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-1ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ:
ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ .ℝ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻛﻞّ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ
ﲠﺬﻩ n ﻭﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ) u nﺃﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ n u(n) ، ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑـ ) (un ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ (un ) n0 ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـ
ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ( ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
k n
un 2k ، un sin(n 1) ، un
1
، un n ، un (1) n (1ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔّ ﲝﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ:
k 0 n2
( u 0 1, u1 1, u 2 3,...) u n 1 2u n 1, u 0 1 (2ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ :ﺃ(
ﺏ( . ( u1 1, u2 0, u3 1, u4 2,...), un1 2un1 un1 , u1 1, u2 0
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ.
-2ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ:
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ. (un ) n ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
M , n , u n M ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ: (un ) n
M 0 , n , |u n | M ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ: (un ) n
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /1 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
-3ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ:
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ. (un ) n ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
n : u n u n 1 ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) (un ﻭ n : u n u n 1 ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) (un
n : un un1 ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) (un ﻭ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﻭ ) ( ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ )ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ (. ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﱰﺍﺟﺤﺔ ﺗﺎﻣﺔ
ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﳖﺎ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﺗﻴﺒﺔ. ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (un ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
(3ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ u n (2) nﻏﲑ ﺭﺗﻴﺒﺔ. ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ un n (2ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ un
1
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ (1 :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
n2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ. 1 ﺑـ: un
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺭﺗﺎﺑﺔ )ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ( ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ un 1 unﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ
u n 1
-4ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ:
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ. (un ) n ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ε 0, n0 , n : ( n n0 | u n l | )...() . ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ lﲝﻴﺚ: ) (un
lim | un l | 0
n
ﺃﻭ lim un l
n
ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ
) A 0, n0 , n : (n n0 u n A ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: lim un
n
ﻭﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﻫﻲ ) (un ﳖﺎﻳﺔ
) A 0, n0 , n : (n n0 u n A ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: lim un
n
ﻫﻲ ﻭﻧﻜﺘﺐ ) (un ﳖﺎﻳﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﳖﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﳖﺎ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﲤﻠﻚ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
l , ε 0, ) n0 , n : ( n n0 | u n l | ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: ) (un ﻭﻧﻜﺘﺐ:
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ:
ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﲠﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ. ) (un (1ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑــ ) :ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ( ﻭ ﺑــ ) A :ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ( n0 (2ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ
. (3ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻠﺰﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺑــ :ﺃﻭ
1
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ . 0 un ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲝﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ (u n ) n 1 ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ (1 :ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
n
ε 0,
1 1
) n0 , n : ( n n0 | | ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ:
n n
1 1 1 1
n n0 : ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: ﺃﻱ n0 1 ﳛﻘّﻖ: ﻳﻮﺟﺪ n0 ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﺭﲬﻴﺪﺱ ﻓﺈﻧّﻪ ε0 ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
n n0 n n0
3n
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ . 3 un ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲝﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ) (un (2ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
n2
ε 0, | n0 , n : ( n n0
3n
3 |
6
) ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ:
n2 n2
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /2 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
6
n n0 :
6
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: 6
n0 [ ] 1 ﺃﻱ n ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ 6
.ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ 6
6
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ε0 ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
n2 n n2 n
lim un
n
ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ .ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻥ: un 2n 2 3 ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲝﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ) (un (3ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
) A 0, n0 , n : (n n0 2 n 2 3 A ﻧﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ:
A A
n n0 : 2n2 3 A ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: [ n0 ] 1 nﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ . A 0ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ 2n2 3 2n2ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ 2n2 Aﺃﻱ
2 2
ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺔ) :ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺖ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳖﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ.
ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ' . l lﻭﻟﻨﺨﱰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ . l ' l ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ) (un ﳖﺎﻳﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ lﻭ ' l ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ :ﻁ :1ﻧﱪﻫﻦ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻒ
2
n1 : n n1 |un l | ﻛﺬﻟﻚ n2 : n n2 | un l | ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ:
n n0
l ' l
un
l ' l
ﺃﻱ : n n0 l '
l ' l
un l
l ' l
ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ : ) n 0 max(n1 , n 2 ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻀﻊ
2 2 2 2
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ .ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ) (un ﳖﺎﻳﺘﲔ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ lﻭ ' l ﻁ:2
ε 0, n2 : n n2 |un l |
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ε 0, n1 : n n1 |u n l |
2 2
l l l un un l un l un l
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ: n n0 ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ) n 0 max(n1 , n 2
2 2
l l ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪ l l 0 ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: l l ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻧّﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ : 0
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ.
