Readings in Philippine

History
Prepared by: Asst. Prof. John Barry N. Nuico
What to expect?
• Course Description
• The importance of History
• Sources
Course Description
• The course analyzes Philippine History from multiple perspectives
through the lens of primary sources coming from various disciplines
and different genres.
• Students are given opportunities to analyze the author's background
and main arguments, compare different points of view, identify biases
and examine the evidences presented in the document.
• the discussions will tackle traditional topics in history and their
interdisciplinary themes that will deepen and broaden your
understanding of political, economic, cultural, social, scientific, and
religious history.
• Priority is given to primary materials that could help students
develop their analytical and communication skills.
• The end goal is to develop the historical and critical consciousness so
that the students will become versatile, articulate, broad minded,
morally upright and responsible citizens.
Why do we need to study History?
• Meaning and relevance of history;
• distinction of primary and secondary sources
• Answer: We need to figure out the C A U S A T I O N in history.
• WHAT ACTION CAUSED SUCH HISTORY OR EVENT.

• The present day is the way it is because of the way the past unfolded.
• The present day for us is the history of tomorrow
• Our history caused our present day, our present day will cause
tomorrow…
Again, Why do we need to study History?
• We need to learn the past because we hold the future in our hands.
• Or else history will repeat itself…
How and where can I apply my knowledge
of History?
• When we study history reasonably well, we acquire usable habits of
mind, and some basic data about the forces that affect our own lives.
• Our day-do-day decisions,
• What you are going to do in the future.
• If you’re into cinema or theater, historical accuracy is also required.
• We emerge with relevant skills and an enhanced capacity for
informed citizenship, critical thinking, and simple awareness.
• We can critically examine the evidences available to us to make sure
our decisions are sound.
• By doing this we can address the significant issues facing us a nation
and the world as a whole.
SOURCES: Primary and Secondary
• They are connected to a particular event because they were created
during the time of the event.
• or it involved someone who participated in the event first hand
• Primary Sources
Primary Sources
• Primary sources document first hand experiences of the event
• They come in different samples:
• Personal interviews
• Journals/diaries
• First hand experience (your personal experience)
• Government records (Land title, birth certificate, cedula, etc…)
• Photographs
• Videos (Vlog entries too)
• Maps
• Art
• Film archives
• artifacts
Secondary Sources
• These are sources based on the primary sources
• Example:
• Textbooks
• Magazine articles (non biographical)
• Assignments (even copy-paste ones)
• Heard a story from a friend of a friend
• Question: Can I still use secondary sources for history writing?
• YES. Absolutely, but you need to corroborate the facts with first hand or primary sources.
• Question: Can I use “chismis”(rumor) as a source?
• YES. However, please be CAREFUL where the source comes from and corroborate with
actual facts. A testimony based on rumor will not stand.
 Readings in Philippine History: Part 2
Sunday, September 12, 2021 8:39 PM

CONTENTS
• The Role of the Historian
• Test of Credibility
• Test of Authenticity
• Brief Review

• Components to Effective Historical Thinking

• Group Activity (Project)

• So, before we begin with today's lesson, when did history begin?
• I know you know this one…
Answer: When mankind learned how to write and keep a record knowledge.

Role of the Historian

• History (istoria) - 'Inquiry' or knowledge acquired by investigation.
• The past described in written documents.
• Wait, what do you call the events that happened before written records?
• Events that occurred before written records are called Prehistory.

History as Reconstruction
• The historian is many times removed from the events under investigation.
• Historians rely on surviving records.
• Not everything in the past was recorded.

• Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observe it;
• Only a part of what was remembered was recorded;
• Only a part of what has survived has come to the historian's attention.

• So, does it mean that there are missing pages in the annals of history?
• YES. Only a part of what was remembered was recorded. We constantly find new evidence that can
potentially change the narrative of a previously held historical fact.

Instances where knowledge was lost

*insert pictures*

• In short, only a small part that is credible can be grasped.

• And only a small part that has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.
• Sounds familiar to you know?

HISTORIAN
• Is the Historian infallible?
• NO! - He/she is prone to mistakes, biases, etc…
• Infallible - Cannot make mistakes…

• Nope, a historian is Fallible. He makes mistakes.

GE 2 Page 1
• Nope, a historian is Fallible. He makes mistakes.
• Biases (Personal, Political, Religious)
• Own frame of Preference (Values, loyalties, assumptions, interests…)
• History can change over time when presented with new evidence.

