AKM 204E -FLUID MECHANICS

LECTURE NOTES # 4

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR

cbayindir@itu.edu.tr

Office #: Hydraulics Lab 216

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 1

 COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1: Introduction to fluid mechanics. Unit systems. Fluid properties.
Week 2: Fluid statics.
Week 3: Elementary fluid dynamics: Bernoulli equation.
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds transport theorem.
Week 5: Finite control volume analysis: conservation of mass.
Week 6: Conservation of momentum.
Week 7: Potential flow.
Week 8: Superposition of potential flows.
Week 9: Navier-Stokes equations.
Week 10: Navier-Stokes equations. Coutte, Hagen-Poiseuille flows.
Week 11: Dimensional analysis and similitude.
Week 12: Flow over immersed bodies and boundary layers.
Week 13: Turbomachinery and pump selection.
Week 14: Viscous flow in pipes. Miscellaneous.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 2

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Velocity field:

Vectoral field: i.e. Velocity

Scalar field: i.e. Temperature

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 3

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Velocity field: An
example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 4

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Eulerian vs Lagrangian Flow Descriptions:

Eulerian description: Lagrangian description:

In fluid mechanics it is usually easier to use the Eulerian method to describe a flow—in either
experimental or analytical investigations.

There are, however, certain instances in which the Lagrangian method is more convenient.
In some experiments individual fluid particles are “tagged” and are followed throughout their
motion, providing a Lagrangian description. Oceanographic measurements obtained from devices
that flow with the ocean currents provide this information. Similarly, by using X-ray opaque dyes it
is possible to trace blood flow in arteries and to obtain a Lagrangian description of the fluid
motion.
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 5
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
1D, 2D, 3D flows. Streamline, streakline and pathline:

Steady and Unsteady Flows:

If then flow is steady,
else unsteady!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 6

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Streamline, streakline and pathline:

A streamline
(akışçizgisi) is a line
that is everywhere
tangent to the
velocity field.

If flow is steady,
the streamlines
are fixed lines in
space.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 7

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Streamline, streakline and pathline:
A streakline (yörünge) consists of all particles in a flow that have previously passed through a
common point. Streaklines are more of a laboratory tool than an analytical tool.

A pathline (yol çizgisi) is the line traced out by a given particle as it flows from one point to another.

An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 8

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Streamline, streakline and pathline:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 9

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Streamline, streakline and pathline:

A streakline (yörünge) consists of all particles in a flow

that have previously passed through a common point.
Streaklines are more of a laboratory tool than an analytical
tool.

A pathline (yol çizgisi) is the line traced out by a given

particle as it flows from one point to another.
Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 10
Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
The acceleration field: The material derivative:

Advective Convective
Acceleration Acceleration

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 11

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
The acceleration field: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 12

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
The acceleration field: An example:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 13

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Control volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Reynolds transport theorem:

B is an extensive, b is an intensive fluid property.

Bsys is the amount of extensive property that a fluid possess.

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 14

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Control volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Using:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 15

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Control volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Taking the limit δt 0

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 16

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Control volume and Reynolds Transport Theorem:
Reynolds transport
theorem in 1D

Generalization of the Reynolds transport theorem:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 17

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Generalization of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

which eventually leads to the generalization of the Reynolds transport theorem

An example:

So:

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 18

Week 4: Fluid kinematics. Reynolds Transport Theorem.
Reynolds Transport Theorem: Moving control volume:

!!!

Lecture Notes by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cihan BAYINDIR-Week 4 19