Power System Engineering.

EEE 5101

Dr. Monjurul Alam Sir

1. Write a short note on electrical power system in Bangladesh.

Ans: The utility electricity sector in Bangladesh has one national grid with an installed capacity of 21,419 MW as
of September 2019. The total installed capacity is 20,000 MW (combining solar power). Bangladesh's energy sector
is booming. Recently Bangladesh started construction of the 2.4-gigawatt (GW) Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant
expected to go into operation in 2023 According to the Bangladesh Power Development Board in July 2018, 90
percent of the population had access to electricity.

2.Discuss about the different power production sector in Bangladesh.

Ans: In Bangladesh there are many type power productions in below;

• Coal 524.00(MW) 2.52 %

• Gas 11502.00(MW) 55.26 %
• HFO 5507.00(MW) 26.46 %
• HSD 1855.00(MW) 8.91 %
• Hydro 230.00(MW) 1.11 %
• Imported 1160.00(MW) 5.57 %
• Solar 35.00(MW) 0.17 %
• Total 20813(MW) 100 %

a) Coal power plant:

• Barapukuria Power Station, 525(MW)

• Oil and Gas-fired Thermal total 3804.2(MW)

Under Construction;

• Matarbari Power Station, 1200(MW)

• Payra Thermal Power Plan, 1320(MW)
• Rampal Power Plant, 1320(MW)

b) Gas turbines

• Meghnaghat 450(MW), Ashuganj 146 ,(MW)Haripur 360(MW), Goalpara, Khulna 265(MW)

,Mymensingh 210(MW), Siddhirganj 240(MW)

c) Gas engines

• Baraka Power Ltd. 51(MW), Dhaka Gazipur 53(MW), Gopalganj 100(MW),Moana 35(MW), Raozan
240(MW),Ghorashal Regent 108(MW),Baghabari, Sirajgonj 50(MW),APSCL, Ashuganj 50(MW)

c) Hydroelectric

• Karnafuli, 230(MW)

d) Solar PV

• Teknaf Solar Park, 50 MW, Sunamganj Solar Park 32 MW, US company SunEdison 200 MW, Sutiakhali
Solar Park 50 MW, Korea Green Energy Ltd 32 MW,
• The government has taken a total of 19 solar power projects of total 1070 MW capacity
e) Wind power plants:

The government has taken an initiative to set up three 150MW wind power plants in the country in the next two
years.

• Each of the turbines' power generation capacity will be between 5-7MW

• Chandpur, Inani Beach of Cox's Bazar and Dakop upazila of Khulna , 150(MW)

f) Nuclear power plant:

• 2.4 GWe Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant is under construction.The two units of VVER-1200/523 generating
2.4 GWe are planned to be operational in 2023 and 2024

3.Discuss about the role of renewable energy for sustainable development of Bangladesh.

Ans: Renewable energy play important role for sustainable environment in Bangladesh, it reduce the violation of
damaging the weather and climate change and also temperature effect. List of renewable energy in bd below;

a) Solar Power: The government has taken a total of 19 solar power projects of total 1070 MW capacity which
got the Prime Minister's approval in principle as part of its plan to generate 10 percent electricity from
renewable energy source by 2020. There are a number of utility scale solar PV farms proposed in
Bangladesh: 200 MW Teknaf Solar Park, 50 MW Sutiakhali,Mymensingh Solar Park and 32 MW
Sunamganj Solar Park. US company SunEdison was the sponsor of the 200 MW Teknaf project while
Singapore based entities Sinenergy Holdings, Ditrolic and local company IFDC Solar are the sponsors of the
50 MW Sutiakhali Solar Park. Edisun Power Point & Haor Bangla - Korea Green Energy Ltd is the 32 MW
Sunamganj solar park project.

b) Hydroelectric: The generators in the 230 megawatts (310,000 hp) Karnafuli Hydroelectric Power Station
were commissioned between 1962 and 1988.[1] It is the only hydroelectric power station in Bangladesh.

c) Wind power plant: The government has taken an initiative to set up three wind power plants in the country
in the next two years, with 150MW capacity by 2021. wind power plants have been selected on the basis of
"wind mapping", will be Chandpur, Inani Beach of Cox's Bazar and Dakop upazila of Khulna. each of the
plants. Each of the turbines' power generation capacity will be between 5-7MW. the tariff of each Kilowatt
of hour of electricity might be to Tk8-9. in the Power System Master Plan where it was stated 10% of the
country's total power generation will come from renewable sources.