ε 0, n0 , n : ( n n0 un l ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ lﺃﻱ: (un ) n ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ
n n0 un 1 l ﻭﻣﻨﻪ: n0 , n : n n0 u n l 1 ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ: 1 ﺛﻢ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
n ,ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ. un M u0 ,ﻭ . M max 1 l , Kﻻﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺃﻥ: u1 ,..., un0 1 Kﺣﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟـ : ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ :ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
un ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . 0ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) . n0 : (ﻓﻬﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ (1ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ:
1 1 1 1
n : 0
n2 2 n2
un ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . 3ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) . n0 : (ﻓﻬﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ 0 (2ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ:
3n 2 3n
n : 3
n2 n2
ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ( .ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳋﻠﻒ ،ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ lﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ: un (1) n (3ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
) ε 0 , n 0 , n : ( n n 0 u n l ) ...(
1
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ. n n0 : u n 1 u n 2 u n 1 l u n l
1 1
1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
2 2 2
( A 0, n 0 n n 0 n A ) lim un
n
ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻷﻥ: un n (4ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ:
ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ. n0 A2 2 :
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /3 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ:ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
: ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ-5
ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ lim vn l
n
ﻭ lim u n l
n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺘﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ (vn ) ﻭ (un ) ﻟﺘﻜﻦ:1 ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺔ
un l
lim : l 0 ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ3 lim (un vn ) l l (2 lim ( u n vn ) l l , ( , ) 2 (1
n v
n l n n
ﲝﻴﺚ n2 ﻭ n1 ﳓﻮ kﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ) (vnﻭ ) ( wn ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﻴﻜﻦ . 0ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: ) n 0 max(n1 , n 2 .ﻧﻀﻊ n n1 |vn l| ﻭ n n2 |wn l|
ﳓﻮ . l ) (un ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ n n0 | un l | . n n0 vn l un l wn l ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟـ :
ﺃﻥ lim 2 lim 2 0 :ﻓﺈﻥ 0 : n : 12 sin2 n ﻭ ﲟﺎ . nlimﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ:
sin n 1 1 1 sin n
lim 2
n n n n n n n n n2 2
n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭ lﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ. ) (un ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺔ :5ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
lim u n 0 ﻓﺈﻥ n n0 :
u n 1
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪ n0ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ l 1
n un
u n 0 1 u n 0 2 ......u n 1 u n u n0 1 u n0 2
un
......
un
ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
u n0 u n 0 u n 0 1 .....u n 1 u n0 u n0 1 u n 1
lim u n 0
n
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ lim | u n | 0
n
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ 0 l 1ﻓﺈﻥlim l n n0 0
n
ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ:
ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ. ) (un ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ u n 1
l 1 (1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
un
ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) . (un l 1 (2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
an
a ﺣﻴﺚ
! n n
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ 0
lim
a n 1 aa n
n :ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ 0 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
u n 1 a u n 1 !n !n a
li m li m n n
n un n n 1 un ( n 1) ! a ( n 1) n ! a n 1
n
a
ﲝﻴﺚ n n 0 : n 1 1ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ 0 ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
u
lim u n lim n0 1
n ! n n un
-6ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ:
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ:
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ) . sup(un (un ) n .1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ) . inf(un (un ) n .2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ. ﻓﺈﻥsup un ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ .ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻌﺘﱪ (u n ) n ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ:
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /5 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
. )n n0 un un0 .... (2 ﻣﻦ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳒﺪ :
0, n 0 : n n 0 sup u n u n0 u n sup u n sup u n ﻣﻦ ) (1ﻭ ) (2ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ:
0, n0 : n n0 sup un un sup un ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ:
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . sup un (u n ) n ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
ﳓﻮ lim u n sup(u n ) 1 ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ u nﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻷﻥ: (1ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
n 1
)(n , u n 1
n 2
lim v n inf(v n ) 1 ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ (n , un 1 ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻷﻥ: 1
v n 1 n (2ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
2
-7ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ(:
vn ﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (vn ﻛﻞ (un ) n ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ .ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ( ﻣﻦ (un ) n ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ. f : ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ) u f (nﺣﻴﺚ:
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
1 1 1
ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) . (un vn u2 n 2
2 ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ: un 2
(1ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ, n :
)(2n 4n n
2 1 ) (1 ( 1) n
vn u2 n ﻭ wn u2 n 1 0 2
2 ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﺎﻥ ﺑـ: un 2
(2ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ, n :
)(2n 2n n
ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) . (un
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :1ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ.
