‘ Algebuaic Fractions In previous chapters we performed the four basic operations on algebraic fractions when factorization was not necessary. We shall now look at cases where in order to simplify algebraic fractions we need to perform the process of factorization first. Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Fractions In order to multiply or divide algebraic fractions, it is necessary to: (i) First factorize the numerator or the denomina- tor, or both the numerstor and denominator. (ii) Cancel the commom factors. For the purpose of cancelling, all the quantities in a pair of brackets are regarded as a single term. Cancelling a term in the numerator with a term in the denominator is equivalent to dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the same term. It is also very important to understand that we can can- cel terms only if there is a product in the numerator and in the denominator. Example Simplify (x? — 1) x —2 xt] Solution Now =(x?- 1) x a4 = (x2 — 12) x a2 4 (difference of two x+1 squares) = bey (x- 1) x — (factorizing as 1” the difference of two squares) = 2x - 1) (cancelling x + 1) Example 5 Z_ Ls x? — 8xy + 16y? Simplify 3x? — 12xy Solution Mathematics: A Complete Course ax2 — 8xy + 16y? giboee! a Now ©°"3x? — 12xy x2 — 2(x)(4y) +(4y)? (perfect square) = ae 4y) (factoring using x » the distributive law) (x- 4y)? (factorizing as a perfect ~ 3x(—4y) square) =7— = (cancelling x — 4y) 3x Solution fy erewrenn e ° 20x2-7x-6 — (factorizing using the distributive law) 24x—3) = (5x + 2)(4a—3) (factorizing as a quadratic expression) = a (cancelling 4x — 3) Example 55 Simplify (a2 — b? + 4a + 4b) + (2a? — 2ab + 8a) Solution Now (a2— b? + 4a + 4b) + (2a? — 2ab + 8a) _ (a+b)a—b) + 4a t+ 6) 2ala— b+ 4) (factorizing) ns (a=b+ F(a +b) (f zing) = alan be (a—b+4) factorizing at+b . = On (cancelling a — b + 4) Example 5@ Simplify _2m-2 . l5m-6 4m? +16 2m2+8 Solution » a Chapler 13 Algebra 2 Sm—2 . l5m-6 Ne oe OW + udm? 416 (ch. 2m? 8 _ _Sm—-2 3(5m — 2) = 4(m? + 4) 2(m? + 4) Vactoriin Smt, Um2-+ay ee A 3g SRR) PA] 35m —ay (inverting y, 1 Fraction in denominaty,. and multiply, ing instead) Il aI— ple x wl (cancelling 5m — 2. and m2 + 4) Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions In order to add or subtract algebraic fractions, it ig necessary to: (i) First factorize the denominators. (ii) Find the lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) of the denominators. (iii) Express the fractions with the common denomi- nator. (iv) Add or subtract the terms in the numerator as necessary. (v) Factorize the terms in the numerator if pos- sible. The lowest commom multiple (L.C.M.) of a set of numbers is the smallest number that each of the numbers in the set will divide into exactly. Thus the lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) of 3, 12 and 18 is 36, because it is the least number that is a multiple of each of the numbers. The lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) of a set of algebraic terms is the smallest expression that is a multiple of each of the given terms. The lowest com- mon multiple (L.C.M.) of a set of algebraic terms is obtained by taking the highest power of each factor and multiplying them all together. Thus the lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) of x2 — y?, (x — yP and x + y, that is, (x + y)@ — y)s (x — yt and x + yis (x + y)(x — y)?. Hence the L.C.M. of 3(x + y)(x — y), 12(r — y)? and 18(x + y) is 36(x + y)(x — y)*.Example 99 aaa Express as a single fraction in its lowest terms: | 3 eet ax-t + 76x? = 1 ‘Y Solution 3 a Now 7,-1 1 Téx?—1 Bo feeee e (di =— ar ifference of 4x-1 (4x)" ~ (1) two squares) Big tee ss = Geal Gee) Boring oo the difference of two squares) ~ (4x + I)(4x- 1) (e+ eed Maen ah (express a fractions with the common denominator) _ ies 34 ~ (4x + D(4x— 1) +1 (using the distributive law) = Gus (adding like terms) _ __3(6x.