• Biases - personal, political, religious, personal idiosyncrasies

• Each has his own frame of preference - a set of interlocking values, loyalties, assumptions, interests and
principles of actions

Different Interpretations
*insert image*

From a political opponent: "I wonder if he's as good as he is in Malacañang"

An LP loyalist: "Good for him, he deserves a break from his everyday work"
A clergy man: "As a role model for all Filipinos, he shouldn't be photographed doing that"

Actual Caption of the Photo

• Greece's new Finance Minister Yanis Varoufakis (R) greets the outgoing finance minister Gikas
Hadouvelis after a hand-over ceremony in Athens on January 28,2015
*insert link*

History is not fiction

• Historical accounts must be based on all available relevant evidence
• A version of the past that cannot be supported by evidence is worthless
• Historians have to base their accounts on source materials
• Historians need to be able to locate and organize the relevant sources on which they will base their
account
• Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify their intended
functions

Thus, it involves
• Selection of Subject
• Collection of Sources
• Examination of Genuineness
• Extraction from Sources

• Source - an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which the historians depend in
order to create their own depiction of that past
• Tangible (Solid/ concrete/ palpable) remains of the past

Brief Review
• What are written sources?
• Books, magazines, journals, Memoirs, diary, etc…
• What are Non-Written sources?
• Oral history, Artifact, Fossils, Ruins, Pictures, Artworks, Video recordings, Audio Recordings.
• What are Primary Sources?
• A primary source is a document or physical object which is written or created during the time under
study.
• What are Secondary Sources?
• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps
removed from the event.

Test of Authenticity

GE 2 Page 2
 Test of Authenticity
1. Determine the date of the document to see whether are anachronistic
• e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century
2. Determine the author
• e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Anachronistic style
• e.g. idiom, orthography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events
• e.g. too early, too late, too remote
5. Provenance or custody
• e.g. determines its genuineness
6. Semantics - determining the meaning of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics - determining ambiguities

Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking

1. Sensitive and Multiple Causation
2. Sensitive to Context
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs

GE 2 Page 3

Readings in Philippine
History: Part 2
CONTENTS
• The Role of the Historian
• Test of Credibility
• Test of Authenticity
• Brief Review
• Components to Effective Historical
Thinking
• Group Activity (Project)
• So, before we begin with today's
lesson, when did history begin?
o I know you know this one…
Answer: When mankind learned
how to write and keep a record
knowledge.
Role of the Historian
• History (istoria) - 'Inquiry' or
knowledge acquired by investigation.
• The past described in written
documents.
• Wait, what do you call the events
that happened before written
records?
o Events that occurred before
written records are called
Prehistory.
History as Reconstruction
• The historian is many times removed
from the events under investigation.
• Historians rely on surviving
records.
• Not everything in the past was
recorded.
• Only a part of what was observed in
the past was remembered by those
who observe it;
• Only a part of what was
remembered was recorded;
•
Only a part of what has survived has
come to the historian's attention.
• So, does it mean that there are
missing pages in the annals of
history?
• YES. Only a part of what was
remembered was recorded. We
constantly find new evidence that
can potentially change the narrative
of a previously held historical fact.
Instances where knowledge was lost
*insert pictures*
• In short, only a small part that is
credible can be grasped.
• And only a small part that has been
grasped can be expounded or
narrated by the historian.
• Sounds familiar to you know?
HISTORIAN
• Is the Historian infallible?
• NO! - He/she is prone to mistakes,
biases, etc…
o Infallible - Cannot make
mistakes…
• Nope, a historian is Fallible. He
makes mistakes.
o Biases (Personal, Political,
Religious)
o Own frame of Preference
(Values, loyalties,
assumptions, interests…)
• History can change over time when
presented with new evidence.
• Biases - personal, political,
religious, personal idiosyncrasies
• Each has his own frame of
preference - a set of interlocking
values, loyalties, assumptions,
interests and principles of actions
Different Interpretations
*insert image*
 From a political opponent: "I wonder
if he's as good as he is in
Malacañang"
An LP loyalist: "Good for him, he
deserves a break from his everyday
work"
A clergy man: "As a role model for all
Filipinos, he shouldn't be
photographed doing that"
Actual Caption of the Photo
• Greece's new Finance Minister
Yanis Varoufakis (R) greets the
outgoing finance minister Gikas
Hadouvelis after a hand-over
ceremony in Athens on January
28,2015
*insert link*
History is not fiction
• Historical accounts must be based
on all available relevant evidence
• A version of the past that cannot be
supported by evidence is worthless
• Historians have to base their
accounts on source materials
• Historians need to be able to locate
and organize the relevant sources
on which they will base their account
• Historians have to verify sources, to
date them, locate their place of
origin and identify their intended
functions
Thus, it involves
o Selection of Subject
o Collection of Sources
o Examination of Genuineness
o Extraction from Sources
• Source - an object from the past or
testimony concerning the past on
which the historians depend in order
to create their own depiction of that
past
• Tangible (Solid/ concrete/ palpable)
remains of the past
Brief Review
• What are written sources?
o Books, magazines, journals,
Memoirs, diary, etc…
• What are Non-Written sources?
o Oral history, Artifact, Fossils,
Ruins, Pictures, Artworks,
Video recordings, Audio
Recordings.
• What are Primary Sources?
o A primary source is a
document or physical object
which is written or created
during the time under
study.
• What are Secondary Sources?
o A secondary source
interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These
sources are one or more
steps removed from the
event.
Test of Authenticity
1. Determine the date of the document
to see whether are anachronistic
o e.g. pencils did not exist
before the 16th Century
2. Determine the author
o e.g. handwriting, signature,
seal
3. Anachronistic style
o e.g. idiom, orthography,
punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events
o e.g. too early, too late, too
remote
5. Provenance or custody
o e.g. determines its
genuineness
6. Semantics - determining the
meaning of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics - determining
ambiguities
Three Major Components to Effective
Historical Thinking
1. Sensitive and Multiple Causation
2. Sensitive to Context
3. Awareness of the interplay of
continuity and change in human
affairs
TOPICS
• Definition
• Sources
• Periodization
• Significant Scholarly works