4.What is Phase in Electricity?

Ans: In electrical phase is the the expression of relative displacement between an among waves having same
frequency.
5.Discuss about different types phase.

Ans: There are two type of phase in electrical system 2-wires: single-phase connection and 3- or 4-wires: three-
phase connection;

a) Single phase; The single phase requires two wires for completing the circuit, i.e., the conductor and the
neutral. The conductor carries the current and the neutral is the return path of the current. The single phase
supplies the voltage up to 230 volts. It is mostly used for running the small appliances like a fan, cooler,
grinder, heater, etc.

b) Three Phase; The three phase system consist four wires, three conductors and one neutral. The conductors
are out of phase and space 120º apart from each other. The three phase system is also used as a single phase
system. For the low load, one phase and neutral can be taken from the three phase supply. The three phase
supply is continuous and never completely drops to zero. In three phase system power can be drawn either
in a star or delta configuration.

6.Write down the Single-Phase Supply Benefits and applications

Ans: Benefits;

• The design and operation of a single phase power supply system is often simple
• Most efficient AC power supply for up to 1000 watts
• Less complex designs & Fewer design costs

Applications;

• lights, fans, coolers, heaters, small air conditioners etc.

• This power supply is sufficient to run the motors up to about 5 horsepower (hp).
7.Discuss about Three Phase Supply.

Ans: A Three Phase Power Supply consists of three power wires (or the three phases). Additionally, depending on
the type of the circuit (which there are two types), you might or might not have a neutral wire. In a three phase power
supply system, each AC Power Signal is 1200 out of phase with each other.

In a three phase power supply, during one cycle of 3600, each phase would have peaked in voltage twice. Also, the
power never drops to zero. This steady stream of power and ability to handle higher loads makes a three phase
supply suitable for industrial and commercial operations.

Types of Connections in Three-Phase System:

a) Star Connection: The star connection requires four wires in which there are three phase conductors and one
neutral conductor. The star connected three phase systems gives two different voltages, i.e., the 230 V and
440V. The voltage between the single phase and the neutral is 230V, and the voltage between the two phases
is equal to the 440V. The neutral point passes the unbalanced current to the earth and hence make the system
balance.

b) Delta Connection: The delta connection has three wires, and there is a no neutral point. The delta
connection is shown in the figure below. The line voltage of the delta connection is equal to the phase
voltage.

Three-phase, three-wire Δ connection has no common.

8.What are the Benefits and applications of Three Phase Supply

Ans: Benefits

• For the same power, a three phase power supply uses les wire than a single phase power supply.
• You can run larger loads very easily.
• Large three phase motors (usually used in industries) do not require a starter as the phase difference in the
three phase power supply will be sufficient to provide enough initial torque for the motor to start.
• Almost all the power generated in a three phase power. Although there is a concept of multi-phase power,
studies found that a three phase power supply is more economical and easy to produce.
• The overall efficiency of the three phase power supply is higher when compared to that of a single phase
power supply for the same load.

Applications; for electronic loads larger than 1,000 watts.

• To run three phase motor

• To run industries
• To give power to homes
• To give overhead supply to electric trains
• For power transmitted.

9.Distinguishes between Single Phase and Three Phase Supplies

Ans: Below have been describe it mores;

a) Single Phase:
• In a single phase power supply, the power is supplied through two wires called Phase and neutral
• The voltage of single phase supply is 230V
• For the same amount of power, a single phase supply requires more wire that that of a three phase
supply.
• The efficiency of a single phase power supply is lower than three phase
• Less complexity than three phase
b) Three phase;
• Do not require any starters to three-phase motors used in big industries, since it has sufficient phase
difference to supply initial torque for the motor to start.
• Three-phase power supply requires less conducting materials to transmit and distribute electrical
power
• In three phase power supply, the power is supplied through three wires (four wires if neutral wire is
included).
• The voltage of three phase supply is 415V
• For the same amount of power, a three phase supply requires less wire that that of a single phase
supply.
• The efficiency of a three phase power supply is significantly higher than a single phase supply and
the power transfer capability is also more.
• Complex than single phase system.
• Run larger loads easily. Commercial and Industrial loads prefer a three-phase power supply since it
requires more heavy electronic loads.
Comparison Single Phase Three Phase

Definition The power supply through one The power supply through three
conductor. conductors.

