Flexible AC

Transmission Systems
Transmission Solutions

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Agenda

• FACTS – Overview
• FACTS – General Theory
▪ Transmission Lines
▪ Active and Reactive Power

• Trends and Challenges in Future Power Generation and

Transmission

• Parallel Compensation – Overview

• Synchronous Condenser – Overview
• Series Compensation – Overview

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FACTS
Overview

The FACTS technology distinguishes between two categories determined by the way in
which they are connected to the power system
Parallel Compensation Series Compensation
vs.
(Voltage Control) (Power Flow Control)

P
C>

Series Compensation
L<
P
V
C>

Parallel Compensation
X L<

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Types of Transmission Line

Short Transmission Line (L < 80km) Medium Transmission Line (80 ≤ L ≤ 250km) Long Tranmission Line (L≥ 250km)

▪ Power transfer limited to the thermal ▪ Power transfer is limited to voltage ▪ Power transfer is limited to stability limit.
capability of the conductors. regulation. ▪ Complexity of the system makes
▪ Compensation normally not required. ▪ System Loading makes necessary necessary different types of parallel or
different types of reactive compensation series reactive compensation.
(Capacitive or Inductive).

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Limits for Loading

▪ 1 – Short Line: Power Transfer limited to thermal

capability of the conductors.

▪ 2 – Medium Line: Power Transfer limited to

voltage regulation.

▪ 3 – Long Line: Power Transfer limited to voltage

stability (theoretical & practical)

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Parallel Compensation

◼ Steady State Voltage Regulation

Grid voltage Grid voltage

nom nom

Reactive Power Reactive Power

Capacitive Inductive

Capacitive Inductive
morning noon evening night Day morning noon evening night Day
Without reactive power compensation With reactive power compensation

Lack or excess of reactive power directly

translates into under or overvoltages Need to provide voltage regulation

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Power and Stability

HV Line
V1 XL P I V2
~ ~

V1 x V2
P= x sin 
XL

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Increase transmitte power & postive impact on system stabilty.

Series Capacitor insertion

• Reduces the line’s inductivity, which
leads to a virtually shortened line

• This in turn enables the power transfer

to be increased without harming the Steady
system’s stability. P in
State Limit
p.u.
• and allows the transmission angle to be 1
reduced. With series
P2 compensation
without
P1 compensation

ᵟ
0
0 δ2
30 60 90 120 150 180
δ1
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Power and Stability in a parallel compensated line

▪ When adding a parallel compensation on receiving end, the power x stability equation is changed to:

▪ Maximum active power: Doubled

▪ Theoretical Stability achieved from 0 to 180º

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Trends and Challenges in future Power Generation
and Transmission
Trends in Power Generation and Transmission Systems
worldwide challenge the traditional network infrastructure

Changing
Disconnection of large fossil & generation mix
1
Nuclear power plants

Integration of renewable
2
power plants

… and small distributed

3
and decentral generation

Strengthen electricity market and

4
changing regulatory frameworks

Aging infrastructure and

5
refurbishment needs

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Reduced synchronous Power Generation and more renewable
power infeed at all voltage levels cause new challenges

Reduced System Inertia with risk

1
at Frequency Stability

Unbalanced Load-flows resulting

2 in Congestions, Inefficiency and
Re-Dispatch

Increasing risk of Voltage

3
Instability

4 Reduced Short-circuit Levels(*)

Aging infrastructure and

5
refurbishment needs

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Flexible AC Transmission Solutions (FACTS)

FACTS - the … support the grid voltage FACTS –

economic Improve power quality and
… balance the reactive power
transmission efficiency
solution to… … provide short circuit power and inertia

Increase of power transfer capacity

Support the integration of renewables

Utility

Siemens Improve the stability of long-distance transmission

solutions offer
Higher active power stability
the following
customer Key element for blackout prevention
benefits
Industry

Increased stability of the production process

Secured grid connection and avoid penalties
Flicker reduction

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Parallel Compensation
State of the art grid stability
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Parallel Compensation

