide raw materials for
industrialization. These are important factors that
allow progress to take place in the society.”
President Rodrigo Duterte
DZBB Super Radyo
pinterest.ph
“Philippines needs to revive the

agricultural sector with modern
technology.”
Miriam Defensor-Santiago
findagrave.com
File Name: AGRI11. Section. A2. Family

Name. First & Middle Name Initials
pininterest.com

Example:
Juan de la Cruz
BSA 1909
almondgirljenny.com
Juan de la Cruz BSA 1909
teepublic.com

LESSON 3: HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
Things to read
History of Agriculture:
https://en.wikipedia.org
www.environmentalscience.org
www.foodsystemprimer.org
Shutterstock.com
www.britannica.com
Watch the videos on History of Agriculture:

The following video clips from Youtube
(www.youtube.com) are attached in the course pack.
1. Feeding Nine Billion: Introducing Solutions to the

Global Food Crisis
2. Human Prehistory 101, Agriculture Rocks Our World
3. Origin of Agriculture – World History – Khan
Academy
4. The Big History of Civilizations
animationinsider.com
ACTIVITY 3: Reaction Paper
Submit an original reaction paper titled:

“Knowing the Past to understand the Present to
Rearrange the Future.”
FilE Name: AGRI11.A3.Section.Family Name.First & Middle

dreamstime.com
Name Initials
AGRI 11. Lesson 3. History of Agriculture Page 1 of 1

LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE NUTRITIONAL FACTS
All information presented in

Lesson 4 was modified from 8th
National Nutrition Survey Dietary
Survey. Food and Nutrition
Research Institute, Department
of Science and Technology July
2015
pngfuel.com
I. FOOD CONSUMPTION (daily per capita food intake)

• Daily per capita consumption - 855 grams
• Rice consumed – 290 grams
• Filipino diet: rice-vegetable-fish diet
• Except for CAR: rice-vegetable-meat diet
• Translated household measurements 3 and a half cups of cooked rice, one
matchbox of fried fish, and half a cup of vegetables per day
Food Groups Grams %

Cereal and cereal products 346.0 40.5
Vegetables 114.0 13.3
Fish and fish products 109.0 12.8
Meat and meat products 65.0 7.6
Poultry 33.0 3.8
Milk and milk products 45.0 5.3
Eggs 16.0 1.9
Fats and Oils 15.0 1.7
Dried Beans, Nuts and Seeds 9.0 1.1
Sugar and Syrup 12.0 1.4
Starchy Roots and Tubers 14.0 1.7
Miscellaneous food* 34.0 4.0
*Beverages including alcoholic beverage 23 grams and 10 grams of condiments and spices
•Per capita daily intake of urban household - 862 grams

•Per capita daily intake of rural household - 846 grams
•Intake of rice and rice products and corn and corn products significantly higher in
rural households
•Other cereal products made from flour such as bread, cakes, noodles and cookies
consumed more by urban households.
AGRI 11. Lesson 4. Philippine Nutritional Data Page 1 of 4

• Food groups consumed more by urban households include:
▪ Eggs, milk and milk products
▪ Meat and poultry,
▪ Dried beans, nuts and seeds,
▪ Soybean and related products, fat and oils,
▪ Potato and products,
▪ Coffee, condiments, beverages (alcoholic and chocolate)
• Food groups consumed more by rural households include:
▪ Sweet potato and cassava
▪ Fish and fish products
▪ Coconut, mature grated or gata
▪ Vegetable
• Kind of fruit dictates the intake of the household.
II. REGIONAL FOOD CONSUMPTION
• Typical diet across all region was a combination of rice-fish-vegetables.

• Except for CAR where typical pattern was rice-vegetables-meat.
• Cagayan Valley highest at 969 grams per capita per day
• Followed by CAR at 946 grams per capita per day
• ARMM lowest at 769 grams per capita per day
• National Capital Region
▪ Lowest intake of rice/corn and rice/corn by products,
▪ But highest in other cereals like breads and noodles.
▪ High intake of meat, fish and poultry.
▪ High consumption of whole milk, Vitamin C rich fruits and beverages
▪ Minimal consumption of green, leafy and yellow vegetables, condiments
and spices.
• Cagayan Valley
▪ Highest consumption of rice
▪ Highest consumption of sugar and syrup due to high consumption of soft
drinks
▪ High intake of vegetables, especially eggplant and string beans
• Cordillera Autonomous Region
▪ High consumption of starchy roots and tubers
▪ High intake of meat and meat products particularly pork and process
meat
▪ High intake of eggs
▪ High consumption of vegetables, dried beans, nuts and seeds
▪ Low consumption of fish and fish products
• Central Luzon
▪ High intake of vegetable oil and margarine.
▪ Relatively high consumption of sugar and syrup, condiment and spices
▪ High intake of fish, meat and poultry
▪ Lowest consumption starchy roots and tubers
• CALABARZON
▪ High intake of fish, meat and poultry
▪ Highest intake of chicken eggs and milk and milk products
▪ Bread and noodles, high consumption
• MIMAROPA
▪ Highest intake of vitamin C-rich fruits
▪ Lowest intake of starchy roots and tubers
• Bicol Region
▪ Highest consumption of fats and oils due to high consumption of coconut
gata.
• Western Visayas
▪ Highest consumption fish and fish products highest
▪ High Bangus consumption
• Eastern Visayas
▪ Galunggong most consumed fish
• Central Visayas
▪ Highest intake of milled corn
▪ Galunggong most consumed fish
• Northern Mindanao
▪ Corn is staple food
▪ High intake of squash
▪ Highest intake green, leafy and yellow vegetables, particularly malunggay
▪ High intake of fish, particularly galunggong, bangus and tamban.
▪ Low intake of beans, nuts and seeds
• Davao Region
▪ High consumption of fruits, banana and pomelo
▪ Upo and talong was highly consumed
▪ Tulingan and bangus was consumed highly
• Zamboanga Peninsula
▪ High consumption of fish, particularly galunggong
• CARAGA
▪ Highest intake of starchy roots and tubers, particularly sweet potato
• SOCCKSARGEN
▪ 17% of consumption was vegetables, with eggplant and squash as the
most consumed
▪ 13% of intake was taken up by fish, with tulingan and tilapias the most
frequently consumed
• ARMM
▪ Lowest intake in poultry, eggs, milk and milk products and beverages.
▪ Least consumption was also registered in meat and meat products,
especially pork.
▪ Intake of sugar and syrups was second highest among region with brown
sugar recording the highest intake.