Wave Shape

Number of wire. Require two wires for completing the Requires four wires for completing the
circuit. circuit.

Voltage Carry 230V Carry 415V

Phase Name Split phase No other name

Power Transfer Minimum Maximum

Capability

Network Simple Complicated

Power Failure Occurs Do not occur

Loss Maximum Minimum

Power Supply
Connection

Efficiency Less High

Economical Less More

Uses For home appliances. In large industries and for running

heavy loads.
10.What are the basic part of Modern Power System

Ans: The electrical power system consists of three major components: generation, a high voltage transmission grid,
and a distribution system. The high voltage transmission system links the generators to substations, which supply
power to the user through the distribution system. Interruptions in these connecting links can disrupt the flow of
power from generators to the users.

Fig: Main.components of power systems

a) Synchronous Generators: The synchronous generator or alternator is an electrical machine that converts the
mechanical power from a prime mover into an AC electrical power at a particular voltage and frequency.
The synchronous motor always runs at a constant speed called synchronous speed
b) Transformer: A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical power from one
circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but the voltage level can be altered that means voltage
can be increased or decreased according to the requirement.
c) Transmission Lines: A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from generating
substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of voltage and current from one end to
another. The transmission line is made up of a conductor having a uniform cross-section along the line. Air
act as an insulating or dielectric medium between the conductors.
d) Control Equipment: Used for protection purpose like as Switchgear is used for opening and closing of an
electric circuit while a fuse is used for over-current protection. Every electric circuit needs a switching device
and protective device.
e) Electrical Substation: The electrical substation is the part of a power system in which the voltage is
transformed from high to low or low to high for transmission, distribution, transformation and switching.
The power transformer, circuit breaker, bus-bar, insulator, lightning arrester are the main components of an
electrical substation.
f) Distribution lines: The conductors of the distribution lines are lower in voltage and are either buried
underground or mounted on poles or towers. the voltage of the distribution lines is much lower than that for
the transmission lines, the distribution towers are shorter and their insulators are smaller. In residential areas,
utilities install transformers in vaults or on towers to reduce the distribution line voltage to any value between
100 and 240 V, depending on the standard of the country.
11.Describe the basic construction and working of a DC generator.

Ans: DC Generator:
A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity. This energy
conversion is based on the principle of production of dynamically induced emf.

Construction of a DC Generator: A DC generator is also used as a DC motor by without changing its construction.
A DC machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC machine are described
below.

a) Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast iron or steel.
b) Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or welding. They carry field winding
and pole shoes are fastened to them.
c) Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound and placed on each pole and
are connected in series. They are wound in such a way that, when energized, they form alternate North and
South poles.
d) Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in shape with slots to carry
armature winding. The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy current
losses. Armature is keyed to the shaft.
e) Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots. The armature
conductors are insulated from each other and also from the armature core. Armature winding can be wound
by one of the two methods; lap winding or wave winding.
f) Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is made through a commutator-brush
arrangement. The function of a commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current generated in armature
conductors.

Working Principle of DC Generator: According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a

conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf
(electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from the
emf equation of dc generator. If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will circulate
within the path. In a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the armature conductors are
rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature conductors. The
direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule. According to Fleming’s right hand rule, the
direction of induced current changes whenever the direction of motion of the conductor changes.
 Let’s consider an armature rotating clockwise and a conductor at the left is moving upward. When the armature
completes a half rotation, the direction of motion of that particular conductor will be reversed to downward.
Hence, the direction of current in every armature conductor will be alternating. If you look at the above figure,
you will know how the direction of the induced current is alternating in an armature conductor. But with a split
ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors also gets reversed when the current reversal occurs.
And therefore, we get unidirectional current at the terminals.

