BEKG 2433 Electrical System

Chapter 1:
Introduction to Electrical System
Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be
able to:

 Describe the elements of electrical system (generator,

transformer, transmission line, distribution system,
load/consumers)
 Brief the history and development of modern electrical
system
 Discuss the issues on local and global of electrical power
system
Four (4) major components:
1. Generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and
frequency (fuel plant, nuclear plant, hydroelectric plant, others
(biomass/gas turbine/steam turbine/geothermal/solar/wind)
2. Transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor
3. Distribution system: local reticulation of power,
4. Load or demand: consumes power; commercial, residents,
industrial etc (single phase or 3 phase system)
Additional components include:
protection & control equipment: coordinate supply with load.
 1896 – AC lines deliver electricity from hydro
generation at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles
away.

 Early1900’s – Private utilities supply all

customers in area (city); recognized as a natural
monopoly; states step in to begin regulation.

 By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies

control most electricity systems.
 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company
Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large
interstate utilities (repealed 2005)

 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to

rural areas.

 1930’s– Electric utilities established as vertical

monopolies.

 Electricity arrive in Malaysia at around 1900

 Operated and owned by:
 Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) – Semenanjung M’sia
 Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd (SESB) – Sabah
 Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) – Sarawak

 Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) ???

 Other sources of energy:
Other
Hydro
3.5%
2.6%
Nuclear
8.1% Petroleum
39.8%
Natural Gas
22.9% solar wind

Coal
23.1%
Sources of energy in the US geothermal Sea current/wave

biomass
Sources of Energy/ capacity mix - Malaysia
Power stations consists
of from TNB (Tenaga
Nasional Berhad) & IPPs
(Independent Power
Producers).
 Nuclear Power Station

Wind Power Station

Solar Power Station

2) TRANSMISSION

1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines

4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current
transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer
10.Control building 11.Security fence 12.Secondary power
lines
 Consists of:
 Power Stations (Stesen Janakuasa)
 Substations(PMU & SSU)
 Customers
 Interconnection with Thailand &
Singapore
 Transmission System
 500kV
 275kV
 132kV
 66kV
 Distribution system
 33kV
 11kV
 415V
 240V
National Grid is controlled and operated by TNB
Highlights :
 Total number of customer: 6,253,239 (Aug ‘05)
 Maximum demand: 12,935 MW (July ‘06)
 Maximum generation capacity: 18,323 MW (Aug ‘06)
 Types of power generation (% by capacity): 29% thermal, 61% CCGT
& OCGT, 10% hydro (Aug ‘06)
 Type of primary fuel: Natural gas, coal, hydro, oil* and distillate*
 System voltage: 500kV, 275kV, 132kV

(* standby and back-up fuel stock)

CCGT =Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
OCGT =Open Cycle Gas Turbine
1. Pencawang Masuk Utama (PMU)
2. Pencawang Pembahagi Utama (PPU)
3. Pencawang/Substation
Single phase or 3 phase loads (depends on users)
Normally expressed in Watt (I x V)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
Malaysia
blackout?
• In the past, electrical power is only viable at cities.
• Nowadays, electric power is so important– like air we
breathe, can’t live without it! Therefore, it need to be
sustainable, or, we’ll fall apart.
• Presently, is one of the oldest, largest, fastest
growing & most complex system ever invented – and
need constant improvement .
• Future – going towards more reliable, secure,
efficient, environmentally friendly, secure, (e.g. green
energy, new technology on smarter grid system, asset
management system etc).
 Specification of supply system in
Malaysia
 Single Phase – 230V AC (Range of
+10%, -6%)
 Three Phase – 400V AC (Range of
+10%,-6%)
 Frequency of 50Hz ±1%
 Earthing using TT system (T=Terra )
 At minimum cost consistent with
operating constraints, safety (people &
environment) etc.
 All in all, electrical power system What is TT System?
must KEEP THE LIGHTS ON!!! Why used TT System?
What others earthing system?