III. HOUSE HOLD
Based on the actual cost of food consumed by household:

• More expensive food item such as refined sugar, fresh fish, processed
meat products, powdered milk and cheese, some vegetables and most
fruits are highly consumed by the rich and richest household;
• Lesser and affordable food items such as brown sugar, milled corn, cassava
and products, dried process fish products, green leafy and yellow
vegetables were consumed by the poor and poorest households.
Food intake is affected by household size and composition, place of residence

and wealth status of household:
• Total weight of food was highest among households with fewer members
and residing in urban areas.
• Intakes of rice and corn and corn products was higher in households with
more members, living in rural areas. And among the poorest.
• Fats and oils, meat ant meat products. Poultry and fruits were high in
urban areas, rich and richest household, and with fewer members.
Lesson 4A Supplemental Information will be posted in the Google Class Room
ACTIVITY 4: Role Playing
What can be my Business Prospective in my locality

based on the consumption patterns shared in Lesson 4.
File Name: AGRI11.Section.A4.Family Name.First &Middle

Name Initials
dreamstime.com

LESSON 5: STATE OF PHILIPPINE AGICULTURE
All information presented in Lesson 5

was summarized from Selected
Statistics on Agriculture (2019) a
publication of the Philippine Statistics
Authority.
pngfuel.com
AN OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
I. Economic Performance.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 6.2% in 2018.
• Gross Value Added (GVA) in the agriculture and fishing sector recorded a 0.8 percent
increment during the year.
• This sector contributed 8.1% to the GDP.
Macroeconomic Growth Indicators, Philippines 2018
Item Values
GNI (million pesos) 11,010,252.00

Growth rate % 5.9
GDP (million pesos) 9,206,889.00
Growth rate % 6.2
GVA in Agriculture excluding Forestry 741,560.00
(million pesos)
Growth rate %
Agriculture Sector 0.8
Crops -0.9
Livestock 1.9
Poultry 5.8
Fishing -0.2
Agricultural Activities and Services 3.9
Page 1 of 7
AGRI 11. Lesson 5. State of Philippine Agriculture
Performance of Agriculture by Subsector, Philippines 2018
Item Values
Gross Output in Agriculture (million PhP) 814,695.00

Growth rate % 0.59
Crops (million PhP) 407.213.00
Growth rate % - 0.99
Livestock (million PhP) 142,696.00
Growth rate % 1.90
Poultry (million PhP) 136,625.00
Growth rate % 5.75
Fishing (million PhP) 128,162
Growth rate % 5.8
II. Prices.
• In 2018, the prices received by farmers for their palay production were higher by an
average of 12.03% than the previous year’s record.
• Farm gate prices went up by 13.27% for white corn grain and by 20.78 % for yellow
corn grain.
• All livestock commodities exhibited increases in prices in 2018.
• Goat posted the highest price hike at 10.29%.
• For poultry, farm gate prices of chicken (broiler) grew by 8.59% while that of duck
went up by 12.20% in 2018.
III. Agricultural Trade.
• Country’s earnings from agricultural exports, which accounted for 8.83% of the total
export’s revenue, declined by 7.02% in 2018.
• Fresh banana, coconut oil and tuna were the top agricultural export products. These
contributed 48.27% to the total value of agricultural exports.
• The major export destinations were still China and Japan for fresh banana, United
States of America (USA) and the Netherlands for coconut oil, and United Kingdom
and Japan for tuna.
• The 2018 expenditures for agricultural imports expanded by 19.89%.
• It shared 12.50% to the country’s total value of imports.
• Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, soybean oil/cake meal, and milk and cream and
cream products recorded higher payments than their import values in the previous
Page 2 of 7
year.
• Collectively, these shared 28.34% to the total value of agricultural imports.
• USA was the top supplier of wheat (including spelt) and meslin and soybean oil/cake
meal.
• The bulk of the imports of milk and cream and products were sourced from New
Zealand.
• The Philippines continued to record a negative agricultural trade balance. While it
sustained an agricultural trade surplus with Japan, it remained to register trade
deficits with the other major trading partners such as Australia, ASEAN countries and
the European Union.
• After a series of trade deficits, the country had trade surplus with the USA in 2018.
IV. Employment.
• In 2018, a total of 43.46 million persons were in the country’s labor force, of which
94.7% were employed.
• Agriculture sector employed 10.00 million persons and it represented a share of
24.30% to the national employment.
• Wage rate in Agriculture (peso/day):
▪ Nominal value: PhP 280.37
▪ Real value: PhP 251.45
V. Agricultural Support Services.
• Government expenditures for the agriculture sector amounted to 142.74 billion PhP
in 2018.
• This was higher by 26.97% compared with last year’s record.
• Agricultural expenditures accounted for 3.79% of the country’s government
expenditures.
• Irrigated farmlands in 2018 totaled 1.92 million hectares and this comprised 61.39%
of the estimated total irrigable area.
Share of Agriculture in the National Government Expenditures, Philippines 2018
Item Values
National Government (million PhP) 3,767,000.00

Agriculture (million PhP) 142,740.00
Agriculture to National Government ratio, % 3.79
Page 3 of 7
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN AGRICULTURE.
• Agriculture grew by 0.59% in 2018.
• Gains in production were noted in livestock and poultry while declines in outputs
were registered in crops and fisheries.
• Crops registered a 0.99&% reduction in output.
• Palay and corn suffered as production dropped by 1.09% and 1.81%, respectively.
• Sugarcane production declined by 15.56%.
• Coconut posted a 4.82% growth in output.
Crop Statistics, Philippines 2018
Value of
Area
Volume of Volume of Production Value
Planted/
Item Production Production (million PhP, ‘000 per
Harvested
(‘000 mt) /Hectare at current hectare
(‘000 has)
prices)
Total 87,499.20 13,476.1 1,002,411.4
Palay 19,066.10 4800.4 3.97 385,008.50 80.20
Corn 7,771.90 2511.4 3.09 109,161.70 43.47
Coconut 14,726.20 3,628.1 4.06 91,768.40 25.29
Sugarcane 24,730.80 437.5 56.53 40,763.40 93.17
Banana 9,358.80 447.9 20.89 158,837.40 354.63
Pineapple 2,731.00 66.2 41.25 27,200.30 410.88
Coffee 60.30 113.4 0.53 5,466.10 48.20
Mango 711.70 185.9 3.82 27,032.90 145.42
Tobacco 50.40 28.2 1.79 4,053.90 143.76
Abaca 71.50 132.3 0.54 4,982.80 37.66
Peanut 29.40 23.9 1.23 1,248.10 52.22
Mongo 36.70 41.6 0.88 2,062.50 49.57
Cassava 2,723.00 227.6 11.96 17,862.10 78.48
Sweet Potato 525.60 84.0 6.26 8,959.00 106.65
Tomato 220.80 16.5 13.38 3,860.50 233.96
Garlic 7.60 2.7 2.81 714.00 264.44
Onion 172.70 17.9 9.65 6,743.90 376.75
Cabbage 120.70 7.8 15.47 2,932.90 376.01
Eggplant 244.80 21.7 11.28 6,572.60 302.88
Calamansi 113.60 19.8 5.74 2,454.80 123.98
Rubber 423.40 228.9 1.85 9,851.50 43.04
• Increases in production were noted in the other crops such as banana, pineapple,
peanut, mongo, tomato, eggplant, abaca and rubber.
• Meanwhile, downtrends in outputs continued in coffee, mango, tobacco, cabbage
and calamansi.
• Livestock production increased by 1.90 percent in 2018.
Page 4 of 7
• Hog and dairy came up with corresponding output gains of 2.42 percent and 4.11
percent.
• In contrast, production of carabao, cattle and goat went down by 0.88 percent, 1.12
percent and 0.50 percent, respectively.
• Poultry recorded a 5.75 percent increment in production.
• Chicken production maintained its uptrend of 5.20 percent while that of duck
continuously declined by 0.92 percent.
• Egg production increased by 8.43 percent for chicken and by 2.60 percent for duck.
• Fisheries recorded a 0.98 percent reduction in output.
• Downtrends in production were noted among the major species such as roundscad,
yellowfin tuna, milkfish and tiger prawn.
Major Crops: Percentage Distribution of Production per Island
Item Luzon Visayas Mindanao