+ 5) (factorizing) © (4x4 I(4x-1) Example 56 _ 0 Express as a single fraction in its lowest terms: ie ae Ox2+x-—2 32 +:2 Y Solution Now __ 5 _ _4 6x7 +x—2 eegasnn 1S _s Qx+2)(2x— D 3x42 (factorizing as a quadratic expression) 3x+2 - 50) 4x~ 1) (r+ 2)(Qx=1) ee (expressing Fractions with the common denominator) — —5=8r+4 (3x + 2)(2x — 1) - 9 — Ry, (3x + 2)(2x = 1) Example 57 __ (using the distributive law) (adding like terms) a | Express as a single fraction in its lowest terms: | a | x? + 3x = 10 X24 5x we 2e | | Wate... Solution Now 5 3 dg 4 x?) 3x10 +p x? + Sx x? — 2x a 5 ~— 31. 4.4 (x+5)x—2) x(x+5) x(x— 2) (factorizing the denominators) _ S(x) = (a= 2) + A(x + 5) x(x + 5)(x — 2) i (expressing xe tS)le+2) fractions with Oe ee the common Perera) denominator) Xe+S)(x — 2) =x-2 x(a+"5) 1 A(x + Se) _ pci xXx) ee ae 3 7 -_ a (using the distribu- tive law) _ sxt+4x—-3x+6+ 20 sy = ~xe+ 52-2) (grouping like terms) 6x + 26 — = Wet e-D (adding like terms) 2(3x + 13) 2, = x(x + 5)(x— 2) (factorizing) —= Exercise 13k = Simplify each of the following: xt+y 2 x2 — xy x? + xy "oxy 6x 2a 3b a 8x — By 4, Ba? = 12ab ax+y a ee 5. Bay + 4y? 6. u2— y2 Mathematics: A Complole Course hexy ‘xt y 25x? — 16y? % 15x+ 12y il x—-3 So]. 13.. —+___ 15x? + Ilx— 14 x2+2x—-15 x? 9 2x2 + 6x-9 25x2.—.1 * 5x2 -—7x-2 3x-—4 3x2 + 2x-8 ayo 35x2 + 4x— 15 1 9x2 — 6x 16. x2 — 6xy + Oy? * 12x2 + 7x — 10 2x2 — Oxy 17. (a2 — b? + 3a + 3b) = (a — b + 3) 18. (a? — b? + 4a — 4b) = (a +b + 4) 19. (x2 — y? + 5x + Sy) + (3x? — 3xy + 15x) 20. (x2 — y? + 7x — Ty) + (3x? + 3xy + 21x) 4b-2 , 2-1 ah 3 : 6 2 3m-2 . 9m-6 " 5m2+25 ~ 3m? +15 sm-3 . 10m-6 * 6m? +36 ~ 3m? +18 a4, 4m? -3 _ 12m?—9 3m + 2 12m+8 gg, Sm?—2 . 12m?—-4 "4m +3 12m+9 Simplify: 5 3 3 5 26. +> : + a 2x+3 5x ae x22 x+3 2 5 4% Sx-1 25x? -1 4x 3 — ay 6x2 + 5x-—4 2x-1 o 3 sae tt ae 12x2+23x+10 4x+5 wos ede 8 _ 5 Bt, 2x+1 3x 32, x+3 x-1 5 2x 33. 3x-1 9x2 —] 7 _.4 e 10x? +x-3 5x+3 30 7 35. ot — x20 3x—5 9 3 5 %. = Sp LS xitdx—5 x?t+5x ) Pax rN Chapler 13 Algebra 2 7 3 37. = + — — x2—3x—4 x2 — dy Pay cue Dyserel 2 ned, a x2+x-12 tax te Ae 9 5 , t+ HT % Wieme a a ae <3 My ee 2 : 10x2-29x-21 22-77 + —! 10x 29x - 21 2x Tx Py Ai, ——— Fa “ 25x2+30x+9 5x43 Simplify the following: 6x 3p? +12 Ago Basen 43. Pq 21x = 18y 3 “6p + 2g gh EE SYR bod rg, (28? mtd + 15 2x2 — 6xy 2x? — 20x $5H 46,438 = 3 47, 3x+4 25-3 4y 6x 5 =e 1 1 . =(Sxt+ 4) + =(3x- 48. 5 (5x + 4) 4 (3x - 2) 9x 3a*b — 3ac 49. TR 1. Sp? + 10pq 2y+6 $i. “0p + 209 322+ aye 6 3x—15 2x2 — 18 53. 97 -8x+ 40 92 7x49 4x* —7x-2 3x? — 3xy — by? Ss. -— 56. Sat ip 57. (9x — 18) + (3x2 — 4x — 4) 3 2 4 3 EIS ser ee a oS ee om ee | ay 6 8 3x44 0 2x-5 } oot --= i Spq_ 15q os 3 Visx— i 62. 7 Sx 3)+ 3(4x+ 1) 2(3x — 4) _ 4(x + 3) OS Fea Ate Auadvatit Equation The general form of the quadratic equation is: ax + bx +c =0,a#0anda, b,c ER,a = the coefficient of x, where : b = the coefficient of x, c = the constant term and x = the independent variable. The three algebraic methods of solving quadratic equations that we will be investigating are: (i) Factorization (ii) Completing the square (iii) Using the quadratic formula. Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorization If the product mn = Oand m,n & R. Theneither m=O, or n=0, or m=n=0. If the product of two factors is equal to zero, then one or both of the factors is equal to zero. Anytime we factorize a quadratic expression, we get the product of two binomial expressions mm. In the case of a quadratic equation, this product is always written equal to zero. These facts allow us to solve quadratic equations using the method of factoriza- tion, since either or both of the factors must be equal to zero. Example 5. Solve the quadratic equation: (2x + Sx — 3) =0 Solution Given (2x + 5)(x — 3) =0 The left-hand side of the quadratic equation has already been factorized. Since the product of the two factors 2x + 5 and + — 3 is equal to zero, then one or both factors must be zero, Either w*+5=0 ie, ox = —§5 x= 3 Sat = 9.5 SE 2 2 ie, fea i x=3 Fey the solutions are x = —25o0rx=3 d the solution Set is {~2.5, 3}. Example SF. Solve the quadratic equation: 