12.Describe the basic construction and working of a AC generator.

Ans: AC Generator;
The AC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternative emf.
The input supply of AC Generator is mechanical energy which is supplied through some prime-mover and the output
is alternating energy in the form of alternating voltage & current.

Construction of a AC Generator: An AC Generator essentially consists of two main parts: Stator and Rotor. Stator
is the stationary part of machine whereas rotor is rotating part. A prime mover is coupled to this rotor to supply
mechanical energy.

a) Stator: The stator is a stationary component that efficiently holds armature winding. The armature winding
purpose is to carry current to the load and the load can be any external equipment that consumes electrical
power. It consists of three main parts
• Stator Frame – It is an outer frame that is used to hold stator core as well as armature windings.
• Stator Core – It is laminated with steel or iron to reduce eddy current losses. Slots are made on the
interior part of a core to hold armature windings.
• Armature Windings – Armature windings are wound on the slots of armature core.
 b) Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of an AC generator. It consists of magnetic field windings. DC supply is
used to magnetize magnetic poles. Each end of magnetic field windings is attached to slip rings. This
combination is connected to a common shaft on which the rotor rotates. The two types of the rotor are salient
pole rotor and cylindrical pole rotor.
• Salient Pole Rotor – The salient pole rotor type is shown in the figure below. In this type of rotor,
the number of poles gets projected, known as salient poles with their bases pinned to the rotor can
be observed. They are used in low and medium speed applications.
• Cylindrical Pole Rotor - Cylindrical type rotors consist of an unruffled and robust cylinder with
slots arranged on the outer surface of a cylinder. It is used in high-speed applications.

Working Principle of AC Generator: The coil is rotated in the magnetic field to produce a strong magnetic field. As
coil on one side moves up through the magnetic field, an emf is induced in one direction. As the rotation of the coil
continues and this side of a coil moves down and another side of the coil moves up, an emf is induced in the reverse
direction. Fleming’s right-hand rule is used to determine the direction of the induced emf. This process repeats for
every cycle and the emf produced is of alternating type.

• A – When the coil is at 0 degrees, the coil moves parallel to the direction of the magnetic field and hence
induces no emf.
• B – When the coil is at 90 degrees, the coil moves at 90˚ to the magnetic field and hence induces maximum
emf.
• C – When the coil is at 180 degrees, the coil again moves parallel to the magnetic field and hence induces
no emf.
• D – When the coil is at 270 degrees, the coil again moves at 90˚ to the magnetic field and hence induces
maximum emf. Here, the induced emf is opposite to that of B.
• A – When the coil is at 360 degrees, the coil has completed one rotation and it moves parallel to the
magnetic field and induces zero emf.
13.What do you understand by power transmission? How many way transport electrical power over long distances

Ans: Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power
plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines which facilitate this movement are known as a
transmission network.

There are four ways to transport electrical power over long distances:

a) High Voltage Alternating Current: AC power can be easily converted from low to high voltages and back
again. Higher voltages are best for 'pushing' power thought a conductor because higher voltages lose less
energy along the trip than lower voltages efficiency is key. AC Power is good for power grids as it distributes
itself throughout a grid and can heal by routing power around an outage area. AC Power is the most common
method of power transmission in the world. Lines are suspended high above the ground as they produce an
electromagnetic field around the wire. The higher the voltage, the larger the electromagnetic field generated
around the wire.
• When the length of an overhead transmission line is more than 150 km and line voltage is very high
(> 100 kV), it is considered as a long transmission line.

b) High Voltage DC Power transmission: High-voltage direct current (HVDC) is used to transmit large amounts
of power over long distances or for interconnections between asynchronous grids. When electrical energy is
to be transmitted over very long distances, the power lost in AC transmission becomes appreciable and it is
less expensive to use direct current instead of alternating current. HVDC is also used for long submarine
cables where AC cannot be used because of the cable capacitance.
• Most HVDC links use voltages between 100 kV and 800 kV
• HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC transmission systems

c) Superconducting Technology: If we use superconductive conductors in super cold temperatures we can

deliver power through underground cables with almost no loss at all. Unfortunately this technology is not
yet cost effective. Short experimental lines have been put in at Albany, NY and other locations in Japan and
Germany. Both resistance and electrical fields reduce efficiency in electrical conductors. In electromagnets
eddy currents in the core material reduce the maximum potential strength of a magnet. By using
superconductivity eddy currents can be eliminated or reduced. In experiments high voltage lines are placed
underground and kept super cool. More electrical power can be transmitted on the conductor and with
minimal losses using superconductivity.

