EE330A: Power Systems

Dr. Abheejeet Mohapatra

Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Office: ACES 105 D
Extn: 7152
email: abheem@iitk.ac.in
 General Instructions
 Check institute email id to create account on
https://www.usebackpack.com/
 All instructions have been uploaded on this portal.
 Biometric attendance system shall be used.
 Min. of 70% attendance in lectures is required for
appearing in mid sem and end sem examinations.
 End sem examination may include questions from content
of course taught before mid sem examination.
 Tutorials shall end with 5-10 minutes session of quiz.
 Grading scheme: Quiz 15%, Mid Sem 40%, End Sem 45%

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 History of Power Systems
 1882 – first DC power system set up at Pearl Street Station
in New York city by Thomas Alva Edison to light 11000
bulbs for 500 customers
(http://ethw.org/Pearl_Street_Station)
 Operating voltage was 110V DC and later upgraded to
220V DC
 High copper losses in underground cables limited DC
power distribution to lower Manhattan area only
 Pearl Station burnt down on January 2, 1890 and later
decommissioned in 1895
 Transformers (William Stanley, 1885) & induction motors
(Nikola Tesla, 1888) made use of AC systems evident
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 History of Power Systems Contd.
 1889 – first single phase AC system installed at Oregon city
 Power generation was from two 300 hp hydro generators
& transmitted to Portland via 4kV, 21 km transmission line
 1891 – first 3 phase AC system installed in Germany for a
length of 179 km at 12kV voltage level
 Initially, there was no standard for frequency in 3 phase
power generation (varying between 25Hz – 133Hz)
 Interconnection and parallel operation of different power
systems was impossible
 Later, frequency was standardized at 60Hz (for USA and
Canada) and 50 Hz (for rest of the world)

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 History of Indian Power System
 Visit https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4510263/
 July 24, 1879 – first DC power system installed in Kolkata,
by P. W. Fluery and Co. (British administered company)
 1896 – first hydro installation (130kW) in Darjeeling by
Crompton and Co.
 1899 – first thermal power station (1MW) in Emambagh,
Kolkata by Calcutta electric supply company (CESU)
 1948 – Electricity supply act lead to modernization
• State electricity boards: to regulate power generation,
transmission and distribution in each state
• Central electricity authority to oversee planning &
development at national level

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
 1975 – Electricity supply act amended
• National Thermal Power Corp. (NTPC), National Hydro-
electric Power Corp. (NHPC), Nuclear Power Corp. of India
Ltd. (NPCIL) were established
 1989 – NTPC segregated into
• NTPC – operation of central owned thermal plants
• Power Grid Corp. of India Ltd. (PGCIL) – planning, operation
and maintenance of grid between states
 2003 Electricity act superseded all previous acts
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) formed
• PGCIL divided into PGCIL for planning and POwer System
Operation COrp. Ltd. (POSOCO) for operation of grid

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 History of Indian Power System Contd.
 1991 – North Eastern & Eastern grids interconnected
 2003 – Western grid interconnected to above
 2006 – Northern grid interconnected to above
 2013 – Southern grid interconnected to above to have
ONE NATION, ONE SYNCHRONOUS GRID
 Voltage levels in India
• 11.6kV and 21kV – generation
• 765kV, 400kV, 220kV, 132kV – transmission
• 33kV, 11kV – subtransmission/ distribution
• 415V 3 phase/ 230V 1 phase – consumption
 Renewable integration target is 175GW by 2022

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 Installed capacity in India
 Visit
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/monthly/installedcapacity/
2018/installed_capacity-06.pdf
 Third largest generation capacity of 344GW (June 30,2018)
in world

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India
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 Power System Components
 Electric power system is a complex man made system with
several interconnected elements and spread over a large
geographical area
 Typical elements are
• Generation
• Transformers
• Transmission & Distribution
• Loads
 Classical vertically integrated power system has moved
towards deregulation
 Several utilities own, control and operate different
elements (except Transmission system which is still owned
and regulated by POSOCO and PGCIL in India)

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 Generation
 Generation system typically consists
• prime mover/ turbine – source of mechanical power
• synchronous generator/ alternator – converts mechanical
power to 3 phase electrical power
 3 phase AC power generation is a world wide standard
 Typical prime mover/ turbine is fed power through
• steam generated through burning of coal (thermal) or
fission (nuclear) reaction – high rpm turbines, cylindrical
pole rotor in alternator
• hydro – low rpm turbine, salient pole rotor in alternator
 Typical alternator has two parts
• Stator - 3 phase armature or stator windings
• Rotor - connected on same shaft as turbine, carries DC
current
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 Generation Contd.

 Stator field is produced by three phase currents

 Stator field rotates at ‘synchronous speed’
 Rotor field is produced by DC current
 Rotor rotates at ‘synchronous speed’
 Rotor excitation circuit supplies and controls the reactive
power supplied/ absorbed by alternator
 Turbine power regulates real power supplied by alternator
 Ideally, an alternator can never absorb real power
 Typical voltage generated at alternator terminal is about 3
phase, line to line 30kV

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 Transmission and Transformers
 Transmission system transmits electrical power from
far end generation to places near loads
 High voltages are preferred for minimum copper loss
 Step up transformer increases generation voltage level
to high voltage of transmission system
 Transformers operate at high efficiency and are reliable
 Step down transformer brings down the voltage level
to 11kV/ 33kV at subtransmission level
 Distribution transformer further steps down to 3 phase
415V or single phase 230V

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 Loads

 Entities which consume power and drive the electric

power system
 Industrial loads are fed at subtransmission level
• These are mainly induction motor loads whose power
consumption is function of system voltage and
frequency
• These also consume high reactive power and require
reactive power compensation at subtransmission level
 Residential loads are fed at distribution level
• These are mainly heating and lighting loads whose
power consumption is function of voltage only

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 Loads Contd.

 Real power unit is Watt (W)

 Reactive power unit is Volt Ampere reactive (VAr)
 Apparent power unit is Volt Ampere (VA)
 Energy unit is Watt hour (Wh)
 Loads vary & follow typical daily load curve
 Largest load or demand in a day is the peak demand
 Certain indices define usefulness of power consumption
 LOAD FACTOR (LF)
Average Demand (W ) in 24 hours
LF =
Peak Demand (W )

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 Loads Contd.
 ANNUAL LF
Annual energy generated (Wh)
Annual LF =
Peak demand (W ) × 8760 hours
 UTILIZATION FACTOR (UF)
Peak Demand (W )
UF =
Installed capacity (VA)
 PLANT FACTOR (PF)
Annual energy generated (Wh)
PF =
Installed capacity (VA) × 8760 hours
 For economic plant utilization, these indices should be as
high as possible
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 Power System Protection
 Essential for satisfactory operation of power system
 System is subject to faults, accidental tripping, etc.
 Protection system typically consists of
• Fuses
• Instrument transformers – step down electrical voltage and
current to low voltage and current
• Relays – specific relay for each element
• Circuit breakers
 Instrument transformers sense system signals, relay
performs comparison and circuit breaker performs
disconnection of faulty system from healthy part of
system

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