2x? — 32=0 Solution Given 2x? — 32 = 0, then 2? — 16)=0 (factorizing using the distributive law) So 2(x2 — 42) =0 (difference of twa, squares) Le, 2(x + 4)@ — 4) =0 (factorizing as the differ- ence of two squares) (+ 4)(x— 4) =0 Either x+4=0 Le. x= <4 or x-4=0 ie. x=4 Hence the solutions are x = —4 or x = 4. That is x = +4, And the solution set of the equation is {-4,4} = {+4}. exis 66 2 Solve the quadratic equation: xt - 6x =0 Solution Given x — 6x =0, then x(x = 6) = 0 (factorizing using the distributive law) Either x=0 or x-6=0 ie. x=6 Hence the solutions are x =.0 or 6. And the solution set of the quadratic equation is {0, 6}. Example 6 Solve the quadratic equation: x2 + 3x = 10 Solution Mathemalies: A Complete Course AGiven 2+ 3x = 10, then x +3x—10=0 (rearranging the equa- tion to give zero on the right-hand side) Factorizing, we get (x + 5)\(@ 2) = 0 Factors Either x+5=0 ree Ne : 10=10X1 1. x=-5 =5x 2 or 27220 i.e. x=2 3x = Sx ~ 2x Hence the solutions are x = —5 or x = 2. And the solution set is {—5, 2}. Example 62 Solve the quadratic equation: 15x? — 8 = 14x | Solution Given 15x? — 8 = 14x, then 15x2-14x-8=0 (rearranging the equation to give zero on the right- hand side) Factorizing, we get (Sx + 2)(3x — 4) =0 Factors Either 5x+2=0 15x? = 15x X x ie. 5x=-—2 = 5x X 3x 8=8x1 a =4x2 x 5 5 or 3x-4=0 —14x = 6x — 20x Le, 3x =4 =foat x= 3 rr Hence the solutions are x= -$ or x= 15 And the solution set of the quadratic equation is 2 1 fe al Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Completing the Square Given the quadratic equation aet+bxt+c=0 then grouping the variables, we get (ax? + bx) +c =0 4 4 eee Factorizing out a, we get a(s2+ 2x) +c=0 a Adding the square of half the coeffi in x to the brackets to make ; D oe Fo Ita e 4, get FEE sayq, TM Te, We a) x? + 2. + (é i - We have changed the left-hand side b by (za) j We, therefore, have to subtract this outside the brackets in order for the tion to remain unchanged, bY bY since (2) = of 2) =0. 2 Thus = fs oe (2) | te- a2) =0 a 2a Oy Writing the terms in the brackets as a perfect Square. we get by b2 + 2) kel = dz za) arr a 2 ie. of x+ %) ts 4ac — b> =0 Oj of the "dation Mantity fro Original equa. 2a 4a We have finally completed the square. In completing the square, we wrote. the quadratic equation in the form: ax2+bx+c=a(xt+hy?+k, he 3 where h= 2a _ 4ac — b? and k= a Example Write 3x? + 10x — 8 in the form a(x + hP +k Solution Given 3x2 + 10x — 8, then grouping the variables, we get (3x? + 10x) — 8 Factorizing out 3, we get 3(2 a 10) -—8Add the square of half the coefficient of the term in x to the brackets to make it a perfect square. We, therefore, have to subtract three times this amount from outside of the brackets in order not to change the expression. So we get al ai! 10,4(3) -8~3(3) x 3 3 3 Writing the terms in the brackets as a perfect square, we get 2 5 35 {x # 3) BS 2 5 1 ie. (x+ 3) a sy l or a{x+ 3) = 163 The expression is now in the form: a(x +h)? +k, h= Sand k= —164 where st 3° Alternative Method Given 3x2 + 10x — 8, then a@=3,b=10ande=—8. of be. OE INS Now A“ on Esa. 3 _ 4ac— b? and k= aE _ 4x3 x (—8) — 10? = 4x3 _ -96 - 100 12 — —196 12 1 =—-l6= 3 Th sy 1 en axt+hPt k= a+ 3 — 165, Example 6G Write 2x? + 7x — 3 in the form k + a(x + h? | Y Solution — Given —2x? + 7x — 3, then grouping the variables, we get (23214 Tx) 13) Factorizing out —2, we get a oe zx)-3 Since —2X r=7 2 1 Then ray Add the square of half the coefficient of the term in x to the brackets to make it a perfect square. We, therefore, have to add twice this amount outside the brackets in order not to change the expression. So we get fo-ta+(U)]-9+(3) Writing the terms in the brackets as a perfect square, we get 1y 49 2x 1) 3+ 3 . 