WHAT IS PRE-HISTORY?

• The period of time before written records.

So, what are the sources for Prehistory?

• Soil samples? *Manunggul jar from the Philippines ang
• Environment? naas left - beautiful source of prehistoric
• Elements? artifacts, color does not fade for some
• Nature? reason keeping its red and white
•Artifacts... coloration, it drastically changed what
Filipino burials was like, tells a lot about
beliefs, civilization*

*On the right, is kalatagan jar*

Sources
Artifacts: anything made or modified by
humans.
Sources
• Ecofacts: Natural objects that have been
- Lithics: Stone tools used or affected by humans
- Ceramics — Animal bones people have eaten
- Wood and bone tools
— Pollen found in archeological sites
- Shell tools
— Remains of insects/pests
- Glass tools (obsidian)
Fossil —the remains or impression of a
prehistoric organism preserved in petrified
form or as a mold or cast in rock.
• The hard remains of a prehistoric
animal or plant that are found inside
a rock.
• Features — a different kind of artifact that
cannot be easily removed from
archeological sites.
— Hearth: intrinsic feature of the site.
— Pits: holes dug by humans
— Midden: deep area of debris.
Sources
• Folklore
— Manners Dating Method
— Customs • Potassium-Argon: Potassium-40(40K)
— Observances Radioactive form of Potassium decays and
— Superstitions forms Argon-40 (40Ar).
— Ballads • May be used to date samples from
— songs, 5000 years up to 3 billion years old
— Traditions • Used to date potassium-rich
Minerals in rock

Dating Method
• Radiocarbon/ Carbon-14/ 14C Dating:
Based on all principles that all living matter
possesses a certain amount of radioactive
form of Carbon.
• Purpose: to determine the amount
of carbon-14 left in an organism by
counting the beta radiations emitted
per minute, per gram.
Terms
• Before Present (BP): Years is a time
scale in archeology, geology, etc.
• Before Common Era (BCE): sometimes,
before current era (BCE); dates between
the year 1 CE
• Before Christ (BC): Before 1 AD

Dating Method
• Uranium Series Dating: decays of two
kinds of uraniums (235U) and (238U) into
isotopes such as 230TH (Thorium)

U-series dating methods

 ADVENT OF SPANISH ARRIVAL IN b. Goods in Asia, medicinal practices, wear,
THE PHILIPPINES spices, rugs were idk, nice

Like many foreign influences that came to

the Philippine shores, the influence of these
foreign groups helped change the
Philippines we know today.

EUROPE IN THE 1400s

Venice - monopolized foreign trade

Venetians - looked way past these things
and traded with the Muslims freely and
Muslims gave them access to North Africa
• astrolabe and the Middle East and nasuya ang
• Vasco de Gama European World
• spices
• exchange of culture Portugal eventually succeeded in their goal
to surpass Venice in the foreign trade.
The Reconquista (Recovery of Christianity)
• In 1492, Combined forces of Castille
and Aragon ended nearly 800 years
of Muslim rule in Spain with the
conquest of Granada.

• Since the aim was to get back their

lands from the Muslims, the
Christian struggle was thus called,
The Reconquista.