d) Wireless Power Transmission: It is possible to send power wirelessly through the air. Nikola Tesla and the
General Electric Research Lab experimented with this, however it is impractical for a number of reasons. It
is extremely inefficient going through the medium of air, and it is deadly for animals like birds passing
through the high powered beams. It is unlikely this technology will ever be useful, especially since we are
leaping ahead with HVDC, achieving impressive levels of efficiency.

14.Describe High Voltage AC Power transmission

Ans: Most transmission lines are high-voltage three-phase alternating current AC. The ac transmission line is used
for transmitting the bulk of the power generation end to the consumer end. The power is generated in the generating
station. The transmission line transmits the power from generation to the consumer end. The power is transmitted
from one end to another with the help of step-up and step down transformer. High-voltage power transmission allows
for lesser resistive losses over long distances in the wiring. This efficiency of high voltage transmission allows for
the transmission of a larger proportion of the generated power to the substations and in turn to the loads, translating
to operational cost savings.
 • Short transmission lines. When the length of an overhead transmission line is upto about 50 km and
the line voltage is comparatively low (< 20 kV),
• Medium transmission lines. When the length of an overhead transmission line is about 50-150 km
and the line voltage is moderately high (>20 kV < 100 kV),
• Long transmission lines. When the length of an overhead transmission line is more than 150 km and
line voltage is very high (> 100 kV)

15.Describe High Voltage DC Power transmission

Ans: A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current DC for the bulk
transmission of electrical power, For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and have
lower electrical losses. For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and
discharge the cable capacitance each cycle, For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment
compared to an AC system may still be justified, due to other benefits of direct current links, such as interconnecting
power systems operating at different frequencies, Most HVDC links use voltages between 100 kV and 800 kV.
HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC transmission systems. Since the power flow through
an HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle between source and load it can stabilize a network
against disturbances due to rapid changes in power. HVDC also allows transfer of power between grid systems
running at different frequencies, such as 50 Hz and 60 Hz. This improves the stability and economy of each grid, by
allowing exchange of power between incompatible network. HVDC allows power transmission between
unsynchronized AC distribution systems, it can help increase system stability, by preventing cascading failures from
propagating from one part of a wider power transmission grid to another. The magnitude and direction of power
flow through a DC link can be directly controlled, and changed as needed to support the AC networks at either end
of the DC link. This has caused many power system operators to contemplate wider use of HVDC technology for
its stability benefits alone. high voltage dc transmission is superior to high voltage ac transmission.

The introduction of mercury arc rectifiers and thyristors have made it possible to convert ac into dc and vice-versa
easily and efficiently. Such devices can operate up to 30 MW at 400 kV in single units. The present day trend is
towards ac for generation and distribution and high voltage dc for transmission.
16.What are the Advantages of HVDC over HVAC Power transmission

Ans: Advantages of HVDC over HVAC Power transmission

• Peak Voltage: AC lines are designed for peak voltage, in DC power you can carry twice the power
at steady DC voltages which would be the same as only your 'peak' AC voltage. So in other words
you fit more power on the same cable.
• Radiation and Capacitive Loss: AC power radiates and there is some capacitive coupling to the
ground and in between the 3 conductors. This reduces efficiency. HVDC doesn't have this problem.
• Skin Effect: AC high voltage often uses clusters of wires or cables because of this phenomena,
however HVDC can have just one large cable which can be cheaper.
• HVDC is also used for long submarine cables where AC cannot be used because of the cable
capacitance.
• Almost full transmission capacity used for active power transmission
• A lower number of lines for transmitting the same amount of energy
• A less expensive tower and transmission route due to a smaller number of lines

• It requires only two conductors as compared to three for ac transmission.

