HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE - ARC217

SUBMITTED TO: SIR LESTER ANTHONY G. CALUNSOD

SUBMITTED BY: ALLIAH MAURINE A. PAYPON
Topics
Covered
Today
The task includes:
Definition,

Description,

Provides a close up illustrations

of the items called out in the

picture.
Monopteros
Temple
THE MONOPTEROS IN FRONT OF
THE BASILICA AND THE STOA OF
ATTALOS

The Monopteros was a circular colonnade with a roof but no

walls that were built at the beginning of the 2nd century AD.

Its utility is unclear. It could have been a little temple or a

fountain.
Library of
Pantainos
1.The Library of Pantainos from
northwest.
2. The Library of Pantainos from above.

The stoas were the only new materials utilized in the

construction of the library, which was made entirely of

spolia (repurposed stone and ornamentation).

The layout was unusual for its period in that it was an odd

triangular-rectangle shape. A split floor was built because

the ground was uneven. Athenian Titus Flavius Pantainos,

who was an Athenian, created the Pantainos Library

between 98 and 102 AD.

Stoa of Attalos
The Stoa of Attalos from an aerial shot
The Stoa of Attalos (also known as Attalus) was a stoa (covered walkway or portico) in Athens' Agora.

The building makes effective use of the many architectural orders. The outside colonnade on the ground floor was

designed in the Doric order, while the interior colonnade was designed in the Ionic. This combination had been

utilized in stoas since the Classical period, and by the Hellenistic period, it was fairly widespread. The exterior

colonnade on the first floor of the

structure was Ionic, while the inside was

Pergamene. Both storeys' rooms were

illuminated and ventilated via doors and

small windows on the back wall. At each

end of the stoa, there were stairways

leading up to the second story.

Panathenaic
Way
The principal thoroughfare of the city
The Panathenaic Way was a road that connected Athens'

main gate to the Acropolis. It led from the main city gate,

the Dipylon, up to the Acropolis, a distance of about a

kilometer, and served as the processional path for the great

parade of the Panathenaia religious festival. During the

Panathenaic festival, the street was used not only for the

procession, but also for chariot racing (apobates). It appears

to have also served as a running track for foot races before

a permanent stadium was built, as well as a training area for

the Athenian cavalry's reuits.

Southeast Temple
Built at the beginning of the 1st century AD.
For its construction, materials were used from a classic building that were transported from another region of

Attica. A lot of its parts were found in the nearby Postheroulian wall. These materials were probably taken from the

Temple of Athena Sounias. In the interior of the temple, pieces of a big female statue were found. Thus the temple

can be possibly identified with the Temple of Demeter reported by Pausanias.

Middle Stoa
In the year 180 BC, the Middle Stoa was built.
It was the largest and longest building in the Agora of Athens, measuring 147 meters long and 17.5 meters wide,

It was the largest and longest building

in the Agora of Athens, measuring 147

meters long and 17.5 meters wide, and

it was possibly a gift to the city from

the monarch of Pontus, Pharnaces I. It

was surrounded by 160 Doric columns

and was divided in the interior by 23

Ionic columns. During the Heruli assault

in 267 AD, it was destroyed by fire.

That was the case. Its primary purpose

was business.
Southwest Temple
The Southwest Temple from above.
The southwest temple, as well as the structures that may have served as government offices. The southwest Temple

was likely dedicated to the imperial family and was built from the materials of another classical building (perhaps a

Doric building of Thorikos).

Altar of Zeus
A 4th-century BC altar located north-west of the Ancient Agora of Athens
It is 9 meters in depth and 5.5 meters in width and is made of white marble.

During the 1931 excavations, it was one of the first objects uncovered inside the Agora. It was transported from an

initial source, later identified as the Pnyx, located outside the old Agora, according to evidence left by masons from

the Augustan period.

Heliaia
On-site picture of Heliaia
The foundations of a square building were

discovered at the north-western end of the

Ancient Agora. Heliaia (court house), the most

important court of justice in Athens. It was an

square open-air fenced courtyard measuring

26.5 by 31 meters.
Statue of
Hadrian
Roman period, 117 CE - Roman period, 138
CE
In a Roman army camp, a statue of Hadrian was uncovered,

which was utilized for the emperor's ritual devotion. It

depicts Hadrian in the usual position of the supreme military

leader, greeting his men, and it is one of the few remaining

bronze sculptures of an emperor from the Roman Period.