1y¥ 1 i.e. 2x 7) 3+65 TY ge giles safe ay or -2x- 3) ike eal fs 4)- The expression is now in the form: ke+ a(x + h)?, sae =31 where h = 4 and k 33° Alternative Method Given —2x? + Tx — 3, then a=-—2,b=Tandc = —3. wt Bite TN ce Tet Now Re oa ed) mguasyg _ 4ac— b? me a 4a ] — 4-2) x3) -P 4(=2) _ 24-49 -8 = 225 -8 =31 = - A A Mothemalics:’ A Complete Course ASolve the quadratic equation 3x2 + 10x - 8 =0 Solution Given 3x2 + 10x— 8 =0, then (e+ Bx)-8=0 WO asf) lavas sy = So fer ts+(3)] 8 (8 0 5; 25 ie. (x+ 3) 7B Seo We have finished completing the square. SY _ 49 Thus a(x+ ) i So (x+ sy = 249 | 49 3 Taking square roots, we get 49 _ 7 9 3 Le. sec? oF ht 7 37 3 3 . =F+F 2 Either = = ithe: x 3 5 =5 bat 2) or = SS — = *r3 gen Hence the solutions are x = —4 or x = 2 And the solution set is \=4, 3 : Alternative Method Given 3x2 + 10, — 8=0, taking the constant term to the ri ight-hand side, we get 3x2 + 10x = 8 Dividing both sides by 3, we get x2 4 10 8 —,= LS 3 3 Adding the square of half the coefficient of the term in x to both sides of the equation, we get 2 2 5 8 (5 eee (8) = Ger (G) ~/_- The left-hand side is now a Perfect squa re. Shenk ote 244 Thus (+ 5) $4.3. 25 9 = 4g Taking square roots, we get v 5 49 a Te ee [Oe ed a 9° 3 . es 7 ~Se 7 ie. SoS t+ OS TSR PP sae 3 Either y= C547 _ 2 3 3 = 75 +49 =12 or Sate seb * 3 3 4 Hence the solutions ae x = —4ory = = And the solution set is {-4, 3 Example 66 ; Solve the quadratic equation —4y2\-+ 7 +. 5=9 Solution Given 42 4+ 7x45 =0, then ~4(22- Z3)+5=0 al x2 7 (2) Ty _ So x act g) (ts 3} 70 2 ie. ~ax- 1) +5+ 3 =o af TVR 2 12901. a(x z) + e 0 We have finished completing the square. - 7) - 29 Thus a{ x ry 16 ~ TY _ 129" _ 129 a (: 3) 4X16) 64 Taking square reots, we get x20 in (1S _ 11.36 8 64 8 Le, x= 7 4 1136 _ 7+ 11.36 8 8 8 Either = 7+1136 _ is 2.205 8 = 771136 _ -436 _ 9545 or <= a = 8Alternatively, we can work with decimals throughout. oT = [8 Thus z 64 So x — 0.875 = +1.420 x = 0.875 + 1.420 Either x = 0.875 + 1.420 = 2.295 a x = 0.875 — 1.420 = —0.545 Hence the solutions are x = —0.545 or x = 2.295 ie. And the solution set is {—0.545, 2.295}. Alternative Method 1 Given —42 + 7x+5=0, mutiplying throughout by —1, we get 4¢-Ix-5=0 Then (#2 - Jx)-s=0 77 7\ So fe Ls+ (7) ]-s-) =0 2 . oe) ee = 2 3) erm = © BY... 1 4x 7) ae We have finished completing the square. 7. a8 Thus {x z) ae The solutions follow from here. Alternative Method 2 Given —42 + 7x +5 =0, taking the constant term to the right-hand side, we get 4x + Ix = -§ Dividing both sides by —4, we get 7 5 Et 0 an Sa Adding the square of half the coefficient of the term in x to both sides of the equation, we get 7 Tyr 2 x2 ~x+ (2) = 3 i ay" a) ~ athe The left-hand side is now a perfect square. Thus (x- zy = 5 4°64 64 64 Taking square roots, we get 7, [I _ , 1136 8 nV Gru hing 7, 1136 _ 7+11.36 1.€, =—t ae 8 Either x= 271136 _ 1836 _ 5595 8 8 7-11.36 4436 o = 7-11.36 _ 74.36 '_ _¢ 545 ir x 8 8 Hence the solutions are x = —0.545 or x = 2.295 And the solution set is {—0.545, 2.295}. Solution of a Quadratic Equation Using the Quadratic Formula The quadratic formula is obtained by completing the square for the general quadratic equation. Given the quadratic equation ax? + bx+c=0 Taking the constant term to the right-hand side, we get ax? + bx = —¢ Dividing both sides by a, we get xe + & fie TC a a Adding the square of half the coefficient of x to both sides of the equation, we get b bY _(bY_c Pa Pope Oy ee [A] Ke ee (+) (#) a The left-hand side is now a perfect square. by _ b? _ ¢ _ b-4ac + — as ciao (« *) 4a? a 4a? Taking square roots, we get ep Poe b? — 4ac _ Vb? — 4ac 2a 4a? 2a __ 6b vb —4ac Le ~ 2a ~ 2a — —b + yb? — 4ac 5 2a This equation is called the quadratic formula and can be used to solve any quadratic equation. Mathematics: A Complete Course AsTT -10 Solve the quadratic equation 6x? + 11x = 10. | So x= HS 104 | Ww ee Either = 74+ 10.44 Solution Selo ae _ XS = “1, Given 6x2 + 11x = 10, or x= TiO 3.44 Ny then 6x7 + Ilx- 10=0, ‘i a ~10 = 034 where a=6,b = llandc = —10. =e amar 744 oy — Using the quadratic formula: nd the solution set is {—1,744, g. 344), * 0344 — b+ vb? — 4ae * Alternative Method 2a Given —5x?