COMPUTER

NUMERICAL
CONTROL (CNC)
Maitha and Alyazia Mohammed
A12-51
what is meant by Computer Numerical
Control (CNC)
◦CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control. It is
the technology of controlling
◦ a machining operation using a computer program.
Advantages:
increased speed at which parent are
produced, predicting the same quality
of all work parts, increase ability to
produce difficult parts.
Disadvantages:
high initial cost, need high qualified
operator
lathe turning processes
A. Facing: process of removing material from the end/or shoulder of workpiece.
B. Roughing: removal of excess stock from a workpiece as rapidly and efficiently as possible.
C. Turning: cutting tool removes materials from the outer diameter of a rotating workpiece.
D. Step-turning: turning of bar to different diameter for a specific length.
E. Tapering: turning process in which the cutting tool moves at a angle to the axis of the workpiece so that a tapered shape is obtained in the
workpiece.
F. Grooving and parting: process security and productivity, in parting operations, the objective is to separate one parts of the workpiece form the
other as efficiently and reliably as possible. In grooving the principle is same, although these operations are less sensitive because the grooves are
usually not as deep.
G. Drilling & Reaming: Drilling is performed to originate a hole on a solid surface. Reaming is performed to finish internal surface of an existing
hole.
H. Boring: cutting operation uses a single-point cutting tool or q boring head to peroxide conical r cylindrical surfaces by enlarging as existing
openings in a workpiece.
◦
CNC coordinate systems applicable to CNC
lathes
1. Cartesian coordinate system: used to describe the position of a point in the
space.
2. Polar coordinate system : the point is located by its distance (radius) to the
point of origin and its angle (alpha) to a specified axis.
the safe operating procedure for a CNC lathe
machine.
1. In pre-operation: wear the specified overall, Protection application, don’t wear gloves, drinking is prohibited,
concentrate on work, Execute the operation carefully, strictly abide by the CNC lathe operation procedures and
prepare desired tools and raw materials
2. While operation: Check out if all the control functions are normal as the instruction before the operation. Read the
CNC machine operating instruction or manual in detail before the start. If there is any abnormal phenomenon, and
observe whether the oil in the automatic lubricating oil tank of the machine tool is sufficient, then manually operate
it.
3. Post operation: after the processing finished, clean and machine, and used facilities.
◦
Inspect a CNC lathe for safety, tool wear, tool
damage and for task suitability.
Inspect a CNC lathe for safety, tool wear, tool
damage and for task suitability
◦ A machinist's ability to create workpieces that are both on time and on spec is critical. The smallest detail in this
equation typically is the insert. Proper insert wear should occur on the flank of the insert and should not exceed 0.005 to
0.015 inch.
1. Flank wear: The heat generated during cutting causes the flank of the insert to wear down. This type of wear is
measurable and, therefore, predictable, enabling you to change your inserts at the appropriate time. Flank wear that
is too rapid, however, has specific causes that can be remedied.
2. Cratering: or crater wear, is a concave wear pattern on the rake face of the insert. It is caused by chemical reaction
between workpiece material and the insert's face at very high temperature. Crater wear occurs when the insert is too
soft for the heat generated in the cut.
3. Built-up edge: Built-up edge (BUE) occurs when the material you are cutting adheres to, and builds up on, the
surface of the insert. The common fix for BUE is to raise your surface footage. Increasing your coolant percentage
also can add more lubricity to the cut.
4. Chipping: happens to an insert when it is heavily shocked. It tends to occur during interrupted cutting or in cutting
with long overhangs, which leads to vibrations.
5. Notching: is the process of making a workpiece much harder than the base material underneath it, according to
Cormier Precision Machinery. Notching occurs when machining stainless steels and nickel-based alloys, in which
the surface hardness of the workpiece can be up to 30 Rockwell Hardness C harder than beneath.
Inspect a CNC lathe for safety, tool wear, tool
damage and for task suitability
1. Thermal cracking: is caused by rapid temperature changes at the cutting edge, says Hard. To combat thermal
cracking, use a tougher, more wear-resistant grade of cutting fluid. Applying high-volume, high-pressure coolant
may also help repair damage caused by poor quality cutting.
2. Plastic deformation of the cutting edge of inserts happens because of the combination of high temperature and high
cutting forces. This wear reduces the relief under the nose, increases the width of the wear land in that area. It leads
to poor chip control, poor surface finish, increased cutting forces, and shorter tool life.
3. Failure: The worst-case scenario for any machining operation is complete failure (breakage) of the tool. Insert
failures occur when the wrong grade and chip-breaker combination is chosen for the cutting conditions. Each
manufacturer publishes proper parameters for each insert, and choosing an insert for your application specifics will
help eliminate failure.
◦ Inserts with a higher cobalt content are tougher and, therefore, perfect for milling or turning through interruptions.
They are also well-suited for finishing operations and the high heat encountered in machining of superalloys.
◦
External and internal threading Find the
cutting speed in meters per minute:
◦External threading : are the outside of the part
◦Internal threading: are on the inside of the product.
◦Cutting speed in meters per minute: The cutting speed is
the speed at which the circumference of the work part
moves along the cutter.
◦N= CS/ pid
procedures if machines malfunction or if tools
become worn or damaged.

◦ Sharp edges can cause cuts and severing injuries, sharp-pointed

parts can cause stabbing or puncture the skin, and rough surface
parts can cause friction or abrasion.
◦• People can be crushed, both between parts moving together or
towards a fixed part of the machine, wall or other object, and two
parts moving past one another can cause shearing.
Thank You