Palay 58.26 18.3 23.44
Corn 40.75 6.60 52.66
Coconut 26.37 13.78 59.85
Sugarcane 12.58 70.57 16.84
Banana 8.10 7.95 83.85
Pineapple 10.53 1.16 88.31
Coffee 11.14 7.41 81.45
Mango 45.08 17.30 37.63
• Top Palay producing region: Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, Western Visayas and
SOCCSKSARGEN.
• Top Corn producing region: Cagayan Valley, Northern Mindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN
and ARMM. Western Visayas has the highest corn production in the Visayan islands
• Top Coconut producing region; Davao Region, Northern Mindanao, Zamboanga
Peninsula and CALABARZON. Eastern Visayas has the highest coconut production in
the Visayan islands
• Top Sugarcane producing region: Western Visayas and Northern Mindanao.
CALABARZON has the highest sugarcane production in the Luzon islands
• Top Pineapple producing region: Northern Mindanao and SOCCSKSARGEN.
CALABARZON and Western Visayas registered the highest pineapple production for
Luzon and Visayas respectively.
• Top Banana producing region: Davao Region, Northern Mindanao and
SOCCSKSARGEN. Cagayan Valley and Western Visayas registered the highest banana
production for Luzon and Visayas respectively.
• Top Mango producing region: Ilocos Region, Zamboanga Peninsula and Central
Visayas.
Page 5 of 7
• Top Coffee producing region: SOCCSKSARGEN, Davao Region and ARMM. Coffe is
also grown in CAR, CALABARZON, and Western Visayas.
Livestock and Poultry Statistics 2018
Item Volume of Production Value of Production

(‘000 mt) (million PhP, at current
prices)
Carabao 143.1 13,637.1
Cattle 263.3 28,351.8
Hog 2,319.8 267,998.9
Goat 77.0 10,627.1
Dairy 23.7 909.4
Chicken 1,836.7 170,983.8
Duck 30.8 3,125.1
Chicken Eggs 533.9 53,356.4
Duck Eggs 46.6 4,449.9
Livestock at Poultry: Percentage Distribution of Production per Island

Item Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Carabao 34.96 28.62 34.90
Cattle 45.32 19.78 52.66
Hog 54.24 19.81 25.95
Goat 40.85 22.37 36.78
Chicken 65.23 15.25 19.52
Duck 59.31 13.16 27.53
Chicken Eggs 59.65 17.00 23.36
Duck Eggs 60.90 11.60 27.49
• Top Carabao producing region; Western Visayas, Davao Region and SOCCSKSARGEN.
Carabao is also produced in Northern Mindanao, Cagayan Valley and the Ilocos
Region.
• Top Cattle producing region; Northern Mindanao, CALABARZON, and Ilocos Region.
In the VIsayas, Western and Central Visayas are the cattle producing region.
• The top producing hog regions are Central Luzon and CALABARZON. Northern
Mindanao, Western Visayas and Central Visayas are high producing regions.
• The top producing goat regions are Ilocos region, Cenral Visayas and Central Luzon.
Northern Mindanao, Davao Region and SOCCSKSARGEN are the top regions in
Mindanao.
Page 6 of 7
• Central Luzon, CALABARZON and Northern Mindanao are the top producing regions.
Western and Central Visayas are the topm regions in the Visayas.
• Chicken egg production have the same top three regions. CALABARZON Central
Luzon, and Northern Mindanao.
• Central Luzon and SOCCSKSARGEN are the top duck producing region. They are also
the top region in Duck egg production with Northern Mindanao and Western Visayas
ACTIVITY 5: Role Playing
Given the opportunity to be the Secretary for the

Department of Agriculture, using the statistical data
in Lessons 4 and 5, describe the programs, projects,
and initiatives will you implement in Agriculture in
the Philippines?
dreamstime.com
File Name: AGRI11.Section.A5.Family Name. First &
Middle Name Initials.
Page 7 of 7
LESSON 6: AGRICULTURE PLANS AND PROGRAMS
“Every time the Philippines has a Presidential

election, a common question ask, is What are
their plans and programs in Agriculture?"
Cited from rappler.com

The Agriculture Plans of
Presidential Candidates for 2016.
pngfuel.com
JEJOMAR BINAY
The Vice-President believes the scope of the Department of Agriculture (DA) is too
wide. He wants to transfer some of its functions to a new Department of Natural Resources,
which he aims to establish if he is elected president. He wants to boost the agricultural sector
by fixing the supply chain for agricultural products to eliminate layers of middlemen. His
government will promote high-yielding varieties of seeds to improve productivity.
Like Grace Poe and Rodrigo

Duterte, Binay wants to abolish the
irrigation fee that farmers currently
pay. He also wants to widen the
coverage of crop insurance for farmers
and to subsidize their farming
implements, fertilizer, and pesticides.
He will push for community seed banks
and credit mechanisms for farmers.
Binay has also promised the
continuation and expansion of the popular Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in
which beneficiaries receive cash grants from government, provided they use the money for
healthcare and education.
AGRI 11. Lesson 6. Plans and Programs Page 1 of 8