Constantinople - former Byzantine

empire, now Turkey
Silk Road (Silk Route)
• Because of what Spain had endured
Discovery of America
under Muslim rule, there was a great
• Who were the first to set sail and discover
desire to drive away the Muslims
new territories?
and other non-believers out of
— Spain?
Spain.
— Portugal?
• After Granada fell, Spain followed
Portugal's footsteps in finding a route to
Asia.

What they learned from the crusaders:
a. you can never change the custom and
religion of a certain force
• The Muslims won the crusades
Christopher Columbus
• A Genoese sailor.
• Rejected by Portugal, Twice.
• French and the British were not interested.
• The Spaniards on the other hand were
very interested in Columbus' proposal. —To
find Asia, heading west.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
partially financed the expedition.
• Columbus set sail with Three small ships.
And a crew of Eighty-seven men on August
2, 1492
— Pinta
— Santa Maria
— Niña
• They made landfall on October 12, 1492
on an island in the Bahamas that he called
San Salvador.
The Division of the World
• To further strengthen Spain's right to these
newly-discovered territories, the sought the
help of Pope Alexander VI
• By this time Spain and Portugal are bitter
rivals.
• By the power of Inter Caetera (Papal Bull),
the pope set an imaginary line on May 4,
1493.
*They believed that the Pope never makes
mistakes
• The line was set 100 leagues west of the
Azores and Cape Verde Islands.
• Portugal rejected the Pope's proposal.
• On June 7, 1494, representatives of
Portugal and Spain met in the city of
Tordecillas and agreed to have the line
adjusted 370 degrees west of the Azores.
Hence, the Treaty of Tordecillas.
Expeditions to the New world
• Before Magellan's Expedition there was:
— Amerigo Vespucci (1507)
— Juan Ponce de Leon (1513)
— Hernan Cortes (1519)
• Magellan's Voyage was an attempt to find
a westward route to Asia.
*Hernan Cortes brought a biological
weapon, the common flu
*Magellan was a child of nobility but
namatay iya parents at a young age. He
was taken in by the Portuguese queen.
When he reached 20, he volunteered for the
military and campaigns nga Portuguese
against the Muslims. Conquering of Malaka
(?)
Magellan's Voyage
• The Fleet:
— Trinidad (Flagship) —Ferdinand
Magellan
— San Antonio — Juan de Cartajena
— Concepcion — Gaspar de Quisada
— Santiago — Joao Serrao (Juan Serrano)
— Victoria — Luis Mendoza
• The crew were a mixture of 270 different
nationalities: Portugal, Spain, Italy,
Germany, Belgium, Greece, England, and
France.
• Left Spain on September 20, 1519 (The 5
ships set sail on August 10, 1519)
• Meanwhile, King Manuel I ordered a
Portuguese naval detachment to pursue
Magellan... Magellan's fleet escapes.
• The direction they took was southwest,
crossing the Atlantic.
• They stopped by at Rio de Janeiro for two
weeks, then continued south.
• They followed the flow of Rio de la Plata
on January 10, 1520, thinking that it was the
tip of South America.
• They eventually reached the Port of San
Julian.
• There were hardships along the journey
such as food shortages, low morale, and
Mutiny
• A mutiny broke out involving three of the
five ship captains.
— Luis de Mendoza, the captain of
Victoria, was killed.
— Concepcion's captain de Quesada
and his inner circle surrendered.
— Juan de Cartagena gave up
• Gaspar de Quesada was executed
— Beheaded and quartered
• Juan de Cartagena and a priest, Padre
Sanchez de la Reina were marooned on the
coast.
• The expedition left San Julian on August
24,1520
— While preparing to leave San
Julian, the Santiago sent to explore. —
It was destroyed by strong winds
• The expedition reached the strait on
October 21, 1520
• Only Trinidad, Victoria, and Concepcion
crossed the strait on Nov.28
— The crew of the San Antonio
mutinied.
• It took them 3 months and 20 days to
cross the Pacific Ocean (166,242,500 Sq.
Km.)
• The Hardships in crossing the Pacific:
— The biscuits they bought from
Spain were reduced to powder, and
half the piles of biscuits were sawdust.
— Biscuits smelled like rat urine
 — The fresh drinking water turned
yellow.
— Many got the Scurvy
• Reached Guam on March 6, 1521
— Managed to resupply but got in
trouble with the natives.
— Called it Islas de Ladrones (Island
of Thieves)