—-7x+3=0, —-11l+ 12 -4x6x (-10 iplyi Then rie Vv (-10) multiplying throughout by —1, we get 2x6 5x2 +x - 350, = Tl V 121 +240 where a=5,b=7ande = -—3, a2 Using the quadratic formula: _ —ll+ 361 : Se ye bE VE 4ac 2 So ge SUEY ste GEES 12 Then x= = eS Biter x= SE 5 _ -72 JO FH Se _ -l-19 _ -30 255 _ 41 °r "Th, etic sds ae aT aly 10 x=-5 =5x3 or x-3=0 => x=3 2x = Sx — 3x Substituting x = —5 in @), we get y=xt27=—-54+27=22 Substituting x = 3 in@), we get y=x+27=3 + 27=30 Hence the solutions are: x = —S when y = 22 or x = 3 when y = 30, In solving a pair of simultaneous equations when one equation is a linear equation and the other equation is a non-linear equation or a quadratic- type equation, we use the linear equation to substi- tute in the non-linear equation or the quadratic-type equation for one of the unknown quantities. After we have performed this substitution and simplified the end result is a quadratic equation. We then have to solve the quadratic equation to obtain the two possible values for the unknown quantity. After we have done this, we substitute the known values in the linear equation to obtain the two corresponding possible values for the other unknown quantity. Example 7 Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: x-y=3 xy = 28. WV one: a Solution Given x-y=3 —@ y= 28 —@ @ is a linear equation and @) is a non-linear equation. From @) x=3+y —@ Substituting x = 3 + y inQ), we get (3 + y)y = 28 Then 3y + 2 = 28 So y? + 3y — 28 =0 Factorizing, we get 0 +70 -4)=0 Pays -. either y+7=0 28 = 28,” = +f 1 > y 7 =l4x, or y-4=0 =7x4 => yo4 Y= Ty ~ 4 Substituting y = —7 in @), we get x=3 tense) =3-745 Substituting y = 4 in @), we get x=3+y=3+4=7 Hence the solutions are: x = —4when y =~7 or x= 7Twheny = 4. Example Zé. - 4 Solve the simultaneous equations: 4xt+y=i]] 3x2 + y? = 2], VW iasaue: Solution Given 4x+y=11 —@) 3x2 + ye? = 21 —@® @ is a linear equation and Q) is a quadratic-type equation. From @) ao) y? = (11 — 4x)? = 121 — 88x + 16x? Substituting y? = 121 — 88x + 16x? in Q, we get 3x2 + 121 — 88x + 16x? = 21 ie. 3x? + 16x? — 88x + 121 = 21 =0 : 19x? — 88x +100 = 0 where a = 19, b = —88 andc = 100. Using the quadratic formula: = b= vb? = 4ac 2a Te —88)? = x 100 Then y= (88) = y( 88)" — 4 x19 X10 2x19 y= 88 2.V7744-7600 38 y=ll-4x xeither *~ “3 38. «19'~SC 19 _ 8-12,_ 16 _5 or += 38 (38 50 . Substituting x = 2 in @), we get =1-4{22 yoll-4r=1l 4(33) = 4 — 2.=31-1018 = 2 lis 5 Fil 10 55 9 Substituting x = 2 in @), we get y=ll —4x=11-4@)=11-8=3 Hence the solutions are: 12 = ee x= 279 when y 19 or x = 2 when y = 3. + ='Exercise 13m = 1. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: y=2r4+1 y=7xt+5. 2. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: Sy=xtt+4x-3 y = 5x + 3. 3. Solve the simultaneous equations: y=2—3x-5 y=1- 4. 4. Solve the simultaneous equations: y = 2? + 3x — 31 ym 2 —2e 5. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: y=22+ 5x- 13 yoxtl7. 6. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: xX-y=2 xy = 15. 7. Solve the simultaneous equations: yrx=5 xy = 36. 8. Solve the simultaneous equations: xty=14 xy = 45. 9, Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: 3x + 2y = 19 xy = 15. 10. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: 5x°+i3y = +2 xy = 8. 11. Solve the simultaneous equations: x2 + y? = 24 y = Ixt 3. 12. Solve the simultaneous equations: x-y=3 xy — Sx t+ y= 13. 13. Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: 2x? — 3y? = Sxy =3x+y=5. 14, Solve the pair of simultaneous equations: ~3x+y—-8=0 224+ 3x-—y=0. 15. Solve the simultaneous equations: e+y=5 2y=x-3. 16. Given that x2-— y? = 144 andx +.y= 9; determine the values of: (a) xy (b) x2 + y? — 2x, * Word acbiains aA In these types of word problems we have to trans- late the English sentences into equivalent quadratic equations or quadratic types-equations. We then solve the equations and deduce suitable solutions. Example 72 The width of a rectangle is 8 cm less than its length. If its length is x cm and its area is 105 cm?, form an equation in x and solve it. Hence, state the dimensions of the rectangle. Y Solution — " Mbtbemohes:'A Complee Course ALet the length of the rectangle, | = x cm. ~. the width of the rectangle, b = (x — 8) cm. So the area of the rectangle, A = /b = x(x — 8) cm? = (x2 — 8x) cm. Thus x2 — 8x = 105 Factors ie. x?