RODRIGO DUTERTE
Duterte says agriculture will be among his top 3 budget priorities, apart from
education and health services. Based on the 2016 budget of the Aquino administration, the
top budget priorities are education, public works and highways, and interior government.
Duterte wants to create a nationwide plan for agriculture by instructing the Bureau of
Soil and Water Management to map out the soil characteristics of every region to find out
which crops are best suited for the region. This is similar to the One Town, One Product
program.
To allow farmers easier access to markets, he promises to put up a Mindanao railway
system and continue the construction
of farm-to-market roads in strategic
locations. He said he is not so keen on
big dam projects, preferring to provide
small irrigation facilities to farming
communities. Duterte also promises
to make irrigation free.
To increase the income of farmers,
Duterte wants to build food terminals in
farming communities with post-harvest
facilities, like dryers and chillers, that increase the value of agricultural products.
Another key aspect of Duterte’s platform is the creation of credit cooperatives for
farmers. He plans to allot P1 billion per region for such cooperatives. Farmers can borrow
money from the cooperative to use on their farm at an interest. The cooperative, as a whole,
can then invest whatever funds they amass. Duterte plans to continue the 4Ps as another
form of poverty alleviation.
GRACE POE
Poe promises to allot 10% of the annual national budget, roughly P300 billion, to
agriculture. This is much larger than what the Department of Agriculture got in the 2016
budget – P48 billion or 1.6% of the total budget. She said she would lead the creation of agro-
industrial zones to help farmers
market their products and create
more jobs. She wants seed banks
in every region so that farmers will
have dependable source of seeds
if they run out, for example, after
a natural disaster. Another boon
to production under her watch
will be the creation of post-
harvest facilities like chillers and
dryers.
Irrigation will also be free under a Poe administration, she promises. She said she
would provide scholarships for the children of farmers as a form of poverty alleviation. Poe
says she will continue the 4Ps but add a livelihood component to wean off beneficiaries from
dependence on the program.
MAR ROXAS
The Liberal Party standard-bearer aims to “revitalize” agriculture in his platform. His
strategy is to continue the practice of clustering farmers to make it easier for the government
to provide them with support services.
His “bukid revolution” (farm revolution) includes the establishment of post-harvest
facilities in every town and the
building or repair of farm-to-
market roads and bridges. Roxas
also plans to provide low-
interest loans to farmers. The
Aquino administration’s bet said he
would continue and improve the
4Ps.
MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO
The feisty senator wants to modernize the agricultural sector by investing in research
and technology. She will finance programs to popularize the use of new seed varieties and
modern farming tools to increase farm yield.
Santiago will also devote funds to
infrastructure that can help enhance
the productivity of farms.
To help farmers cope with
storms that wipe out their crops, she
will create a National Flood Insurance
Program. For irrigation, she wants to
provide better water impounding or
storage facilities.

ACTIVITY 6A: Role Playing
Comment on the plans and programs in agriculture of
the presidential candidates.
If you are asked to help them craft a holistic program

for our country, what will you recommend?
File Name:.AGRI11.Section.A6a.Family Name.First &

Middle Name Initials
clipartkey.com
Lesson 6A Supplemental information will be posted in Google

Classroom.

Philippines Agriculture 2020. A Strategy for Poverty
Reduction, Food Security, Competitiveness, Sustainability,
and Justice and Peace. National Academy of Science and
Technology
dribble.com
What is Philippine Agriculture 2020 (PA 2020)?

• Medium term strategic plan for the agriculture and natural resources sector
articulated by scientist, farmers, entrepreneurs, non-government workers, people in
the bureaucracy and other stakeholders in a series of consultation and workshop
convened by the national Academy of Science and Technology Philippines (NAST PHIL).
• Plan envisions a sector that shall have a major role in reducing poverty, achieving food
security, global competitiveness, sustainability and justice and peace.
• Adopted as its conceptual framework the UN Millennium Ecosystems Assessment

which posits a strong linkage between ecosystem and human well-being.
• Agriculture is seen embedded in three over lapping and interacting systems:

▪ Agricultural System
▪ Natural Resource System
▪ Social System
• Agriculture System involve the production of crops, livestock, fisheries and trees for
food, feed, clothing and shelter.
• Their productivity and sustainability are driven by changes in climate, technologies,

tenurial arrangements, in the country’s resource endowments and on ecological
services provided by environment and natural resources.
• Social system characterized by population size and quality, culture, peace and order,
tenurial systems and governance integrate the manner hoe the two physical systems
are utilized for human well-being for now, and for generations to come.
• PA 2020 rest on three pillars:

▪ Organizing and managing agriculture
▪ Changing the social structure through assets reform
▪ Nurturing values respecting nature and community
• To operationalize PA 2020, three enabling strategies are required:
▪ Technology development: Technology innovations raise yields, improve
product quality, reduce losses and conserve the environment resulting to
enhanced productivity, profitability, competitiveness and sustainability.

▪ Investments: Modernization of agriculture calls for massive public investments
in physical structure, in rural credit and finance, in human capital and
institution. These public investments make agriculture more productive and
less risky and therefore more competitive for private investments.
▪ Governance reforms. Governance is the “binding force” for the enabling
strategies. Appropriate laws, policies, rules and regulation need to be in place
to make the public institution work and define the space within which the
private sector has to operate, and most importantly development in order to
be sustainable and equitable require the broad participation of stakeholders.
• PA 2020 essentially is a blueprint for the modernization of Philippine agriculture not