• There is no inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems in dc transmission
• Due to the absence of inductance, the voltage drop in a dc. transmission line is less than the
• Ac line for the same load and sending end voltage. For this reason, a dc. transmission line
• has better voltage regulation.
• In dc transmission, there are no stability problems and synchronizing difficulties.

17.Discuss about Superconductors Power transmission

Ans: The obvious advantage of superconducting transmission lines is they have no resistive losses in the bulk. If
superconducting transmission lines had no other sources of power dissipation, the choice between types of
transmission lines would be easy. We would simply calculate the cost of conventional power lines and subtract the
cost of the power that is dissipated in transporting the electricity. Then, we would compare it to the cost of making
and cooling superconducting transmission lines. Of course, real superconducting cables have other sources of loss
which must also be factored in. There are a number of major sources of losses in superconducting transmission lines,
many of them fundamentally different from those in conventional transmission lines. There are a number of
relatively small losses due to need to cool the line. No cooling system is perfectly efficient, so there is some loss of
liquid nitrogen needed to cool the line. Typical values for cooling efficiency are estimated to be on the order of 10%
. Furthermore, there are losses due to the imperfect efficiency of the liquid nitrogen pumping system itself, as well
as hydraulic losses due to the flow friction in the circulating liquid nitrogen.
18.Discuss about Wireless Power Transmission

Ans: Wireless communication would be the transmission in the energy spanning a distance without the usage of
wires or cables, where distance can be short or long. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission may
be the transmittance of electric power from your power source for an electrical load without interconnecting wires.
Wireless transmission is advantageous in instances where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or
impossible. With wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter. The most common form of wireless
power transmission is completed using direct induction and then resonant magnetic induction.

• One of the major problems in existing power system is the losses occurring in the transmission and
allocation of energy to the end users. Because demand drastically increases daily, the power generation
increases and also the powerless can be increased
• The percentage of loss of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%.
• The primary reason for power loss during transmission and distribution may be the resistance of wires used
for grid.
• The efficiency of power transmission may be improved to a particular level by employing high strength
composite over head conductors and underground cables who use warm super conductor. But, the
transmission is inefficient.

Methods of Wireless Power Transmission:

a) Transformer Coupling or Induction

Energy transfer between two coils through magnetic fields however in this technique, distance between two coils
really should be too close. The principle of mutual induction between two coils can be used to the transfer electrical
energy without using wires. The best demonstration of how mutual induction works would be the transformer, where
there isn’t a physical contact between primary plus the secondary coils. The transfer of energy develops due to
electromagnetic coupling relating to the two coils.

b) Radio/Microwave Energy Transfer:

In this method, microwave is sent to the long distances which are received through rectenna. Rectenna extracts
microwave energy back to electrical energy. The main problem with this particular strategy is how the diameter of
antenna needs tobe order of kilometer. Power transmission via radio waves can be produced more directional,
allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically in the
microwave range. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% are actually realized.

c) LASER Beam Transfer: laser is beamed for the photovoltaic cells which extract the electrical energy. This
method is quite challenging to implement and manage.
 d) Electrostatic Induction and Electro-dynamic Induction:

Generally known as capacitive coupling can be an electric field gradient or differential capacitance between two
elevated electrodes over the conducting ground plane for wireless energy transmission involving high frequency ac
po-tential differences transmitted between two plates or nodes. When resonant coupling should be applied the
transmitter and receiver in-ductors are tuned for your mutual frequency as well as the drive current is modified from
the sinusoidal into a non-sinusoidal transient waveform. This way significant power can be transmitted spanning a
distance all the way to a number of times how big the transmitter.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

• It’s more freedom of both receiver and transmitters.

• Mobility - user device might be moved easily in the wireless range.
• While such radiation is extremely good for wireless transmission of knowledge, it’s not at all feasible to
apply it for power transmission. Since radiation spreads in all directions, a massive tastes power would
become wasted into free space.
• Wireless Power Transmission system would completely eliminates the previous high-tension power
transmission line cables,

Applications of Wireless Power Transmission:

• Moving targets for example fuel free airplanes, fuel free electric vehicles, moving robots and fuel free
rockets. Another applying WPT are wireless power source, wireless sensors and RF power adaptive
rectifying circuits.