-8x—- 105 =0 waxXx Factorizing, we get 105 = 105 X 1 (x — 15)(x +7) =0 =35x3 «. either x—-15=0 =21X*5 4.6; x=15 =15X7 or x+7=0 —8x = — 15x + 7x Le. x=-7 (neglect this value since a length cannot be negative) So the length of the rectangle, 1 = xem = 15cm. And the width of the rectangle, b = (x — 8) cm = (15 — 8)cm =7cm. Hence, the dimensions of the rectangle are 15 cm and 7 cm. Example Z Ss A circular pool of radius r metres has a path 3 metres wide around its perimeter. If the area of the pool is two-thirds of the total area, prove that r — 12r— 18 =0. Hence, determine the radius of the pool in metres. Fig. 13.9 Circular pool Solution Let the radius of the pool = r metres .. the radius of the pool and path = (r + 3) metres a -. So the area of the pool, Ai = Tr? metres. And the fotalarea, A, = a(r 4 3y2 Metre es 32 = + 6r4 9) Met 2— 2 Thus Tr zm re 9) § So 37? = 27? + 49, + 1g ie. 37? — 2r? — 12r— 18 =0 ; P— lar- 1=9 (Proven) where a = 1,b = —12 andc = ~1g Using the quadratic formula: _ ~b+ |(b? — 4ac) = 2a ~(-12) + (Ray —axixc Then r= (712) * y(12) 4X1 (~18) 7 Riper ESS 7 ata _ 12+ (144 +72) ————— _ 124-216 2 — 12+ 147 ie r= = either = 124147 _ 267 _ 1.4. = 3 2 13.35 = 13.4 ee ale] . aad aati ys (Neglect this value since a length cannot be negative) Hence the radius of the pool is 13.4 m. Example 7& & & ) xcm a (x +7) cm B Fig. 13.10 Right-angled triangle The three sides of a right-angled triangle are as shown in the above diagram. Form a quadratic equation in x and solve to determine the length of the three sides. ru SolutionConsidering the right-angled triangle ABC and using Pythagoras’ theorem: Then (x+9P=@+ 12 +22 So 2+ 18x + 8l =x? + Qe +1 +2 = 2+ 2x+1 ie. 0 = 2x? — x2 + 2x — 18x +1-81 0 =x? — 16x — 80 Factorizing, we get Factors O=@—20)@+4) 2=xx x 80 = 80 x 1 “either x—-—20=0 =40x2 ie. x= 20 =20x4 —16x = —20x + 4x or x+4=0 ie. x=—4 (neglect this value since a length cannot be negative) So the length of the side AC = (x +9)cm = (20+ 9)cm = 29'cm. The length of the side AB =(x+ 1)cm = (20+ 1) cm = 21cm. And the length of the side BC = x cm = 20 cm. Hence the length of the three sides of the triangle are 20 cm, 21 cm and 29 cm. Example Zz 5 The sum of the squares of three consecutive even numbers is 116. Form a quadratic: equation and hence solve to determine the numbers. a Solution Let the least of the even numbers =x Then the second even number =axt+2 And the greatest of the even numbers = x + 4 So the square of the least of the even numbers =x The square of the second even number eigeinye =x2+4xn+ 4 And the square of the greatest of the even numbers = (+42 = x4 8x4 16 Thas P+ e+ art at 2+ Br4 16 = 116 te. 22+ 2+ 4e4+ 8x444 16 — 116=0 : 3x7 + 12x - 96 =0 Dividing throughout by 3, we get x? +'dy — 32 =0 Factorizing, we get Factors (+ 8)e-4)=0 wBaxxx 32 = 32 1 =16X2 =8xXx4 4x = 8x — 4x -. either x+8=0 ie. x=-8 (neglect this value since it is negative, an even number is a natural number) or x-4=0 i.e. x=4 So the Jeast of the even numbers = x = 4. The second even number =x +2=4+2=6. And the greatest of the even numbers = x + 4 = 4+4=8. Hence the three consecutive even numbers are 4, 6 and 8. =} Exercise 13n = 1. The base of a triangle is x cm long and its altitude is quarter the length of its base. If the triangle has an area of 12 cm+, form an equa- tion in x and solve it. State the altitude of the triangle. 2. A rectangle is 5 cm longer than its width. If its width is x cm and its area is 14 cm? form an equation in x and solve it. Hence, state the dimensions of the rectangle. 