so much from the perspective of macro planners and legislators but from the point of
view of sector stakeholder, technical people and the implementers.
▪ It reinforces the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA)
and National Economic and Development Authority Medium Term Philippine
Development Plan (NEDA MTPDP), Industry Strategic Plan
• PA 2020 proceeds from the premise that the anemic performance of Philippine
agriculture in the last three decades has not been for lack of appropriate laws and
policies, institution, programs and human resources. What have been lacking for the
most parts are:
▪ The political will to fully invest in its requirements
▪ Concentration and sustained efforts
▪ Coordination and convergence of public and private investments and
interventions
▪ Greater transparency and accountability in the use of public funds
• Near-Term Implementation
▪ Updating of Industry Cluster Road Maps
▪ Translating the Updated Industry Road Maps into Operationalized National
Commodity Programs
▪ Strengthening of the LGU ANR Extension Offices
▪ Strengthening of DA Regional Offices
▪ Establishment of Dedicated Extension Units in Selected SUC’s
▪ Emancipation of the DA Bureaus
▪ Strengthening of Statistics Gathering and Analysis Capability of BAS including
Utilization of GIS and Remote Sensing Technology
▪ Organizing All-Philippine Farming Systems RDE Networks for Rice, Corn and
Coconut
▪ Professional Management and Institutional Support to Farmers Organizations.
▪ Review and Oversight of NIA Operations
▪ Completion of Agrarian Reform
▪ Resurrection of the Bureau of Agricultural Extension
▪ Resolution of the Fisheries Governance Issue
▪ Review of Priority Setting and Resource Allocation Among Programs and
Activities
▪ Phase out of Procurement and Distribution of Farm Inputs
• Medium-to-Long Term Implementation
▪ Enactment of a National Land Use Policy
▪ Unified Lands Administration and Public Lands Management; Creation of a
Land Administration Authority under DENR
▪ Further Extension of AFMA till 2020
▪ Reform of the National Food Authority
▪ Creation of a Special Small Farmers Fund, with Subsidized Interest Rates.
▪ Irrigators Associations to Collect and Retain Water Users Fees: Amendment of
NIA Charter from a Corporation to a Bureau
▪ Conversion of Production Forestlands Covered by CBFMAs, CLOAs and
CADCs/CATCs into Large Forest and Industrial Tree Crop Plantations.
▪ Devolution of natural Resources Extension Services from DENR to LGUs and
their Rationalization into Merged Agriculture and National Resources
Extension Offices.
• PA 2020 has embraced the social philosophy that agriculture beyond its economic and
material contributions is connected to the distribution of social and political power
and to the culture and values that animate it and enrich society as a whole.

Department of Agriculture 8 Paradigm to level up Agriculture.
“Isang Pilipinas na may matibay na seguridad sa pagkain at
mga magsasaka at mangingisdang may maunlad at
masaganang buhay!”
-William Dar
dribble.com
ACTIVITY 6B: Reaction Paper

Comment on the 8 paradigms of the Department of Agriculture.
How did it blend or align with PA 2020?
What can you contribute for its success?
FILENAME:
AGRI11.Section.A6b.Family Name.First & Middle Name Initials
clipartkey.com

LESSON 7: AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS
Subsistence agriculture is when a farmer lives on a small amount of land and produces
enough food to feed his or her household and have a small cash crop. The goal of subsistence
agriculture is to produce enough food to ensure the survival of the individual family. If there
is excess food produced, it is sold locally to other families or individuals.
Subsistence agriculture varies a great deal from industrialized agriculture in terms of
the farming methods used. This type of agriculture is very labor-intensive because all of the
work is done by humans and animals and only hand tools and simple machines are used to
work the land.
Subsistence agriculture does not rely on chemical fertilizers or pesticides and instead
utilizes more natural techniques. Most farmers have animals, including chickens, goats and
cows, and the manure from these animals is used to fertilize the plants. The crops produced
are then consumed or sold, and the inedible parts of the plants are used to feed the livestock.
This creates a closed circuit within the farm where nothing goes to waste.
Instead of using chemical pesticides, subsistence farmers rely on natural predators of
pests to control the pest population. Another major difference between industrialized and
subsistence agriculture is what is being planted. Unlike industrialized agriculture that utilizes
monocultures, subsistence agriculture relies on polycultures, which is when different types
of crops are planted in one area. Planting polycultures is a method used to get the most crop
yield out of a small area of land (https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-agriculture-
industrialized-and-subsistence -agriculture.html).
Subsistence agriculture is often divided into three different types, including intensive
subsistence, which is the traditional method, shifting cultivation, which relies on clearing
forest to create new farm plots every few years and pastoral nomadism, which relies on
traveling with herds of animals.
AGRI 11. Lesson 7. New Trends in Agriculture Page 1 of 3

Industrialized/Intensive agriculture is the type of agriculture where large quantities of
crops and livestock are produced through industrialized techniques for the purpose of sale.
The goal of industrialized agriculture is to increase crop yield, which is the amount of food
that is produced for each unit of land. Crops and livestock made through this type of
agriculture are produced to feed the masses and the products are sold worldwide.
Industrialized agriculture is able to produce large quantities of food due to the farming
methods used. Instead of using animal and manpower to work the fields, industrialized
agriculture utilizes large machines, which are more powerful and can work faster and harder.
The shift towards machines has increased the use of fossil fuels on industrial farms, and,
therefore, the price of food can fluctuate as the price of oil changes. Industrialized agriculture
also increases crop yield by investing in large irrigation systems and by using chemical
fertilizers and pesticides.
The chemical fertilizers that are used in industrialized agriculture often add inorganic
nutrients to the soil to increase yield and plant size. The use of pesticides is also common in
industrialized agriculture, and most pesticides help increase yield by killing pests that are
harming or consuming the crops. Another farming technique that is used in industrialized
agriculture is the method of growing monocultures, which is when a single crop is planted on
a large scale. Although planting monocultures can increase overall yield, this method of
farming is also more susceptible to disease and causes a reduction in the dietary variation of
consumers.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-agriculture-industrialized-and-subsistence-agriculture.html
Sustainable agriculture can be defined in many ways, but ultimately it seeks to sustain
farmers, resources and communities by promoting farming practices and methods that are
profitable, environmentally sound and good for communities.
Sustainable Agriculture is:
• Economically Viable: If it is not profitable, it is not sustainable.
• Socially Supportive: The quality of life of farmers, farm families and farm
communities is important.
• Ecologically Sound. We must preserve the resource base that sustains us all.
(https://www.westernsare.org/About-Us/What-is-Sustainable-Agriculture)
Organic agriculture is a holistic production management system which promotes and

enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological
activity. It emphasizes the use of management practices in preference to the use of off-farm
inputs, taking into account that regional conditions require locally adapted systems. This is
accomplished by using, where possible, agronomic, biological, and mechanical methods, as
opposed to using synthetic materials, to fulfil any specific function within the system.
(FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1999)
http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en/
Urban farming is growing or producing food in a city or heavily populated town or

municipality (www.usda.gov).