◼ Steady State Voltage Regulation

Grid voltage Grid voltage

nom nom

Reactive Power Reactive Power

Capacitive Inductive

Capacitive Inductive
morning noon evening night Day morning noon evening night Day
Without reactive power compensation With reactive power compensation

Lack or excess of reactive power directly

translates into under or overvoltages Need to provide voltage regulation

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Parallel Compensation
Purposes & Advantages

Purpose

◼ Dynamic Voltage Support

Voltage Voltage

1.0 1.0

voltage support
Fault Fault

0.0 0.5 1.0 time, sec 0.0 0.5 1.0 time, sec

Without reactive power compensation With dynamic reactive power compensation

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Need to provide fast-acting voltage support
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Parallel Compensation Solutions
Portfolio

MSC / MSR Conventional SVC SVC PLUS

Mechanically Switched (“Classic”) (STATCOM)
Static Var Static Synchronous
Capacitors / Reactors
Compensator Compensator

➔ Switchgear ➔ Thyristor Valve(s) ➔ IGBT Valves (VSC)

➔ Control & Protection ➔ Control & Protection
➔ Capacitors
➔ Transformer
➔ Transformer
➔ Reactors ➔ Capacitors
➔ Reactors ➔ DC Capacitors

Response: 2-5 cycles Response: 2-3 cycles Response: 1.5-2 cycles

Limited switching Unlimited switching Unlimited switching

~20 ≤ MVAr ≤ ~400 ~50 ≤ MVAr ≤ ~1200 ±25 ≤ MVAr ≤ ±500

~ ~ ~

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SVC PLUS x Classic SVC x Hybrid
Branches

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SVC PLUS x Classic SVC x Hybrid
V/I comparison SVC Classic and SVC Plus

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SVC PLUS vs. SVC Classic
Exemplary Output Ratings

At 0.5 pu voltage the SVC PLUS is up to 2,27 times more efficient!

SVC PLUS SVC Classic

1.0 pu voltage 100 MVAr 100 MVAr

0.5 pu voltage 50 MVAr 25 MVAr

0.5 pu voltage
56.9 MVAr 25 MVAr
temporary overload (up to 3s)

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SVC PLUS vs. Classic SVC
Size Comparison

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SVC PLUS vs. Classic SVC
Loss Characteristic

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SVC PLUS vs. Classic SVC
Harmonic Generation

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Synchronous
Condenser
Backbone of the future grid
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The implementation of renewables challenges system strength.

Synchronous machines
are the key element of ~
electrical power systems =
~
=
~

~ ~ =
~
Modern trends:
=
• Growth of renewable generation ~
= =
• Mostly non-synchronous, connected via ~ ~
power electronic converters

• Displace existing generation

• Located in remote part of the grid Challenges:
• Multiple plants are close to each other • Lack of Inertia
• Growing HVDC connections • Lack of Short-Circuit Power

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Inertia reduces oscillation on grid frequency and prevents system
blackouts.

Inertia
• Provided by spinning
mass of directly
synchronized electrical
machines
• Defines reaction of
frequency to a sudden
power imbalance
Frequency [Hz] Critical
50.5
Rate of Change
of Frequency
50.0 Water level
RoCoF
1 3
49.5
4
49.0 Critical
frequency
2
1 2 3 4
Time [sec]

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Short circuit power guarantees a reliable system protection.

Synchronous Condenser
~
=
~
=
~
=
~

=
~ ~
= = =
~ ~ ~
=
~
=
~
• Less robust for voltage disturbance ~
=
• Renewables and HVDC require a certain level of short- ~
circuit power = =
~ ~
• Cause malfunction of protection system
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Key knowledge for decades ensure implementation of
Synchronous Condenser in future grids with Siemens quality.

Auxiliaries

Step up transformer Excitation system Step up

transformer
Generator Circuit Breaker Start up system
Auxiliaries
Isolated Phase Bus ducts Control and protection

Synchronous generator

Generator Circuit
Breaker

Cooling system
Isolated
Start up
Phase Bus
ducts system

G Excitation
3~
system
Synchronous
generator
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Fixed Series Capacitor
Boost your Transmission System
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Increasing energy demand can only be supported by grids with
sufficient transmission capacity.