Magellan in the Philippines

• Reached the Leyte Gulf on March 16,1521
— For the crew's safety, they decided
to land at Humonhon —A small island. Significance of Magellan's Mission
• There was little food on the island but • First, it introduced Philippines to the West
there was water. • Second, the Spaniards found a western
• The natives were curious but were route to Asia
peaceful. Magellan gave them hats, mirrors, • The Return of the Victoria proved that the
and combs earth was not flat.
• After a week in Humonhon, they went to
Limasawa / Mazao Island.
— Kulambu, the chief of the island
introduced himself to Magellan and
gave him 3 pots of rice, lemons, and
bananas.
• Magellan and Kulambu cemented their
friendship through Sandugoan.
• They celebrated the Philippines' first mass
on March 31,1521

Magellan in Cebu
•Magellan went to Cebu in search of more
food.
• Magellan got acquainted with Raja
Humabon, his wife, and son.
• This paved the way for Baptism of the
inhabitants of Cebu

Battle of Mactan
• While the other Filipino leaders were
friendly to Magellan.
— Lapu-Lapu was not
• Lapu-Lapu did not want to submit to
Spanish rule and did not recognize Spanish
Authority.
• A bloody battle ensued.
 The Start of Spanish Colonialism
Succeeding Expeditions
-Start of Colonial Rule
Succeeding Expeditions:
Loavsa Expedition (1525)
- Headed by Juan Garcia Jofre de
Loaysa
- Joined by Juan Sebastian del Cano
and Fr. Andres de Urdaneta, as the
chronicler.
• Sailed off on July 24, 1525.
- Left La Corufia (Spain) with 7 ships
and 370 men
- A hurricane separated the ships in
1526.
- Expedition was able to reach
Mindanao
- Loaysa died on July 30, 1526.
- Elcano Died a few days later.
- Yfiigez reached the islands of
Visayas and Mindanao in the
Philippines and the Moluccas, but
died of food poisoning.
- Only Andrés de Urdaneta and 24
other men survived to land in the
Spice Islands. They returned to Spain
in 1536.
Cabot expedition (1526)
- Headed by Sebastian Cabot
• Wanted to discover lands for Spain.
- Left Seville, Spain on April 3, 1526
- 4 ships, 250 men
• Only reached South America, stayed there
for three years, and had to go back to Spain.
• He was sentenced to heavy fines and a
two- year banishment to Oran in North
Africa.
Saavedra Expedition (1527)
- Headed by Alvaro de Saavedra
- First expedition to depart from the
Americas
• Objectives:
- Discovery of Mexican — Maluku
route
- To give a letter of an apology to the
Cebuano chief for the rude conduct
of Magellan's men
- Search for survivors of the Loaysa
and Cabot expeditions
• Reached the Philippines, wanted to go to
Cebu but strong winds to the Moluccas
• Located some survivors of the Loaysa
Expedition at Tidore
• Failed to return to Spain.
The Treaty of Zaragosa (1529)
• Charles I lost hope in acquiring the
Moluccas
• Charles I then agreed to enter into a
treaty with Portugal on April 22, 1529
• The objective was to ascertain the
boundaries of their lands in the Pacific
Ocean and to solve the problem of who has
jurisdiction over Moluccas.
• Under the Treaty of Zaragosa, the line
that divided the lands of the Portuguese
and the Spanish were placed 297 leagues
east of Moluccas.
• Everything west of the line belonged to
Portugal while everything east belonged to
Spain
• Spain sold her rights to the Moluccas,
which they believed was in the east.
• Portugal purchased Moluccas
Villalobos Expedition (1542)
- Headed by, Ruy Löpez de Villalobos
- The expedition left Navidad, New
Spain (Mexico) in 1542
• Charles I did not fulfill the provisions of
the Treaty of Zaragosa.
• He sent an expeditionary force to
establish a Spanish settlement in the east.
• The plan was to establish a settlement in
the Islas Poniente (Western Islands), the
term used to refer to the Philippines
• He successfully arrived in Mindanao,
Philippines on February 2, 1543.
• Also gave the Philippines its present
name.
• Villalobos attempted to establish a
settlement but was forced to leave because
of the scarcity of food.
• He sailed to Moluccas to Surrender to the
Portuguese.
Legazpi Expedition (1556)
• King Philip Il finally withdrew from his
claim to the Moluccas
• Instead, he wanted to strengthen his
sovereignty in the Philippines.
• The Expedition was headed by Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi, together with Legazpi was
Fr. Andres de Urdaneta as the pilot.