Urban Agriculture is part of a local food system where food is produced within an urban
area and marketed to consumers within that area. Urban farming can also include animal
husbandry (e.g., breeding and raising livestock), beekeeping, aquaculture (e.g., fish farming),
aquaponics (e.g., integrating fish farming and agriculture), and non-food products such as
producing seeds, cultivating seedlings, and growing flowers. Urban farms can also contribute
to the revitalization of abandoned or underutilized urban land, social and economic benefits
to urban communities, and beneficial impacts on the urban
landscape (https://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/urban-agriculture).
ACTIVITY 7. Literature Review Poster

Advanced technologies have been developed
to address the changing needs of each
agricultural system presented in Lesson 7.
Design a poster to review the literature on
agricultural system assigned by the instructor.
The poster content is provided in the course
dreamstime.com guide.
File Name: AGRI11.Section.A7.Family Name.First
&Middle Name Initials.
Additional Information: Refer to Supplemental

information 7A “The Future of Food and Agriculture:
Trends and Challenges, FAO, United Nations
Posted in Google Classroom
pinterest.com

LESSON 8: Contribution of the College of Agriculture and Food
Science, UPLB
All information presented in Lesson 8

on the History of the College of
Agriculture was summarized and
cited from UPLB: Century of
Challenges and Achievements by
Fernando A. Bernardo
8th Dean College of Agriculture, toonpooll.com
UPLB
I. HISTORY OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
First Born. The Governor General signed the law, Act

No. 1870, on June 18, 1908 creating the University of Twelve Aggie Students
the Philippines, which required a minimum of three
colleges in operation. The Philippine Medical School 1. Silvestre Asuncion
shall become the School of Medicine, while Escuela de 2. Amado Laparan
Bellas Artes or the Centro de Bellas Artes as the school 3. Baldomero Velasquez
of Fine Arts. To educate farmers in better farming 4. Antonio Lejano
methods, the University of the Philippines Board of 5. Florendo Bagui
Regents purchased 72.63 hectares of land on the foot 6. Felipe O. Cevallos
of Mount Makiling near Manila for the establishment of 7. Andres F. Navarro
an agricultural school. Thus, UP began with three units: 8. Vicente F. Alvarez
the first born in 1909, the College of Agriculture, and 9. Eladio Sablan
two adapted units: the Escuela de Bellas Artes and the 10. Valente E. Villegas
Philippine Medical School. 11. Jose F. Zamora
12. Clodoaldo Tempongco
Dr. Edwin Bingham Copeland was given the full responsibility to established a college of
agriculture and an agriculture experiment station. Classes began in June 1909 with Copeland,
Harold Cuzner, Edgar Ledyard, Carrie Ledyard, and Sam Durham as professors and twelve
students initially enrolled in the program. Charles F. Baker replaced Copeland as Dean in 1917
and oversaw the construction of new buildings and the acquisition of a 300-hectare
Agricultural Experiment Station. Upon Baker's death in 1927, Bienvenido Gonzales became
UPCA's first Filipino Dean.
AGRI 11. Lesson 8. CAFS, UPLB Contribution Page 1 of 9

Edwin
Bingham
Copeland ne-np.facebook.com Charles Fuller Baker sdei.senckenberg.de Bienvenido Maria Gonzales geni.com
1st Dean UPCA 2nd Dean UPCA 3rd Dean UPCA
The first office and classroom was the house of Edgar M. Ledyard in downtown Los Baños.
Classes began on June 11. On the fourth day (June 14), some tents lent by the Bureau of
Education to Dr. Copeland were raised by the students and some faculty members in the
northwestern part of Camp Eldridge (now the BPI-Los Baños Botanical Garden). These tents
were to be the classrooms for four months. There were no blackboards, tables, desks, nor a
piece of apparatus, and not even a book. The students had to bring their stools to schools.
Their desks were their thighs.
There were times

when the tents were
blown down by
storms,and students
had to raise them
anew. In the morning,
classes were held in
the tents, and in the
afternoon, students
and instructors had to
hike to the College
“farm” four kilometers away. It was a 40-minute walk from town along obscure foot trails to
the abandoned farm and second-growth forest at the foot of Mount Makiling. The students
had to clear the area of shrubs and trees, cogon, and talahib. They also had to dig out big
stumps and more stones, thus literally carving the College out of the wilderness.
The College site was literally a deserted wilderness. The cries of kalaws (forest birds) in
the thick forest of Mount Makiling at five o’clock in the afternoon signaled the group’s return
to “town” after a hard day’s work. On weekends, students had to clear a designated area for
a student barrio across Molawin Creek, and then build student bamboo and nipa shacks, and
cultivate vegetable gardens.
After four months of hiking from town to college farm and back, a temporary building was
completed on October 3, 1909. It provided space for two recitation rooms, two laboratory
rooms, some offices, plus space for library, post office, and storeroom. Jose Zamora recalled,
“We broke camp and proceeded to transfer” the whole college from Camp Eldridge “to a new
location” with the help of a carabao-drawn cart, which proved unable to negotiate the
impassable narrow and muddy mountain trails without human help. The new location “was
a wild country infested with swarms of mosquito, and there was a time when all members of
the group were stricken with malaria.”
II. CA/CAFS CONTRIBUTION TO AGRICULTURE
Since 1909, when the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA) was
established and reorganized as the College of Agriculture and Food Science to address a
broader paradigm of farm to plate. It has already produced graduates who contributed to the
field of agriculture, numerous technologies intended for the farmers and other stake holders.
MANPOWER CONTRIBUTION
The College in 111 years of existence has molded approximately 12,599 graduates with a
degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, 2,097 graduates of Bachelor of Science in Food
Technology, 276 graduates Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Biotechnology, and 3,289
graduates of various degrees administered by the college in the past.
PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL SCIENTISTS GRADUATES OF UP PROGRAM IN AGRICULTURE

(Information listed below was cited from www.nast.ph)
EDUARDO A. QUISIMBING
BS Agriculture 1918
A botanist and taxonomist par excellence. Published numerous
original articles on Philippine flora. His studies on Philippine
orchids resulted in the identification of many new plants. His
book on Philippine medicinal plants is the forerunner of
researches on medicinal plants in the country.
Inducted as National Scientist 1980
(Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and Morphology)
gohd.com.sg
FRANCISCO M. FRONDA
BS Agriculture 1919
Devoted over six decades of his life to teaching, research and extension
activities. Contributed immensely to what is today the country's
multimillion peso livestock industry. He was instrumental in the
development of the poultry industry in Southeast Asia.
(Animal Husbandry)
members.nast.
ph