19.Describe Electrical power system with basic block diagram

Ans: An electric power system is a network of electrical components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric
power. An example of a power system is the electrical grid that provides power to homes and industry within an
extended area. The electrical grid can be broadly divided into the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers, and the distribution system that feeds
the power to nearby homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial
buildings and homes. The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power—the standard for large-scale
power transmission and distribution across the modern world. Specialized power systems that do not always rely
upon three-phase AC power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners, submarines and automobiles.
The power plant, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution line, and distribution transformer are the
six main components of the power system. The power plant generates the power which is step-up or step-down
through the transformer for transmission. The transmission line transfers the power to the various substations.
Through substation, the power is transferred to the distribution transformer which step-down the power to the
appropriate value which is suitable for the consumers.
a) Generating Substation: In generating station the fuel (coal, water, nuclear energy, etc.) is converted into
electrical energy. The electrical power is generated in the range of 11kV to 25kV, which is step-up for long
distance transmission. The power plant of the generating substation is mainly classified into three types, i.e.,
thermal power plant, hydropower plant and nuclear power plant. The generator and the transformer are the
main components of the generating station. The generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The mechanical energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, gas turbines, or
occasionally the internal combustion engine. The transformer transfers the power with very high efficiency
from one level to another. The power transfer from the secondary is approximately equal to the primary
except for losses in the transformer. The step-up transformer will reduce losses in the line which makes the
transmission of power over long distances.
b) Transmission Substation: The transmission substation carries the overhead lines which transfer the generated
electrical energy from generation to the distribution substations. It only supplies the large bulk of power to
bulk power substations or very big consumers. The transmission lines mainly perform the two functions.
▪ It transports the energy from generating stations to bulk receiving stations.
▪ It interconnects the two or more generating stations. The neighboring substations are also
interconnected through the transmission lines.

The transmission voltage is operating at more than 66kv and is standardized at 69kv, 115KV, 138KV,
161KV, 230KV, 345KV, 500KV, and 765KV, line-to-line. The transmission line above 230KV is
usually referred to as extra high voltage (EHV). The high voltage line is terminated in substations which
are called high voltage substations, receiving substations or primary substations. In high voltage
substation, the voltage is step-down to a suitable value for the next part of flow toward the load. The
very large industrial consumers may be served directly to the transmission system.
 c) Sub-transmission Substation: The portion of the transmission system that connects the high voltage
substations through the step-down transformer to the distribution substations is called the sub-transmission
system. The sub-transmission voltage level ranges from 90 to 138KV. The sub-transmission system directly
serves some large industries. The capacitor and reactor are located in the substations for maintaining the
transmission line voltage. The operation of the sub-transmission system is similar to that of a distribution
system. Its differ from a distribution system in the following manner.
▪ A sub-transmission system has a higher voltage level than a distribution system.
▪ It supplies only bigger loads
▪ It supplies only a few substations as compared to a distribution system which supplies some loads.
d) Distribution Substation: The component of an electrical power system connecting all the consumers in an
area to the bulk power sources is called a distribution system.The bulk power stations are connected to the
generating substations by transmission lines. They feed some substations which are usually situated at
convenient points near the load centres. The substations distribute the power to the domestic, commercial
and relatively small consumers. The consumers require large blocks of power which are usually supplied at
sub-transmission or even transmission system.

20.Explain the term transmission planning

Ans: Transmission Planning

▪ Primary Purpose of Transmission Planning - to determine the lowest possible cost, transmission and
substation additions which render the transmission network to be able to supply the loads and facilitate
wholesale power marketing with a given criteria

Issues & Factors in A Transmission Planning:

▪ Planning Period
▪ Load Forecast and transmission usage projection
▪ Generation Resources (Location, Type, etc.)
▪ Discrete Transmission Capacities
▪ Different Alternatives
▪ End Effects
▪ Economy of Scale
▪ Economic and Financial Constraints
▪ Economic and Financial Constraints
▪ New and Emerging Technology
▪ Various Uncertainties and Risks
▪ Service Reliability and Cost Considerations