• Left Mexico in November 1564
Arrival in the Philippines
• Legazpi's expedition anchored off Cebu on
February 13, 1565, but did not put ashore
due to opposition from natives.
• On February 22, 1565 the expedition
reached the island of Samar and made a
blood compact with Datu Urrao.
• The Spaniards then proceeded to
Limasawa and were received by Datu
Bankaw.
• He then proceeded to Bohol, where they
befriended Datu Sikatuna and Rajah Sigala.
• On March 16, Legazpi made a blood
compact with Datu Sikatuna.
• On April 27, 1565, the expedition
returned to Cebu and landed there.
• Rajah Tupas challenged the Spaniards, but
were overpowered by them.
• The Spaniards established a colony,
naming the settlements "Villa del Santisimo
Nombre de Jesüs" (Town of the Most Holy
Name of Jesus) after an image of Sto. Nifio
in one of the native houses.
Panay and Mindoro
• In 1569, due to scarcity of food provisions
in Cebu, Legazpi transferred to Panay and
founded a second settlement on the bank
of the Panay River.
• In 1570, Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan
de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in
1567, to Mindoro to punish Moro pirates
who had been plundering Panay villages.
• Salcedo also destroyed forts on the
islands of Ilin and Lubang, respectively
South and Northwest of Mindoro
The Arrival of the Spaniards in Manila
Legazpi in Manila
• Legazpi heard the existence of Manila
through Muslim traders in Cebu.
• Later a precise report about Manila was
reported by Martin de Goiti.
• It was said that Manila had:
- A large settlement
- Food
- Artillery (Lantaka)
- GOLD
• Legazpi conquered Manila on May
19,1571
• On that same day, he also had an
agreement between Raja Soliman of Manila
and Lakandula of Tondo.
- The terms are to accept Spanish
rule, under the Spanish King and to
embrace Christianity.
• Manila was made into a city by Legazpi on
June 24,1571. —Second city after Cebu
 Conquest of Luzon
• Legazpi ordered his grandson, Juan de
Salcedo to explore and conquer the places
around Manila on August 15, 1571
• Salcedo sailed to:
- Pasig river (upstream)
- Cainta
- Laguna de Bay
- Paracale, Camarines Norte
• The following year, Salcedo explored the
northern parts of Luzon
• From Manila going north Salcedo sailed
to:
- Bolinao, Pangasinan
- Ilocos
- Cagayan
- Eastern coast of Luzon
• The exploration of central Luzon was
carried out by Martin de Goiti
• He went to Bulacan, Pampanga, and
Pangasinan.
Beginning of Christianization
• Together with Legazpi in 1565, there were
5 Augustinian friars led by Andres de
Urdaneta, the pilot of the Legazpi
Expedition.
• The four of the friars returned to Mexico.
Only Martin de Rada remained for a long
time in Manila.
• Manila and Cebu served as the staging
point for future missionary missions.
Other permanent Spanish missions:
- Tondo and Pasig (Manila region)
- Betis, Lubao, Macabebe, and
Calumpit (Central Luzon)
- Taal and Balayan (Southern Luzon)
- Bae (shores around Laguna de Bay)
- Villa Fernandita (Vigan) and Santa
(Ilocos Region)
- Ogtong (Onton), Panay, Dumagas,
and Binalbagan (Visayas)
• More missionaries arrived from Mexico.
- Franciscans (1577)
o Bicol, Catanduanes, Masbate,
Laguna, and Tayabas
- Jesuits (1581)
o Mindanao, Samar, Leyte,
Bohol, Cavite, Antipolo,
Cainta, Taytay, and Marikina
- Dominicans (1587)
o Bataan, Pangasinan,
Cagayan, Batanes, and
Babuyan islands
- Recollects (1606)
o Zambales, Mindoro, and
Palawan
Establishment of Dioceses
• Began in 1581 with the first bishop of
Manila, Domingo de Salazar.
• Aside from Manila, 3 more Dioceses were
established:
- Cebu (Visayas)
- Nueva Caceres (Bicol)
- Nueva Segovia (Cagayan)
- Jaro (Panay) in 1865.
• In the first 2 centuries, the
Christianization Campaign was slow but
continuous.
• By the mid -18th century the number of
Christians in the Philippines had reached
904,116 living in 569 pueblos.
Folk Catholicism
• The Spread of Catholicism was done
through the native tongue.
• The friars learned the local language.
• Sometimes to make a point, indigenous
knowledge and ways were used.
- Ex. Filipinos love merry making,
Spaniards held feasts and
celebrations.
• Spaniards also introduced Holy Water for
blessing.
• Spaniards also introduced the concept of
Saints, and was readily acceptable to the
Filipinos thanks to the belief of Anito and
diwata.
• Despite all that, Filipinos held on to their