DIOSCORO L. UMALI
BS Agriculture 1939
As plant breeder, he developed and improved varieties of rice and
corn, food legumes, fruits and ornamental plants. His research
output and writings paved the way for the launching of programs of
rain-fed and upland agriculture, social forestry, environmental
conservation and rural poverty alleviation. An academician, scientist,
educator, research organizer, development administrator and
science statesman with far reaching vision.
(Agriculture and Rural Development)
members.nast.ph
PEDRO E. ESCURO
BS Agriculture 1952, magna cum laude
Provided the leadership in the development, isolation and release
of many rice cultivars in the Philippines. The classic rice cultivar (463)
is high yielding, resistant to many diseases and insect pests and has
become the standard for high quality rice in the Philippines as well
as in many other rice-growing countries.
(Genetics and Plant Breeding)
members.nast.ph
DOLORES A. RAMIREZ
B.S. Agriculture 1956, magna cum laude
Noted for her comprehensive researches on the cytogenetics of
various Philippine crops; her pioneering works on biochemical
genetics, foremost of which are the genetics of the “makapuno” and
the biochemical basis of plant resistance; and the alien gene transfer
in maize, rice, and selected vegetables, from their respective wild
relatives. Initiated researches in genome analysis and
molecular/biochemical markers in important agricultural crops. A
scientist, educator and administrator.
members.nast.ph
(Biochemical Genetics and Cytogenetics)
JOSE R. VELASCO
BS Agriculture 1940, cum laude
His pioneering research on plant mineral nutrition specially on cadang
cadang of coconut, rice photoperiodism, chemical weed control, and
plant growth provided the basis of important crop production
management practices and research directions.
(Plant Physiology)
philippineculturaleducationonline

BIENVENIDO O. JULIANO
BS Agriculture 1955, magna cum laude
He contributed to the improvement of rice and rice food products and
their nutritional values, and means to evaluate rice quality-- making a
relevant socio-economic impact in many rice eating countries of the
world. His works appeared in international journals. He trained many
scientists and researchers who have further contributed to rice
science and technology.
members.nast.ph
(Organic Chemistry)
CLARE R. BALTAZAR
BS Agriculture 1947, summa cum laude
She has devoted her life to studying the diversity of Philippine insects.
She discovered and named over a hundred species and nine new genera
of parasitic wasps, and identified effective biological controls. Her five
books and monographs are essential references for many scientists and
conservationists from all over the world. Known as the "First Filipina
Entomologist", she set standards of excellence for all Filipino
entomologists to emulate.
(Systematic Entomology)
members.nast.ph
RICARDO M. LANTICAN
BS Agriculture 1954
For his research on cytoplasmic inheritance of hypersensitivity to a
disease in maize, a discovery that has created an awareness among
biologists of the importance of genetic diversity as a weapon against
environmental adversities. Dr. Lantican's efforts in plant breeding, more
specifically in the development of varietal resistance and the
improvement of plant structure and morphology, have paved the way for
the release of outstanding varieties. These varieties are now being
commercially grown by farmers in the Philippines, parts of Southeast Asia,
East Asia and South Asia. The new plant structure developed in mungbean
members.nast.ph through his effort and that of his team has resulted in doubling of yields.
The plant types evolved in the Philippines were heavily used as parents in
the breeding program of the Asian Vegetable Research and Development
Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan.
(Plant Breeding)

RAMON C. BARBA
BS Agriculture 1958
In recognition of his significant and outstanding scientific and
technological contributions to Philippine Agriculture including the
discovery of a very effective and practical flower induction treatment
which is considered as the most significant breakthrough in mango
research in the country. His technology of using potassium nitrate to
stimulate flowering is a milestone in the study of tropical tree
physiology and is the main stimulus to the growth of the local mango
industry. His researches on tissue culture of bananas, sugarcane,
cassava, and many other horticultural crops have resulted in the
development of valuable methodologies in good compensation to members.nast.ph
discover something significant and useful.
(Horticulture)
EMIL Q. JAVIER
BS Agriculture 1960, cum laude
The most outstanding virtue of Dr. Javier as a scientist is his ability to conceive
and put into action realistic approaches to the problems that confront
tropical agriculture in a developing country. Aware of the small farmer's
limited resources, he has always directed his researches toward developing
practical methods of improved crop production, using cheap, indigenous
inputs. Based on his experiment of introducing legume into native lmperata
pastures with minimum or no tillage, a national pasture development
program was launched in 1972 premised on the minimum or no tillage
establishment of adapted legumes on native pastures with application of
phosphorous.
canadianinquirer.com
(Agriculture)
All information used in succeeding portion

of Lesson 8 was summarized and cited
from AGRITECH The UPLB – CAFS
Technologies. Published by the UPLB-CAFS
Publication Section, the DA-BAR and the
UPLB-FI. Supplemental PDF file of CAFS
notable Research Output was compiled
toonpooll.com from the efforts of the different Units of
the College.
III. RESEARCH MILESTONES OF THE CENTURY
As early as 1915-1916, the then Department of Entomology witnessed the initial historic
successes of biological control when some American entomologists visited Los Baños and
discovered a parasitic wasp, Scolla manilae Ashmead. When introduced in Hawaii, this wasp
led to the control of the white grub (Anomala orientalis Waterhouse).

In the 1920s and 1930s, plant stocks and livestock, which were products of long years of
breeding by researchers of the College, were made available to Filipino farmers. Among those
stocks favorably received were Philamin cattle, Berkjala pig and Los Baños cantonese chicken.
Immediately before World War II, the CA was reputed as a premier center for research in
tropical agriculture in Asia. By 1949, Dean Uichanco reported that research activities in the
college had formed an important base for the development of agricultural science and
scientific farm practice in the Philippines. The same research also benefited other countries
in Southeast Asia and other parts of the world. Superior livestock breeds and varieties of farm
crops were developed and made available to farmers.
During the 1950s, numerous plants and animals were introduced into the country to
determine their value to local agriculture. Research findings from abroad were also tested
for adaptability and use under local conditions.
Towards the end of the 1960s, research in the College, which “traditionally served to
enrich instruction,” increasingly became of the applied kind. With the Philippines facing
mounting food problems, the College put more teeth in research on rice and other crops that
could serve as additional sources of food and animal feed. The College acquired a
photosynthesis laboratory and established Asia’s first pesticide residue laboratory to address
a worldwide concern – the possible detrimental ecological effects of chemical residues.
In 1962, the Dairy Training and Research Institute (DTRI) was established and mandated
to assist in increasing milk production and raising efficiency in local dairy industry. Through
the years, DTRI conducted studies on dairy production and technology, which included
researchers on different forage crops, comparative performance of different dairy breeds and
production of several milk and milk products from local milk.
In the 1970s, national crop programs received support from the College’s seed
technology and production program. The College produced breeder, foundation, registered
and certified seeds of rice, corn, soybean, sorghum and peanuts. With Republic Act 7308,
otherwise known as the Seed Industry Development Act, the Institute of Plant Breeding under
the college was identified as the lead agency.
In 1977, the College received the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Award, which cited its
work in agricultural research, serving as “a test in Asia for utilizing assistance from
international agencies in the immense task of bringing knowledge to the service of the
farmer”.
The College also developed social technologies which highlighted different approaches
to agricultural and rural development. These included institutional linkages, production
technology, community development and partnership approaches. In 1967, DTRI
implemented a pilot dairy extension project, known as Los Baños Milk Collection Scheme
(LBMCS), for farmer-cooperators in selected areas in Laguna, and later in Rizal. It started as
a pilot project in the collection of carabao’s and cow’s milk to pilot-test possible patterns for
dairy extension work, which later grew into a full-blown extension program. For instance, the