Transmission Planning Section:

▪ Load forecasting
▪ Forecasts of generation patterns and other factors that may influence transmission
▪ Needs
▪ Postulation of reinforcement alternative

Analysis and reliability testing of reinforcement alternatives:

▪ Load flow studies for flow, voltage, and transmission loss evaluations
▪ Contingency load flow analysis for alternatives to meet reliability criteria
▪ Stability analysis to verify that alternatives meet reliability criteria
▪ Short circuit tests to verify that existing or new breakers will be able to interrupt
▪ faults within their ratings
 ▪ Other studies including voltage sag studies.
▪ Alternative methods

21.Discuss about the component need for electrical power transmission system

Ans: Component of electrical power transmission system below:

• Insulated wires or cables for transmission of power

• Transformers for converting from one voltage level to another
• Protective devices, such as circuit breakers, relays, communication and control systems
• Physical structures for containing the foregoing, such as transmission towers and substations

a) Transmission Towers:
Transmission towers are the most visible component of the power transmission system. Their function
is to keep the high-voltage conductors (power lines) separated from their surroundings and from each
other. A variety of tower designs exist that generally employ an open lattice work or a monopole, but
generally they are very tall (a 500 kv tower might be 150 feet tall with crossarms as much as 100 feet
wide), metal structures.
▪ Lattice Steel Towers (LST) consist of a steel framework of individual structural components that
are bolted or welded together.
▪ Tubular Steel Poles (TSP) are hollow steel poles fabricated either as one piece or as several
pieces fitted together
b) Conductors (Power lines): Conductors are the power lines that carry the electricity to and through the
grid to consumers. Generally, several conductors are strung on a tower for each electrical circuit.
Conductors are constructed primarily of twisted metal strands, but newer conductors may incorporate
ceramic fibers in a matrix of aluminum for added strength with lighter weight.
▪ Horizontal post-type, which supports the conductor to the side of the structure
▪ Suspension-type, which suspends the conductor below the structure
c) Ground wires: Also called shield or earth wires are strung along the tops of the towers to protect the
system from lightning strikes. High-voltage systems usually have two ground wires.
d) Substations: The very high voltages used for electric transmission are converted to lower voltages for
consumer use at substations.

23.Discuss about the Difference Between Transmission and Distribution Line

Ans: Below have been Discuss about Transmission and Distribution Line:

a) Transmission lines:
Transmission lines go from power plants to substations at a high voltage. They can bring electricity from
one end of the country to the other, using interstate connections. There can also be transmission lines
between countries. The voltage of transmission lines can go anywhere from 69 kV up to 765 kV. The
power poles are higher and cables are thicker than distribution lines. Transmission networks require
operating more actively than distribution networks. Maintenance must be done through automatic and
manual interventions Transmission lines are bi-directional: the electricity can go in both directions. This
is a necessary feature for the balance of the grid.
b) Distribution lines:
Distribution lines are low voltage lines which bring electricity from substations to your home. The lines
are smaller, and cover shorter distances. The whole distribution network in the US is not directly
connected: they are connected through the substations which connect them to the transmission network.
The voltage of distribution lines varies between 4KV and 69KV. Distribution lines in the US are
traditionally made only to travel in one direction. Therefore the distribution network was not initially
designed to accommodate generation. they do not require much maintenance. This has started to
change in areas where distributed generation is implemented.
Alternative Ans:

Basis Transmission Line Distribution Line

Usage Transmission Line helps in the movement of The Distribution line carries electricity
electricity from power plant to the from the substation to the consumer’s
substations. end.

Phase It is carried out electricity in three phase It requires a single phase supply system
supply system. for carrying electricity.

Voltage level Carries electricity at a very high voltage. Carries electricity at a very low and safe
About 11000 volts. level of about 220 volts.

Current They conduct current at 69 kV or more. They conduct less than 69 kV

conduction level

Thickness Transmission lines are thick lines. Distribution line are thin as compared to
the transmission line.

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Answered by:

Robioul Awal
M.Sc in EEE
Batch:12th IU

Robin Pasha