3. One side of a rectangle is 8 cm longer than the other, The area of the rectangle is 20 cm*. If x cm is the length of one side, show this infor- mation as a quadratic equation and then solve it. Hence, state the length of each side. Mathematics: A Complele Course rNWN 30m Es 50m C____PATH xm Fig. 13.11 Rectangular lawn A rectangular lawn of dimensions 30 m and 50 m is bordered on two adjacent sides by a uniform path of width. m as shown in the diagram. (a) Express in terms of x each of the areas denoted by the letters A, B and C. (b) If the area of the path is 164 m? form an equation in x and solve it to determine the width of the path. 5. A bird taking a dive follows a path given by the quadratic equation y = 2x? — 5x. Solve the equation to determine the possible values for.x when y = —3. 6. The quadratic equation y = 8x2 + 10x repre- sents the path taken by an aeroplane. Calculate the two values of x when the aeroplane is at the same horizontal level, y = 3. 7. The quadratic equation — 10x? + 11x = —8 represents the track followed by a missile. Calculate two values of x when the missile is in the same horizontal plane. 8. If each side of a square is increased by 5 cm, its area is increased by 125 cm?. Determine the length of a side of the original square. 9. The length of a parallelogram is d cm and its altitude is 3 cm shorter. The side of a square is shorter by a further 2 cm, If the sum of the areas of the parallelogram and square is 95 cm?, prove that 2d? — 13d — 70 = 0. Hence find the length of the parallelogram in centimetres. 10. A circular pool of radius rm has a path 2 m wide around its perimeter. If the area of the pool is four-fifths of the total area, prove that r2 — 16r — 16 = 0. Hence calculate the radius of the pool in metres. 11. The denominator of a fraction is greater than its numerator, n, by 5, If one is subtracted from both the numerator and denominator then the fraction is decreased by = Prove that n? + 9n — 22 = 0 and hence solve to determine the numerator of the original fraction. ee © 12. Determine two numbers whose sum whose product is 20, by solving a equation. an qua ne 13, Calculate two positive numbers w ence is 5 and whose product is 36, a quadratic equation. hose iff, by Solving 14, Determine two numbers whose su whose product is —54, by solving a ‘ stn equation. vais 15. Calculate two negative numbers wh is —8 and whose product is 15, by quadratic equation. 16. c Ose Sum Solving & by we xcm (x + 1)cm Fig. 13.12 Right-angled triangle The three sides of a right-angled triangle are as shown in the diagram above. Form a quadratic equation in x and solve to determine the lengths of the three sides. 17. R . (¥+7)cm Fig. 13.13 Right-angled triangle The three sides of a right-angled triangle are as shown in the diagram above. Form a quadratic equation in x and solve to calculate the length of the shortest side. 18. M + 18) = xem K L (x + 17) cm Fig. 13.14 Right-angled triangle The three sides of a right-angled triangle are a shown in the diagram above, Form a quadratic equation in x and solve to determine the length of the hypotenuse.19. The sum of the squares of three consecutive even numbers is 56. Form a quadratic equation and hence solve to determine the numbers. 20. The sum of the squares of three consecutive odd numbers is 83. Form a quadratic equation and hence solve to determine the numbers. 21. The sum of the squares of three consecutive whole numbers is 77. Form a quadratic equation and hence solve to determine the numbers. 22. The square of a number is 60 greater than half of the number. Form a quadratic equation and solve to determine the possible values of the number. 