earlier belief, Animism.
• Such as the Kulam (Sorcery) and faith
healing
• Thus, the word Folk Catholicism.
GE 2
The Philippines Under Spanish Rule
(1600s - 1898)
● By the Time the Spaniards ruled the
Philippines, there were plenty of permanent
changes...
○ Unlike previous foreign visitors, they
chose to stay.
○ The Philippines was ruled or
colonized directly by Spain.
○ The Philippines was ruled through
the Union of the church.
○ Filipinos would undergo hardships
except for a select few.
So, why did Spain colonize the Philippines in the
First Place?
Political Changes
Conditions for the Polo:
● The Philippines was administered by the
Council of the Indies.
● Union Between church and state.
Temporary Governor Generals:
● Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta
(1719-1721)
● Bishop Juan Arrechederra (1745-1750)
● Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
(1759-1761)
● Archbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762)
Economic Changes
● The Encomienda — In principle, it was not
a piece of land but a favor from the King of
Spain.
○ The one who administers the
encomienda was the
Encomiendero.
○ The encomiendero was tasked by
the king to Christianize the natives in
his Jurisdiction.
○ Protect the inhabitants from harm
Three kinds of Encomienda:
1. Royal Encomienda — Belonged to the king.
2. The Ecclesiastical Encomienda — Church...
3. The Private Encomienda — Belonged to
private individuals
● Polo y Servicio (Forced Labor)
○ Requires the Filipinos to render
services to the state and church
○ Its purpose was for the construction
of churches, roads, bridges, ships,
and other structures.
1. The drafted should be paid.
2. Should not be assigned to very far places
where they cannot return to their families.
3. Should not coincide with the planting and
harvest seasons.
4. Physically incapable people should not be
overworked.
5. Resorted to only in cases of absolute
necessity.
6. Should be diminished once outside help has
arrived (Referring probably to the Chinese.).
● On paper, the provisions of the polo protects
the Filipinos from exploitation.
● In practice, it was cruel. The provisions
were almost always never followed.
● Filipinos who were 16 to 60 were eligible for
the polo. For a period of 40 days a
year(reduced to 15 days in 1884).
● Falla —Exemption fee from polo duties.
However, only the rich and the Chinese
were able to pay.
● Tribute — Early form of tax (encomienda
era).
○ Abusive in nature.
 ○ The poor and the lame were
exempted
○ It is paid by all married males above
20 (Single females, above 25).
○ Paid by everyone until 60 years of
age.
● Bandala — Forced sale of products to the
government
○ There is a set price set by the
government but oftentimes, the
government does not pay. They pay
only in "promissory notes."
Other Taxes:
● Sanctorum (Church use)
● Caja de Comunidad (Community Fund)
● Diezmos prediales (Tithe)
● Donativo de Zamboanga (War bond)
● Vinta (1781-1851) Coastal protection
(Pampanga and Bulacan) Falua —For
Camarines Sur, Cebu, Misamis, and other
provinces.
● Monopoly — Complete control of the entire
supply of goods or of a service in a certain
area or market.
○ Tobacco Monopoly (1782)
○ Wine Monopoly (1807)
● Galleon Trade — Also called the
Manila-Acapulco trade, was established in
1565.
○ Principal products were Asian goods
like:
■ Porcelain and silk from
China,
■ Spices from the Moluccas,
■ Jewelry from India,
■ Carpets and rugs from
Persia,
■ Ivory from Cambodia; and
■ Siver and lacquer ware from
Japan.
○ Benefits of the Galleon Trade:
■ Maintain Hospitals,
orphanages and other
charitable institutions.
■ Allowed modern, liberal ideas
to enter the country.
■ Cultural and commercial
exchanges between Asia and
Americas.
○ New Plants and animals:
■ Tobacco, corn, cacao, cotton,
pineapple, peanut, papaya,
cashew, guava, and many
more.
■ Cows, turkey, and sheep.
Foreign Threats
● The Spaniards in the Philippines did not
only contend with filipino insurgency.
—They also had to deal with foreign threats.
○ Portuguese
○ The Chinese
○ The Dutch
○ British
The Portuguese
● The conflict started when Spain violated the
Treaty of Zaragoza.
● The Portuguese twice attempted to assert
their authority in the Philippines.
● First in 1568, Second in 1570
● They besieged Legazpi in Cebu
The Chinese
● Lin Feng, or "Limahong" as he was