) n , v n u f ( n ﲢﻘﻖ: (un ) n ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ lﻭ ) (v n ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ (un ) n ﺑﺮﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . l ) (v n ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ .ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ f : ﺣﻴﺚ:
ε 0, n0 : n n0 ) un l ...( I ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
k n k n
f (n ) f (0) f (k ) f (k 1) 0 1 n : n ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ
k 1 k 1
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /6 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1
ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ. un cos(n ) ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ:
n
ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ. ) (un ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ lim u2 n 1 lim cos( ) 1 ﻭ lim u2 n lim cos 1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
n n 2n 1 n n 2n
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺘﲔ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ . l ) (u2 n 1 ﻭ ) (u2 n ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ lﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ) (un ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ :ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
-8ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺃ -ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ:
) (un ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ a ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) (un ) } ( a {, ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ a ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻧﻘﻮﻝ
lim u n a
n
ﻓﺈﻥ a ﲤﻠﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ) (un ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
lim u2 n 1 lim (1 1)(2n 1) 0
n n
ﻷﻥ ) (un ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﻟـ: 0 ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ un [1 (1)n ]n ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
lim u 2 n lim (1 1)2 n lim 4 n
n n n
ﻷﻥ ) (un ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻻﺻﻘﺔ ﻟـ:
ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (un ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﺑـ A d ( u n ) :ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ) (un ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
)) lim u n sup( Ad (u n ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) A d ( u nﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ: ﺑـlim un : ﻭ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ) (un (1ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟـ:
n n
)) lim u n inf( Ad (u n ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ: ) A d (u n ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑـlim u n : ﻭ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ) (un (2ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻟـ:
n n
lim u n inf( Ad (u n )) 0 ﻭ lim u n sup( Ad (u n )) ﻭﻣﻨﻪ } A d ( u n ) {0 , ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ
n n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ: (vn ) n ﻭ (un ) n ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ( :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
lim (un vn ) lim un lim vn (3 lim (un vn ) lim un lim vn (2 lim un lim un (1
n n n n n n n n
lim un lim un 0 ﻓﺈﻥ: un [1 (1)n ]n (4ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
n n
-9ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ:
ﺇﳖﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ) (unﻭ ) (vn ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺘﲔ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . 0 ) (un vn
ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﳘﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻗﻬﻤﺎ )ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟـ: vn
1
ﻭ un
1
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ
n 1 n
1 1 2n 1
( vn un ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ.
)n 1 n n(n 1
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺘﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ.
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /7 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
. wn un vn :ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ n ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﲔ ﺃﻭﻻﳘﺎ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ .ﻧﻀﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ) (vn ﻭ ) (un ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
. wn 0 : n ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭ .ﻭﻟﺬﺍ . sup wn 0ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ lim wn 0
n
ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ( wn ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
n
ﻭ .( v0ﺇﺫﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺘﺎﻥ u0 .ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺭﺗﻴﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺗﺎﻥ )ﺑـ u0 u1 ... un vn ... v1 v0 ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
. nlimﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ.
ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ . lim un vn 0ﻭﻣﻨﻪ un lim vn
n n
.10ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﺰﺍﻧﻮ– ﻓﲑﺳﱰﺍﺵ :Bolzano-Weierstrassﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ.
ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ) 1 : un (1)n ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
1 1
lim vn lim u2n lim(1
n n n 2n 1 n 1
-11ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ:
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ :ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ) (unﺃﳖﺎ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺃﻱ:
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /8 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ :ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u 2 n u n (1 ... ﻟﺘ ... ) (1 ... ) ... n. u 2n u n
2 n n 1 2n 2 n n 1 2n 2n 2 2
ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﻧﻪ: | un un p | ﻭ p 0ﻳﻜﻮﻥ n0 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ n 0ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
1
ﻛﻦ
2
1 1 1 p 1
| un u n p | ...
n 1 n 2 n p n p 2
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ . (un ) n ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
] ε 0, n0 IN : (m, n) IN 2 , [m n n0 | um un | ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲢﻘﻖ: (un ) n ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
n n0 un un0 ﳒﺪ: 1 ﻭ m n0 ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ .ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ u 0 , u 1 ,..., u n 1 ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ
0
n0 ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ. ﻓﺎﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) (u n ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻣﻨﻪ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ. (u ( n ) ) n ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺖ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ (un ) n ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
n n1 | u ( n ) l | ﲝﻴﺚ: n1 . nlimﻭ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ، 0ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﻟﻨﻔﱰﺽ ﺃﻥu ( n ) l :
2
ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ) n0 max(n1 , n2 . mﻟﻨﻀﻊ n n2 | u m u n | ﲝﻴﺚ: n2 ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ
2
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ: m ( n) n ﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ | u (n) u n | ﻭ | u (n) l |
2 2
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . (un ) n n n0 | u n l | | u n u (n) | | u (n) l |
2 2
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ :4ﻛﻞّ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ.
