NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

B.Tech., 6th Semester, Mid-Sem. Examination, Spring 2021-22
Subject Code: EC3602 Subject: Digital Image Processing
Maximum Marks: 30 Time: 2 hours

Attempt all questions.

All parts of a question should be answered at one place.

1 (a) When do spatial convolution and correlation yield the same result? Justify your answer.
(b) Show that the pixels with Chessboard distance from a point ( x, y ) less than or equal to some
value d form a square centered at ( x, y ) .

(c) With the help of example show that the product of a column vector with a row vector is
equivalent to the 2-D convolution of the two vectors, i.e., vuT = v  u T where u and v are
column vectors. 2+2+2
2 a) An image is described by the function f ( x, y) = 2cos 2 ( 3x + 5 y ) is sampled such that
x = y = 0.2 . Determine the expression of the Fourier transform for this sampled image. Will
there be aliasing upon reconstruction of the input image from the sampled image using a low-pass
filter? If your answer is ‘YES’, then suggest the values of sampling intervals x and y that
result in perfect reconstruction of the input image from the sampled one.

b) A 9  7 image is rotated with respect to the center point with an angle of 60 . Determine the
transformation matrix T that can perform this rotation. [Positive angle is taken for rotation in 3+3
counter-clockwise direction]
− ar 2
3 (a) Exponentials of the form e , with a positive constant, are useful to constructing smooth
intensity transformation functions. Start with this basic function, construct transformation
function having the general shapes shown in the following figure.

(b) Are the following kernels separable? Justify your answer. If they are separable, find the column
vectors u and v for the separable kernel w such that w = vu .
T

1 4 1 
 2 1 1 1
w1 =  2 8 2  w2 =  .
 3 12 3   4 2 2 1
3+3

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4 (a) For an 8-bit image, determine and draw the transformation function s = T (r ) that maps the input
image intensity ranges 42  r  98 and 98  r  255 to the output image intensity ranges
42  s  245 and 245  s  255 , respectively, and performs the identity transformation for the
remaining input intensity values. Upon this transformation, what visual changes do you expect in
the output image in comparison with the input image?

(b) An image with intensities in the range [0, 1] has the PDF, pr ( r ) , shown in the following figure.
It is desired to transform the intensity levels of this image so that they will have the specified
PDF, p z ( z ) , shown in the figure. Assume continuous quantities, find the transformation
(expressed in terms of r and z ) that will accomplish this.

3+3

5 Suppose that a 3-bit input image of size 64  64 pixels and intensity levels rk , 0  k  L −1 with L
being the total number of intensity levels, has the intensity distribution as given in Table 1. Perform
the intensity transformation over the input intensity levels such that the output image with intensity
levels zq , 0  q  L − 1 , matches the intensity distribution (normalized) pz ( zq ) as given in Table 2.
Also, tabulate the mapping of rk into corresponding values of zq , and compare the histograms of input
and output images.
Table 1 Table 2

rk nk zq pz ( zq )
0 78 0 0.05
1 145 1 0.10
2 300 2 0.20
3 200 3 0.20
4 369 4 0.22
5 1024 5 0.16
6 1024 6 0.05
7 956 7 0.02 6

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