Social Laboratory Project (1969-84) showcased the institutional approach by assisting the
farm families in developing their homes and their communities.
The National Food and Agriculture Council/UPLB Countryside Action Program (1978-
1985) used the production technology approach while the Agricultural Development Program
for the Countryside applied the community development process in Albay, Cebu, Guimaras,
and Laguna. The Agro-industrial Development Program (1995-2003), an example of
partnership approach conducted community-level agricultural projects intended to build
agricultural enterprise capabilities in the provinces of Laguna, Marinduque, and Mindoro.
Established in 1977, the Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center (PHTRC)
conducts projects that help improve postharvest systems for fruits, vegetables, ornamental
crops, young coconuts, fresh herbs and medicinal crops in fresh form.
Founded in 1982, the Institute of Food Science and Technology (IFST) enhances
collaborative research and provides vital services to the food industry to create safe, quality
and affordable food and food products.
The Sustainable Agriculture Participatory Research and Extension Model is a viable

approach to extension and community development that began in 1993. Implemented since
1993, the Farmer Scientist Training Program aims to give the farmers a direct training contact
with agricultural scientists to develop their technical and scientific capabilities in growing corn
and other crops.
IV. RECENT TECHNOLOGIES DEVELOPED
The College conducts more than half of the country’s total agricultural researches in plant
breeding, crop science, soil science, crop protection, food science, animal science, and
farming systems. Current research thrusts are focused on sustainable development through
utilization and management of locally generated resources, biodiversity conservation,
participatory extension approaches, and strengthening of agricultural support systems.
Notable technologies and products include:

• High-yielding crop varieties (e.g rice, corn, sorghum, mungbean, soybean, peanut,
sweet potato, cucumber) approved for commercial use by the Philippine Seed Board
• Improved/new varieties of ornamentals (Hibiscus, Aglaonema, Mussaenda, and
various orchid species), fruits, vegetables and fiber crops with resilience to biotic and
abiotoc stresses
• Crop protection technologies through pest and disease identification techniques,
integrated pest management, and pesticide residue analysis
• Crop production methodologies
• Postharvest technologies
• Plant genetic resources
• Papaya and mango with delayed ripening characteristics

• Development and quality improvement of fruit wines, non-alcoholic beverages,
coconut products and ubi powder
• High quality dairy products
• Fertilizers, decomposers, and enzymes
• Test kits for soil/soybean/rice bran/pesticide residue
• Detection kits for plant, food, feed and water pathogens
With the structuring of the College of Agriculture into the College of Agriculture and Food
Science (CAFS), various technologies now address the value chain from primary production in
the farms to food on the table. Nevertheless, with all these quality research outputs, the
CAFS still sets the pace in efforts to boost the country’s food production, agricultural exports
and rural income.
Lesson 8A. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION: NOTABLE RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SCIENCE, UPLB. Posted in Google Classroom
ACTIVITY 8. Reflection Paper
Using only 111 words only, compose an essay

with the theme:
“My Course, My College, The Nation’s Future”
File Name: AGRI11.Section.A8.Family Name.First

& Middle Name Initials.
deviantart.com


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Prepared by:

ELPIDIO M. AGBISIT, JR., Ph.D.

Title: Overview of Agriculture with Emphasis on Philippine Agriculture

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students are expected to:

TIME MON TUES WED THUR

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 2 of 9

2 Lesson 1: Synchronous Activity 1: Answer sheet

3 Lesson 2: Asynchronous Activity 2: Creative

4 Lesson 3: History Asynchronous Activity 3: Reaction

5 LEVELLING OFF Synchronous Discussion/QUIZ 1

6 Lesson 4: Asynchronous Activity 4: Role Playing:

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 3 of 9

11 Lesson 7: New Asynchronous Activity 7: Literature

12 Lesson 8: Asynchronous Activity 8: Reflection

13 LEVELLING OFF Synchronous Discussion/ QUIZ 4

Activity Reports: 70%

TRANSMUTED GRADING SYSTEM:

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 4 of 9

Elpidio M. Agbisit, Jr., Ph.D. (Professor, IAS-CAFS, UPLB)

Barbara L. Caoili, Ph.D. (Professor, IWEP-CAFS, UPLB)

2. Submit the reports on or before the deadline set by your instructor.

3. Strictly follow the file name format:

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 6 of 9

Fernando A. Bernardo. UPLB: Century of Challenges and Achievements.

Philippines Agriculture 2020. A Strategy for Poverty Reduction, Food Security,

Philippines Statistics Authority. 2019. Selected Statistics on Agriculture.

The Agriculture Plans of Presidential Candidates for 2016. Rappler.com

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 7 of 9

MODE OF LEARNING: Online Offline

Do you agree to be invited in FB group? Yes No

Do you agree to be invited in messenger group? Yes No

STUDENT HONOR PLEDGE

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 8 of 9

CONTENT OF THE POSTER

AGRI 11. Introduction to Agriculture: Course Guide Page 9 of 9

Origin: Late Middle English from Latin agricultura,

Google: the science or practice of farming, including

• Art – a skill in performance acquired by experience, study or observation

In Filipino: Agrikultura o Pagsasaka

AGRI 11. Lesson 1. Overview of Agriculture: Definition Page 1 of 4

AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS CONTRIBUTING TO AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND

AGRI 11. Lesson 1. Overview of Agriculture: Definition Page 2 of 4

ACTIVITY 1. Answer Sheet:

AGRI 11. Lesson 1. Overview of Agriculture: Definition Page 3 of 4

AGRI 11. Lesson 1. Overview of Agriculture: Definition Page 4 of 4

“Agriculture, for an honorable and high-

“For all gainful professions, nothing is better, nothing more

Marous Tullius Cicero,

“Agriculture is the most healthful, most

“No other human occupation opens so wide a

“Weeding is as necessary to agriculture as

AGRI 11. Lesson 2. Overview of Agriculture: Quotes Page 1 of 7

“Science and technology coupled with improved human

Food and Agriculture Organization

“Any possible development of higher education in

Dr. Edwin Bingham Copeland

“Being the new generation of future

Fernando C. Sanchez Jr.

“Investments in Agriculture are the best weapons

AGRI 11. Lesson 2. Overview of Agriculture: Quotes Page 2 of 7

“My guiding thoughts throughout our effort