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ 2ﻓﻬﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺍﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﺰﺍﻧﻮ– ﻓﲑﺳﱰﺍﺵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ (un ) n ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ : :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ 3ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ (un ) n ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ.
2021/2020 ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ 9 /9 ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺪ ﲪّﺔ ﳋﻀﺮ -ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ
ﻣﻘﻴــﺎﺱ :ﲢﻠﻴــﻞ 1 ﺟــــــــﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟـــﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴـﺎﺕ
2021/2020 ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴـﻘﺔ ﺳـﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﻟــــــﻰMI
2 un
. nlim ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ un 2 ) (un .3ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ n : 2 u n 1 .2ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ:
2
k n
1
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ. (un ) n1 .1 .ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ un ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑـ : (un ) n1 ﲤﺮﻳﻦ :5ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
k 1 !k
1 1
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ. (un ) n1 ﻭ ﺃﻥ n : un 2 .3ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ: n : n 1 .2ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ:
n! 2
u n3 v n3
. n : wn ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥlim un lim vn 0 lim wn 0 : ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺘﲔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ .ﻧﻀﻊ : ﲤﺮﻳﻦ :6ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ) (u nﻭ ) (vn
n n n u n2 v n2
lim(un2 vn2 wn2 ) 3 a2
n
( nlimﻭ
ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ a ،ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥun vn wn ) 3 a : ) (vn ) ، (u nﻭ ) ( wn ﲤﺮﻳﻦ : 7ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
*
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ . a ) (vn ) ، (u nﻭ ) ( wn ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ :ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ
) nlimﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ( (u nﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻭ un lim u n ﲤﺮﻳﻦ :8ﻋﻴﻦ
n
2n n n 1
(5 (4 (3 (2 ( 1) n (1
n n
n
un (2 cos ) u n 1 n sin )u n 1 2 n ( 1 )u n n ( 1 n *
un
3 2 n
lim u2 n lim u2 n 1 l lim un l
n n n
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ .1.ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ: ) (un ﲤﺮﻳﻦ :9ﻟﺘﻜﻦ
2n
1 ﲢﻠﻴــﻞ:ﻣﻘﻴــﺎﺱ ﺟــــــــﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟـــﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴـﺎﺕ
2021/2020 ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴـﻘﺔ MIﺳـﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﻟــــــﻰ
li m w n 0
n
: ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ
ﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﻣﺮ0 v n M n ﻭ0 un M n :ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ lim M
n
n 0 : ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ
(un ) ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ A d ( u n ) : ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﺑـ. lim u n ﻭlim u n ﺗﻌﻴﲔ:8ﺣﻞ ﺕ
n n
1 1 1
Ad ( u n ) { 1, 1} ﻭﻣﻨﻪ lim u2 n 1 lim
1 1 ﻭ lim u2 n lim
1 1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ: u n ( 1) n (1
n n 2 n 1
n n 2 n
n
2n 1 1
lim u 2 n lim 1 2 2 n lim exp ln(1 2 2 n ) lim exp ln 2 2 n (2 2 n 1)
n n n
2 n n 2 n
1 ln(2 2 n 1)
lim exp 2 n ln 2 ln(2 2 n 1) lim exp ln 2 exp(ln 2) 2
n 2n n
2n
. un (2 cos 2n ) n (5
3
6 n 3 n
lim u 3 n lim ( 2 c o s ) lim ( 2 c o s 2 n ) 3 n lim ( 2 1) 3 n ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
n n 3 n n
3 n 1 3 n 1 3 n 1
2(3 n 1) 2 1 3 n 1
lim u 3 n 1 lim 2 cos lim 2 cos 2 n lim 2 lim 1
n n
3 n
3 n
2 n
lim u2 n lim u2 n 1 l
n n
ﺇﺫﺍ
. lim u2 n lim u2 n 1 l
n n
: ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ
ε 0, n2 , n : ( n n2 | u2 n 1 l | )...(2) ﻭ ε 0, n1 , n : (n n1 | u2 n l | )...(1) ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
lim un l
n
: ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ. n n0 ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ | un l | :( ﻓﺈﻥ2) ( ﻭ1) ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰn0 max(2n1 , 2n2 1) ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
( lim u2 n l ) ( lim u2 n 1 l ) ( lim un2 l ) (l l l ) ( lim un l )
n n n n
: ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ.2
l l :ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ lim u4 n2 lim u(2 n )2 l
n n
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ lim u4 n2 lim u2(2 n2 ) l
n n
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
l l :ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ lim u4 n2 4 n 1 lim u(2 n 1)2 l
n n
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ lim u4 n2 4 n 1 lim u2(2 n2 2 n )1 l
n n
ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ
lim un l
n
:( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ1) ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ lim u2 n lim u2 n 1 l
n n
: ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄl l :ﻭﺃﺧﲑ ﺍ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ
( ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥu2n ) ( ﻭu2n1 ) ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ. un 1 1 1
... (1) n
1
, n 1 : ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ.3
2! 4! (2n)!