In An enigmatic picture of antique warriors adorns

his muscle cuirass. The monument, which was most

likely cast at an imperial workshop, depicts the

emperor in a standardized likeness, right down to

the peculiar form of his earlobes, which was a

symptom of the heart illness that eventually killed

him.
Southwestern fountain
The “L”-shaped southwest fountain was built between 350 and 325 BC
Southwestern fountain probably was the biggest fountain house in the city, as it had a reservoir surface of

around 100 square meters. And was perhaps the city's grandest public fountain house.
Latrines
The latrines, intended to serve the public that frequented the Roman Agora in
Athens.
It was a rectangular hall with seats on 4 sides. It was roofed except for the center area which was open for

ventilation, 1st century AD.In Ancient Rome, public latrines were perfectly acceptable in public.

Toilets are to be found at many archaeological sites. They vary in sizes and shapes, from the large semi-circular or

rectangular ones to the smaller private ones with up to 10 seats.

Tholos
Tholos was an important but simple building, constructed around 470 BC.
The Tholos, recognizable by its unusual round shape, served as the headquarters of the prytaneis (executive

committee) of the boule (senate of 500), according to Aristotle, but had only a few architectural embellishments. Its

diameter was more than 18 m and there were six interior columns to support the roof of diamond-shaped terra cotta

roof tiles. Simple terra cotta antefixes decorated the eaves.

Bouleuterion
The meeting place of the boule, or senate.
The old Bouleuterion, a simple structure on the west side of the Athenian Agora, east of the Tholos, dates from the

end of the 6th century BC. It was used to accommodate the members of the Boule, a council with major advisory,

legislative, and administrative responsibilities in the Athenian Democracy. The building consisted of a large, oblong

ante-chamber and a rectangular main hall with a capacity of 700 people. A colonnade that had the shape of the

Greek letter " Π" supported the roof.

Monument
of the
Eponymous
Heroes
The Monument of the
Eponymous Heroes, second half
of the 4th century B.C.
It is located in the Ancient Agora of Athens,

Greece and adjacently situated near the

Metroon (old Bouleuterion), was a marble

podium that bore the bronze statues of the ten

heroes representing the tribes of Athens. It was

an important information center for the ancient

Athenians. It was used as a monument where

proposed legislation, decrees, and

announcements were posted.

Hephaisteion
Overlooking the Agora from the hill to
the west (Kolonos Agoraios), is the
Hephaisteion.
The Hephaisteion, the temple of Hephaistos and his half-

sister Athena, is one of the few buildings in the Agora

that has always been visible.

The temple is frequently depicted in paintings and

drawings by artists who visited Greece in the 17th and

following centuries. With a large part of its marble ceiling

still intact, the Hephaisteion is the best preserved temple

in Greece and a prime example of Classical architecture.

Metroon
They overlie traces of earlier public buildings, including the Old Bouleuterion.
The Metroon served two functions; it was both a sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods and the archive building of

the city, a repository of official records. The present remains date back to the mid-2nd century B.C.
Arsenal
Situated at the feet of the Agoraios Kolonos hill, to the noertheast of the
Hephaisteion.
The foundations of the large rectangular building have been preserved and dated to the beginning of the 3rd

century BC. Its interior was dividedin three naves with two rows of eight pillars that supportedthe walls and the

wooden roof of the building. It was used for safekeeping the weapons and other military materials.
Temple of Apollo Patrons
The temple, dedicated to Apollo, was built between 340 and 320 BC.
It was a small temple built according to the Ionic order and its name Patroos, which means Father, refers to the god

Apollo, who was worshipped as the founder of the ionian nation. The temple contained a pronaos, a cella and an

adyton to the north.

Hellenistic temple
Hellenistic era some small buildings were constructed as Athens struggled to
reach its former glory.

The Agora of Athens has always been the heart of the city that served almost all of its functions. For this reason

there were frequent changes of its design and construction of new buildings, depending on the needs of each era.

