Chapter 4-Phy 102-Hydrodynamics & Viscosity (Part 1)

Phy 102: Properties
of Matter & Waves
Professor Dr M Mahbubur Rahman

Department of Physics
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342
Email: M.Rahman@Juniv.edu
1
Chapter 4: Hydrodynamics
& Viscosity
Topics to Cover for This Chapter
Chapter 4: Hydrodynamics & Viscosity
Lines and tubes of flow; Equation of continuity;
Bernoulli’s equation and its applications; Flow
in a curved duct; Viscosity; Coefficient of
viscosity: Poiseuille’s law; Stokes’ law;
Determination of coefficient of viscosity of
liquids and gases; Variation of viscosity with
temperature.
7 Lectures 2
& Viscosity
Books Needed
1.Physics for Engineers Vol. 1 (Gias Uddin
Ahmad)
2.Properties of Matter & Waves (Brijlal)
3.University Physics (FW Sears)
4. Properties of Matter (DS Mathur) 3

Chapter 4: Properties of Matter
Hydrodynamics
4
& Viscosity
In this Chapter we learn:
✓ Rate of flow of a liquid

✓ Streamline and turbulent motion
✓ Tubes of flow
✓ Equation of continuity
✓ Energy of a fluid in motion
✓ Viscosity
✓ Bernoulli’s Equation
✓ Stoke’s theorem and terminal velocity 5
& Viscosity
What is meant by hydrodynamics?
Hydrodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with
the motion and behaviors/characteristics/properties of
incompressible fluids under the influence of internal and
external forces acting on it. Hydrodynamics is a
branch of fluid mechanics and has many
applications in engineering.
It is also related to the solid bodies

immersed/submersed in fluids and are in
motion relative to each other.
6
& Viscosity
Rate of Flow of a Fluid
7
& Viscosity
8
& Viscosity
9
& Viscosity
Tube of Flow
10
& Viscosity
A streamline can be drawn through every point in a fluid. If we consider
an element of area A within the fluid and imagine streamlines to be
passing through every point on the periphery of A, then these lines will
enclose a tubular region called the tube of flow. The tube of flow may be
thought of as made by a bundle of streamlines.
Since no two streamlines can ever cross each other, hence no fluid enters
of leaves across the sides. This means no fluids can cross the side walls of
the tube of flow and the fluid in a tube of flow remains in the tube. The
tube behaves somewhat like a pipe of the same shape as its own.
Alternatively,
A region of the moving fluid bounded on the all sides by the streamlines is
called a tube of flow or stream tube.
11
& Viscosity
Streamline/Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow of Liquids
Laminar flow or streamline flow in pipes (or tubes) occurs
when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption
between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow
without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one
another like playing cards.
In laminar flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is

very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines
parallel to the pipe walls.
12
& Viscosity
In steady motion (streamline motion), the
pattern of streamlines is stationary with time.
The streamline motion holds only so long as

the velocity of the fluid does not exceed a
particular limiting value, called the critical
velocity (vc). Beyond, this critical velocity the
fluid loses its orderliness, and becomes
sinuous or zig-zag, and is known to have the
turbulent motion. This critical velocity is also
related to the Reynolds number. 13
& Viscosity
Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized
by chaotic property changes. This includes rapid variation
of pressure and flow velocity in space and time. In
contrast to laminar flow, the fluid no longer travels in
layers and mixing across the tube is highly efficient.
Flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 4000 are

typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those
at low Reynolds numbers below 2300 usually remain
laminar. Flow in the range of Reynolds numbers 2300 to
4000 and known as transition.
14
& Viscosity
Reynolds Number
c
Reynold’s number is defined by,
where,
c (Critical velocity)
15
& Viscosity
16
& Viscosity
Equation of Continuity
17
& Viscosity
Equation of Continuity
The following assumptions are made for the equation
of continuity:
1. The tube is having a single entry and a single exit i.e.,

there is no source or sinks wherein the fluid can be
created or destroyed
2. The fluid flowing in the tube is non-viscous
3. The flow is incompressible
4. The fluid flow is steady
18
& Viscosity
If ρ1 and ρ2 are the respective densities of the fluid at P and Q,

then the mass of the liquid flowing in per second is A1v1ρ1 and that
flowing out is A2v2ρ2.
Since, there is no source or sink, hence the mass of a liquid

crossing each section of the tube per unit time must be the same.
That is, 19
A1v1ρ1 = A2v2ρ2
& Viscosity
Here, ρ1 = ρ2, because the fluid is incompressible.
A1v1= A2v2
Hence,
Av = constant
This is the equation of continuity which states that in
steady incompressible flow the volume flux or flow
rate across any section is constant.
This is, in fact, the law of conservation of mass in fluid

dynamics.
20
& Viscosity
21
& Viscosity
Energy of a Fluid in Motion
22
& Viscosity
Bernoulli’s Theorem
23
& Viscosity
The theory is given by the Swiss mathematician Daniel
Bernoulli in 1738.
This theorem states that the sum of the mechanical energies of

a flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid
pressure, the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and
the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant.
Bernoulli’s theorem is the principle of energy

conservation for ideal fluids in steady, or streamline
motion and is the basis for many engineering
applications. 24
& Viscosity
Assumptions of Bernoulli’s Theorem
25
& Viscosity
NOTE
Shaft work is a kind of contact work that arises due to
the direct material contact with the surrounding
matter at the boundary of a system.
It is to note that a system in a state of thermodynamic

equilibrium cannot initiate any change in its internal
energy. Thus, this kind of system cannot initiate shaft
work.
26
& Viscosity
Energy of a Fluid in Motion; Bernoulli’s Theorem
The work done due to the pressure

= P1V - P2V = (P1 - P2)V 27
& Viscosity
28
& Viscosity
According to the work-energy theorem, the net work

done is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the
system.
Divide by V, recall that density ρ= m/V, then simplify
29
& Viscosity
30
31

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Phy 102: Properties

of Matter & Waves

Professor Dr M Mahbubur Rahman

2.Properties of Matter & Waves (Brijlal)

3.University Physics (FW Sears)

4. Properties of Matter (DS Mathur) 3

In this Chapter we learn:

✓ Rate of flow of a liquid

It is also related to the solid bodies

Rate of Flow of a Fluid

In laminar flow, the motion of the particles of the fluid is

The streamline motion holds only so long as

Flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 4000 are

1. The tube is having a single entry and a single exit i.e.,

If ρ1 and ρ2 are the respective densities of the fluid at P and Q,

Since, there is no source or sink, hence the mass of a liquid

This is, in fact, the law of conservation of mass in fluid

This theorem states that the sum of the mechanical energies of

Bernoulli’s theorem is the principle of energy

It is to note that a system in a state of thermodynamic

The work done due to the pressure

According to the work-energy theorem, the net work

Divide by V, recall that density ρ= m/V, then simplify

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Chapter 4-Phy 102-Hydrodynamics & Viscosity (Part 1)

Chapter 4-Phy 102-Hydrodynamics & Viscosity (Part 1)