1 1 1
u2 n 1 1 ... ﻭu2 n 1 1 1 ... 1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
2! 4! (4n 2)! 2! 4! (4n)!
. ( ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔu2n ) ﻭﻣﻨﻪu2( n 1) u2 n u2 n 2 u2 n 1 1 0
(4n 2)! (4n 4)!
. ( ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓu2n1 ) ﻭﻣﻨﻪu2( n1)1 u2 n 1 u2 n1 u2 n 1 1 1 0
(4n)! (4n 2)!
1
.( ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥu2n ) ( ﻭu2n1 ) ﻭﻣﻨﻪ lim (u2 n u2 n 1 ) lim
n n (4 n)!
0 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ. nlim
(u2 n u2 n 1 ) 0 ﻟﻨﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ
. l ( ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔun )n1 ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ1 ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ lim u2 n lim u2 n 1 l
n n
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
a u v
u0 a, vn , un1 n n :( ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲvn ) ( ﻭu n ) ﻧﻌﺘﱪ. a 1 ﻟﻴﻜﻦ:10ﺣﻞ ﺕ
un 2
n : un 0, vn 0 ( ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ )ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ. ﳖﺎﻳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔl ( ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏvn ) ( ﻭun ) ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ
u n vn v n u n a u n2 ( a u n )( a u n )
u n 1 u n un . un1 un ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ.1
2 2 2u n 2u n
un21 a u 2 2 aun1 a (un1 a )2
un a a n1 0 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ. a un ( ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕun ) ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ
2un1 2un1 2un1
1 u n vn 1
n : 0 u n vn (u 0 v0 ) :ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ u n 1 v n 1 u n 1 v n vn (u n vn ) ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
2n 2 2
. l ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎﻥ ﳓﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ،( ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥvn ) ( ﻭun ) ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺃﻥ lim (un vn ) 0
n
ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ ﳒﺪ
a
. l a ( ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺘﲔ ﺇﺫﺍvn ) ( ﻭun ) ﻭ ﻛﻮﻥl a ﺃﻱ l2 a : ﻓﺈﻥvn , :ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ lim un lim vn l ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ: l ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ
un n n
1 2 n 1 22 n2
vn 2
2 .... ﻭ un 1 2 .... n :( ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲv n ) ( ﻭu n ) ﻟﺘﻜﻦ:11ﺣﻞ ﺕ
2 3 ( n 1) 2 4 4 4
(n 1)2 (n 2)2 (n p )2 1 1 1
:ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ | u n p u n | n 1 n 2 .... n p 2
2
....
4 4 4 (n 1) (n 2) (n p )2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| un p un | .... ....
n(n 1) (n 1)(n 2) (n p 1)(n p) n (n 1) n 1 n 2 n p 1 n p n n p n 4
1 1 1
.( ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔu n ) ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄn n0 un p un :ﳒﺪ n0 5 ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ n 4 ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
n 4
1 2 n
: p n ﻭn 1 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ vn 2
2 .... .2
2 3 ( n 1) 2
n 1 n2 2n 1 2n n 1 n2 1
: ﻭ ﻧﻜﺘﺐv2 n vn 2
2
... 2
2
n. 2
2
( n 2) ( n 3) (2n) (2n 1) (2n 1) (3n) 9
1 1
.( ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓu n ) ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ε 0 ( ε ) , n0 , ( n, p ) 2 : n n0 u n p u n
9 9