The 4th century BC was a transitional stage towards the final formation of the Hellenistic form of the Agora, based

on the standards of the time.

Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios
It was dedicated to Zeus Eleutherios (Freedom), a cult founded after the
eprsian Wars.
It was unusual for a religious builidng to take the form of a Stoa rather than a temple and considering its central

location it is likely that the building also served other civic purposes. The stoa possibly is one of the

accomplishments of Mnesikles, the architect of the Propylaea on the Acropolis.

Altar of the 12 Gods
This rectangular altar, enclosed in a peribolos wall is near the north end of
the Agora.
It was identified by an inscribed marble statue base found on the west side of the peribolos wall. Th altar was used

as the central point for measuring road distances and served as a place of asylum.
Temple of Ares
he temple of Ares was a classical temple built in the 5th c. BC together with
the other three almost identical temples (Temple of Hephaistus in the Agora,
Temple Poseidon in Sounio and the Temple of Nemesis in Ramnous).

It was identified by an inscribed marble statue base found on the west side of the peribolos wall. Th altar was used

as the central point for measuring road distances and served as a place of asylum.
Temple of Ares
he temple of Ares was a classical temple built in the 5th c. BC together with
the other three almost identical temples (Temple of Hephaistus in the Agora,
Temple Poseidon in Sounio and the Temple of Nemesis in Ramnous).

The Temple of Ares was a classical temple built in the 5th century together with the other three almost identical

temples (the Temple of Hephaistus in Agora, the Temple of Poseidon in Sounio, and the Temple of Nemesis in

Ramnous). The temple was transported from some other point in Attica in pieces and was re-erected in front of

Agrippa’s Odeion. The place from where it was transported is not certain. However, the latest studies show that it

may have been originally built in ancient Pallini and ultimately dedicated to the goddess Athena.
Triton Statues
Triton Statue at Odeon of Agrippa at
Ancient Agora in Athens, Greece

This Triton is one of four pedestals marking the former

entry of the Odeon of Agrippa along the Panathenaic

Way. The fishtailed merman statue dates from 150 – 175

AD. The Odeon of Agrippa was a 1,000 seat roofed

auditorium built in 15 BC and razed by the Heruli in 267

AD. The word odeon means concert hall. The namesake is

Marcus Agrippa. The Roman general was a prominent

architect in Rome during the 1st century BC.

 SOURCES:
Monopteros Temple picture source: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp- Southwest Temple: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp-

content/uploads/2016/02/monopt.jpg content/uploads/2016/02/graf.jpg

info source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopteros info: https://ancientathens3d.com/roman-agora/

https://ancientathens3d.com/roman-agora/ Altar of Zeus:

Library of Pantainos: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp- https://i.pinimg.com/originals/b6/a3/ec/b6a3ecb11547de27d7f3db78a7aad541.jpg

content/uploads/2016/02/pant1.jpg info:

https://ancientathens3d.com/wp- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_of_Zeus_Agoraios#:~:text=The%20Altar%20of%2

content/uploads/2016/02/panopantai.jpg 0Zeus%20Agoraios%20%28meaning%20Zeus%20of,inside%20the%20Agora%20during

info: %20the%20excavations%20of%201931.

https://ancientlibraries494790442.wordpress.com/2021/10/26/library-of- https://geoattractions.com/details/79949

pantainos/ Heliaia : https://www.livius.org/site/assets/files/67419/heliaia_athens_agora.jpg

https://ancientathens3d.com/roman-agora/ info: http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora5.htm

Stoa of Attalos : https://images.trvl- Statue of Hadrian : https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/sculpture-emperor-hadrian-

media.com/media/content/shared/images/travelguides/destination/1782 ancient-agora-athens-attica-greece-sculpture-emperor-hadrian-located-eastern-