popularly known, was the Subordinate of
Chu Ling Pao
● The Chinese sailed for Manila on Nov.3,
1574
○ 3000 men
○ 62 ships.
● Limahong wanted to conquer the
Philippines.
● They arrive on November 29, and
immediately launched an attack
● They were defeated in the first battle.
○ Although they killed Martin de Goiti
— Master-of- camp of the
Spaniards...
 ● Fearing Limahong's return, Gov-Gen. Guido
de Lavezares strengthened the defenses of
the city.
● The Chinese attached again and failed.
● Limahong then escaped.
The Dutch
● The conflict between the Dutch and the
Spaniards began when the Netherlands
became a part of Spain. —The Dutch
desired to be free.
○ Most of the Dutch were Protestant.
○ The Spaniards were Catholic.
● The Dutch declared their independence in
The British
1581. —It took a long time for the Spaniards
to recognize it.
● Admiral Oliver van Noort was ordered to
invade the ports of Spain and loot its
commercial ships.
● In 1600, Van Noort arrived in the
Philippines.
○ There was a naval battle on
December 14, 1600, the Dutch were
defeated.
○ Van Noort Escaped.
● In 1609, a squadron led by Admiral Francois
de Wittert arrived in Panay. —Wittert was
defeated.
● Wittert went to Manila bay but didn't attack
Manila. He just bombarded the trade ships
from China and Japan.
● He was eventually defeated at Playa
Honda, Zambales.
● Other attacks by the Dutch:
○ 1616, Admiral Joris van Speilbergen
—Did not attack, just harassed the
trading ships.
○ 1617, Admiral Jan Derickson Lam.
— Defeated by the Spaniards at
Playa Honda, Captured his flagship,
Sun of Holland.
○ 1624, 3rd battle of Playa Honda
—The Dutch left
○ 1646, Spanish and Dutch forces
faced off in naval warfare. 2 Spanish
Galleons (Encarnacion and
Rosario), 5 Dutch Ships in Bolinao
and Marinduque. —The Spaniards
won in all three battles.
○ 1647, Admiral Gertzen, returned to
the Philippines, gertzen was
eventually defeated in battle and his
ship sunk. The remaining Dutch
continued to Abucay and cassacred
400 Filipino soldiers.
○ The Dutch invasions only ended
when the Spaniards stopped their
incursions in the Moluccas. And the
Spaniards closing their forts in
Ternate in 1662.
● In 1762, The British invaded and occupied
Manila.
● The root cause was the 7 years war in
Europe in 1756.
● British forces left Madras, India on August 1,
1762.
● The British naval force was led by Admiral
Samuel Cornish.
● British Squadron was composed of:
○ 3 frigates
○ 2 storeships
○ 2 Indiamen
● The Landing force:
○ 1000 British soldiers
○ 300 Marines
○ 600 Sepoy
○ 40 Mercenaries
*The Landing force was led by Sir William
Draper.
● The British Entered Manila Bay on
September 23, 1762.
● The British were not met with resistance.
○ The Acting-Gov.Gen, Manuel Rojo
depended only on the assistance
from God...
● The British Bombarded Manila.
○ Rojo waved the white flag of
Surrender.
● The Brits entered Manila on Oct 5.
● Gov-Gen. Simon de Anda transferred his
capital to Bacolor, Pampanga.
 ○ From there, he made the British
suffer.
● The British occupation of Manila ended in
1764. —Following the Provisions of the
Treaty of Paris.
 crown
→ King/ Queen – makes the laws and issues Royal
decrees
R.C. CHURCH (Bishops and Friars)… Pope and Cardinals too…

Council of → Ultramar or Formally the “Ministerio de Ultramar”

the Indies → Overseas Ministry
SPAIN
PHILIPPINES “Governor General”
Governor and Capt. General - There were no “Legislators” in the Philippines.
He was also the: (Executive, Legislative, Judicial) - The laws were made in Spain or were made by the
- Presiding officer of the Audiencia Gov. Gen. Himself.
- Vice Royal Patron of the Philippines
- King’s representative Real Audiencia - Were called Gov. Gen. has the right of Cumplase
- Commander-in-chief Judicial Powers Superior decrees – to suspend Royal Decrees based on
“Monitors” the High Court his opinions.
Governor General - Also exercised Political Powers “ I obey but do not comply”
CENTRAL in the absence of a governor

LOCAL - Open only to Spaniards

Alcalde Mayor (Provincial Governor)
- Appointed by the Gov. Gen.
- Highest Judge in the Province
- Had the right of “Indulto de Comercio”
Aristocrats
- Headed the “Pueblo” Allowed him to engage
Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor) - Open to Elections in Trade in the Province
Principalia class
- native elite
Cabeza de barangay - Positions given to former datus