23. Two rectangular plots of land are equal in area. The length of the first plot is one and a half times its width. The length of the second plot is 3 metres less than 15 times its width. (a) Denoting the width of the first plot by x metres and the width of the second plot by y metres, show that x? — 10)? + 2y = 0. (b) Ify = 3x, calculate the values of x and y. 24, Two rectangular plots of land are equal in area. The length of the first plot is one and a half times its width. The length of the second plot is 1 metre less than three times its width. (a) Denoting the width of the first plot by x metres and the width of the second plot by y metres, derive a relation between xand y. (b) Ifx = y + 1, calculate the values of x and y. 23. Two rectangular plots of land are equal in area. The length of the first plot is one and a half limes its width. The length of the second plot is 7 metres less than three times its width. (a) Denoting the width of the first plot by xX Metres and the width of the second plot by y metres, derive a relation between xand y. (b) If y = x + 1, calculate the values of x and y. a EXE. Pat Papa Guestions The following supplementary questions were taken from C.X.C. Past Papers. = Exercise 130 = 1. If each side of a square is increased by 3 cm, its area is increased by 45 cm2. Find the length of'a side of the original square. Question 3(i). C.X.C. (General). June 1979, 2. (i) Solve for y the equation 3(y? + 3) = 28y. (ii) If 5 is added both to the numerator and denominator of a fraction, the result is equivalent to 3. If 3 is subtracted from both the numerator and denominator of the original fraction, the new result is equiva- lent to i Find the original fraction. Question 3. C.X.C. (General), June 1981. iy 3. (i) (a) Simplify (x2) x x9. 1 (b) Find the value of y when y = 16 3 (ii) The area of a rectangle is 270 cm?. If the shorter side was reduced by 2 cm and the longer side was increased by 16 cm?. Find the lengths of the sides of the original rectangle. Question 4. C.X.C. (General). June 1982, 4... (i) Solve the equation (2x + 3)(x — 7) = 4(x — 7). (ii) Make R the subject of the formula =f Rory) A=af 2 ) Question 1. C.X.C. (General). June 1983, 5. A BWIA Tri-star jet travels 80 km/h faster than a 747 jet linear. The Tri-star takes one hour less than the 747 jet to travel a journey of 6280 km. Malbemalics: A Complete Course ffDenoting the speed of the 747 jet liner by x km/h: (a) Write down in terms of x expressions for the time taken by ; (i) the 747 jetliner —_(ii)_ the Tri-star jet. (b) Form an equation to connect these times and show that it simplifies to x? + 80x — 502400 = 0. (c) Hence find the speed of both aircrafts to the nearest km/hr. Question 9. C.X.C. (General). June 1983. 6. (i Simplify the expression 4d alas = aa) State your answer using positive indices. ey ae _ fl-—n (ii) Given m= = aie express n in terms of m. Question 6(i) & (ii). C_X.C. (General). June 1984, 7. Two rectangular plots are equal in area. The length of the first plot is one and a half times its width. The length of the second plot is 7 m less than three time its width. (a) Denoting the width of the first plot by x m and the width of the second plot by y m, derive a relation between x and y. (b) If y = x + 1, calculate the values of xand y. Question 9. C.X.C. (General). June 1985. 8. (a) Factorize: @ —ab—ac+ be. (b) Solve the equation: 24 = 64. Question 2(a) & (b). C.X.C, (General). June 1987, 9. (a) Given that x= 2—2 » express y in terms of x. we (b) Factorize completely: Vy — dx t dy, (©) Solve cout Sete diny Question 2. C.X.C. (Genera), Yeas ' 10. The ratio of the prices of two different ? 580, of glass is 2:5. The total bill for 20 shee cheaper glass and 10 sheets of the more at the sive one is $1080. If d dollars represen, Xen, of one sheet of the cheaper glass, determin Cog, (i) an expression in d for the cost of o le sheet of the more expensive glass (ii) the value of d (iii), the cost of ONE sheet of the : More ex sive glass. Pen Question 6(b). C.X.C. (General). June 1999 / 11. (a) Factorize completely: @ 1-(a+ bp (ii) (2x? + xy — y?) + Ix = y, (b) Solve: 5m 5 5 15 +4 (c) Solve the simultaneous €quations: xX+y=5 wy =6 Question 2. C.X.C. (General), June 1991, 2x-1 Pah) 12. Solve —~— — a Solve a 3 2 Question 2(a). C.X.C. (General). June 1992, 13. All working must be clearly shown. (a) Given that a = 4,b = —2andc =3, calculate the value of 22 — bc. bt+e (b) Factorize (i) 9a? — p2 (ii) 3x — 8y ~ axy +6, 2% (c) Given that Es Be = 1, express yin terms of x. Question 1, C.X.C. (General). June 1994.