31/Stoa-Of-Attalos-42051.jpg side-124686957.jpg

info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos info: https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/statue-of-the-emperor-hadrian-

https://www.athenskey.com/stoa-of-attalos.html unknown/BgFMZu54j120OA

Panathenaic Way: Southwestern Fountain: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp-

https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/10008.jpg.webp? content/uploads/2016/02/swfountain.jpg

v=1615278607 info: https://ancientathens3d.com/hellenistic-agora/

info: https://www.worldhistory.org/image/10008/the-panathenaic-way- http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora5.htm#Top

athens-greece/ Latrine : https://i0.wp.com/followinghadrian.com/wp-

https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/panathenaic%20way content/uploads/2013/05/21780746052_289c49574e_h.jpg?resize=1086%2C719&ssl=1

Southeast Temple: info: https://followinghadrian.com/2013/05/09/how-the-romans-did-their-business-

https://i.pinimg.com/736x/17/23/be/1723beb291e0b13443ffa6e8029d8f5 images-of-latrines-throughout-the-roman-

e--classical-athens-the-temple.jpg

world/#:~:text=The%20latrines%2C%20intended%20to%20serve%20the%20public%20

info: http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora7.html that,which%20was%20open%20for%20ventilation%2C%201st%20century%20AD.

Middle Stoa : https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/middle-stoa-ancient- Tholos: https://agora.ascsa.net/image?id=Agora:Image:2008.20.0021&w=800&h=600

temple-hephaestus-agora-athens-greece-ruins-market-place-founded-th- info: https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/tholos

century-bc-128872975.jpg http://www.greeceathensaegeaninfo.com/h-athens/ancient/agora-tholos.html

info: https://ancientathens3d.com/hellenistic-agora/
 SOURCES:
Bouleuterion: https://agora.ascsa.net/image?

type=preview&id=Agora%3AImage%3A2008.20.0024

info: http://ime.gr/projects/bouleuterion/en/katopsis/athens.html

https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/bouleuterion

Monument of the Eponymous Heroes : https://agora.ascsa.net/image?

id=Agora:Image:2008.20.0027&w=800&h=600

info: https://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/monument/eponymous%20heroes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_of_the_Eponymous_Heroes#:~:te Altar of the 12 gods:

xt=The%20Monument%20of%20the%20Eponymous%20Heroes%2C%20locat https://th.bing.com/th/id/R.110169a795ae8730c7bb290232eb64af?

ed%20in,the%20ten%20heroes%20representing%20the%20tribes%20of%2 rik=qWzN%2fQxc2rkuQQ&riu=http%3a%2f%2fwww.greece-

0Athens. athens.com%2fpages_images%2f258.jpg&ehk=IFGkyDbAWQynQp1tjipOzJfUO1MUdWE4

Hephaesteion : http://www.agathe.gr/image? u2JshawZIHs%3d&risl=&pid=ImgRaw&r=0&sres=1&sresct=1

id=Agora:Image:2008.20.0017&w=800&h=600 info: http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora3.htm#1

info: http://www.agathe.gr/guide/hephaisteion.html Temple of Ares: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp-

Metroon: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp- content/uploads/2016/02/ares.jpg

content/uploads/2016/02/metroon.jpg info: https://ancientathens3d.com/roman-agora/

info: http://www.agathe.gr/guide/metroon.html Triton: https://3iqhm91wtiv21y4zza4dqwj2-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-

Arsenal: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp- content/uploads/Greece-Athens-Ancient-Agora-Odeon-Agrippa-Triton-Statue.jpg

content/uploads/2016/02/Hellenistic_Agora_2.jpg info: Triton Statue at Odeon of Agrippa at Ancient Agora in Athens, Greece - Encircle

info: http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora3.htm#4 Photos

Temple of Apollo Patrons: https://ancientathens3d.com/wp-

content/uploads/2016/02/apolloPatroos.jpg

info: http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora3.htm#4

Hellenistic temple: https://global-

geography.org/attach/Geography/Asia/Armenia/Pictures/Yerevan/Garni

_-_Hellenistic_Temple_2/AR0154_Tempel_von_Garnijpg.jpg

info: https://ancientathens3d.com/hellenistic-agora/

Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios:

https://i2.wp.com/www.taxiathensgreece.gr/wpress/wp-

content/uploads/2016/04/Ancient-agora-of-Athens-Stoa-of-Eleutherios-

Zeus-5th-Century-BC-1-e1463210565843.jpg?ssl=1

info : http://www.athensinfoguide.com/wtsagora3.htm#1