Fixed Series Capacitor is

the right solution to boost
transmission lines

Modern trends:
~ =
• Growth on energy consumption ~

• Generation located in remote part of the grid =

~
• Environmental concerns related to new = =
~ ~
transmission lines
• Reduced footprint for transmission systems

• Lower costs and time needed to adapt

changes on grid Challenges:
• Increase on power transfer capability
• Longer AC transmission paths
• Environmental concerns for new lines
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Series Compensation Solutions
Portfolio

FSC TPSC TCSC

Fixed Series Thyristor Protected Thyristor Controlled
Compensation Series Compensation Series Compensation

➔ Capacitors ➔ Capacitors ➔ Capacitors

➔ Protection ➔ Protection ➔ Protection
➔ Arresters ➔ Thyristor Valves ➔ Thyristor Valves
➔ Bypass Switch ➔ Bypass Switch ➔ Bypass Switch

110 ≤ kV ≤ 800 110 ≤ kV ≤ 800 110 ≤ kV ≤ 800

100 ≤ MVAr ≤ 1200 100 ≤ MVAr ≤ 500 100 ≤ MVAr ≤ 200

~ ~ ~

I Lim 

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Optimizing assets and their performance to get the most out of
your grid is easy with Siemens turnkey solutions and lifecycle
services.
1 Capacitors (CAP)

2 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)

1 3 Bypass Breaker

4 Damping Circuit
4
4 3

3 2 2

FSC: The simplest and most cost-effective type of series compensation

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FACTS Reference
South America without Brazil

Chinú, 1997
Bacatá, 2014

Pucallpa, 2015
2 Yanango, 2018
Toromocho, 2019
2 Marcona/ Montalvo, 2012
Ocona, 2012 Horqueta, 2010
San Camilo, 2013 Limpio, 2001
San Lorenzo, 2019
Guarambaré, 2014

SVC –
Atacama, 1997
SVC PLUS –
SynCon – Diego de Almagro, 2012
FSC – 2 Nueva Pan de Azurca, 2018
TCSC – Polpaico, 2018
TPSC –
Others –

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FACTS Reference
Brazil
4 Xingu, 2010
Castanhal, 2010
Boa Vista, 2013 Marabá, Acailândia, 2003
Macapa, 2010 Sao Luis, 2005
4 Jurupari, 2010 Imperatriz, 1997
4 Oriximiná, 2009/2010 Fortaleza, 1980
2 Lechuga, 2009 Banabuiu, 1981
4 Silves, 2009 Presidente Dutra, 1997
4 Parauapebas, 2015 Milagres, 1981/2014/2015
2 Miracema, 2015 Campina Grande, 1982
Rio Branco, 2010 Sao Joao do Piaui, 2003/2014
Sinop, 2005 Rio Largo, 1982
3 Vilhena-Jaurú, 2016/2017 Miracema, 2017
3 Barra do Peixe, 2005 Sapeacu, 2011
2 Paranatinga, 2017 2 Gilbués II, 2014
Gurupi, 2017 Bom Jesus da Lapa, 2001/2017(refurb)
Barreiras, 2013
2 Rio das Éguas, 2018
Samambaia, 2001
Funil, 2000
2 Rio das Éguas, 2013
SVC –
Luziânia, 2013/2016
SVC PLUS –
SynCon – Serra da Mesa, 1997/2019
FSC – 5 North-South III , Lot B, 2006
TCSC – 2 Barreiras II, 2014/2018
TPSC – Rio Verde, 2004
Others –
Ibiuna, 2001
Baurú, 2017
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Javier Chincuini

Siemens Energy, Argentina & Uruguay

Sales & Marketing

Tel: (+54) 9 11 3315 4072

javier.chincuini@siemens.com

http://www.siemens.com

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André Priolli de Araujo

Siemens Energy, Brazil

Business Development FACTS Latin America

andre.araujo@siemens.com

http://www.siemens.com

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