Scientist Timeline Notes

Robert Hooke took pictures of the first cells (from wood/cork)

Antoni van invented the 1st microscopes

Leeuwenhoek

Claude Bernard scientific Method & study of medicine

Edward Jenner invented smallpox vaccine

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization - kills germs and keeps healthy molecules

Charles Darwin theory of evolution: Natural selection - organisms compete to survive

Melvin Calvin “Calvin Cycle” - Dark reaction during photosynthesis

Kary Mullis discovered PCR testing (COVID-19 uses this test) → duplicating DNA / RNA →
COVID-19 results come from matching RNA to the viruses’ RNA

George Mendel studied genetics and heredity

Rosalind Franklin took Photo 51, discovered structure of DNA at same time as Watson + Crick

Nettie Stevens discovered sex chromosomes (XY) → XY (male), XX (female)

Esther Leaderburg researched bacteria genetics

May-Britt Moser brain research - Biology of Memory

Rachel Carson first to discuss the Environmental Movement, wrote “Silent Spring” - DPT
pesticide → chemicals

Tu You You malaria vaccination

Lynn Margulis evolution by “Symbiosis” - evolution through cooperation

Chien-Shuing Wu Chinese-Am physicist who worked on Manhattan Project (nucleus bomb for
Japan) - her work resulted in her colleagues receiving the Nobel Prize (suffered
sexism + racism)

Marie Curie discovered radium & theory of radioactivity - 1st woman to receive Nobel Prize

Additional Scientists (will not be on the test)

Shantel Okonkwo discovered how molecule life affects quality of DNA behavior

Antonio Novello anatomy, epidemiology, viruses/vaccines research

Yukiko Ogawa produced first magnesium alloys exhibiting shape memory

Katsuko Saruhashi found the first method to measure CO2 (carbon dioxide) at sea level

*Conclusion: Scientists hold different perspectives and experiences!