Geometry Formulas

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concyclic.
GEOMETRY
A C
ZERO DIMENSION / NO DIMENSION
1) POINT (fcUnq) : A point is a mark of position which B

has no dimension, i.e. no shape or size .
Note-6 : A circle always passes through three
Note-1 : Infinite lines can be drawn through a non-collinear points.
points.
ONE DIMENSION
1) LINE (js[kk) : A line is a straight path that extends

indefinitely in both the directions. It has no end
points.
Note -2 : One and only one line can be drawn
through two distinct point.
P Q
A B 
Note – 3 : Three or more than three points said
Line PQ PQ ( )
to be collinear (lajs[k) if a line segment passing
2) LINE SEGMENT (js[kk[k.M) : A line segment is the
through them, Otherwise they are called Non-
portion of a line with two fixed end points.
collinear. (vlajs[k)
P Q
A B C Line Segment (PQ or PQ )
A, B & C collinear points 3) RAY (fdj.k) : A line segment extended endlessly

in one direction is called ray.
B
A C P Q
A, B & C are non-collinear points.
Ray PQ (PQ)
=> Two points are always collinear
4) PARALLEL LINES (lekUrj @ lekuka r j ;k
Note- 4 : Four or more than four points said to vizfrPNsnh js[kk,¡) : Two lines in a plane are called
be concyclic (,do`Ùkh;) if a circle passes through parallel if they do not meet when produced indefinitely
them. on either side
B
A B
A C
C D
AB | | CD
D
A, B, C & D are concylic points. Note-1:Perpendicular distance between two parallel
Note-5 : Any three non-collinear points are always lines are always equal.
MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 2 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

A B
A
900
C D AB | | CD B C
Note-2 : If two straight lines make equal angle with Right Angle ABC ( ∠ ABC = 900)
same plane then they are parallel and vice-versa.
3) Obtuse Angle (vf/d dks.k) : An angle greater
B D than a right angle, but less than 1800, is called an
obtuse angle.
x0 x0
A C AB | | CD
A
TWO DIMENSION
B C
1) ANGLE (dks.k ) : An angle is formed when two line
segments or two rays have a common end-point. Obtuse angle ABC ( 900 < ∠ ABC < 1800)
The two line segments forming an angle are called
arms of the angle, whereas their common end-point
Straight Angle (½tqdks.k) : An angle equal to two
4)
is called the vertex ('kh"kZ) of the angle. right angles.
or
An Angle whose measure is 1800 is called a
A straight angle.
C 1800
Angle ABC ( ∠ ABC)
A B C
Straight angle ABC ( ∠ ABC = 1800)
TYPES OF ANGLES
(According to measurement of angle) 5) Reflex Angle (iqu;ZqDr dks.k ;k izfroÙkhZ dks.k): An
angle whose measure is more than 1800 and less
1) Acute Angle (U;wudks.k) : An angle measuring less than 3600 is called a reflex angle.
than 900 is called an Acute Angle.
D
A
B C
B
C A
Acute Angle ABC ( ∠ ABC < 900) Reflex angle ABC (1800 < ∠ ABC ∠ 3600)
2) R i g h t A n g l e (ledks.k) : An angle whose
measure is 900, is called a right angle. The arms 6) Complete Angle (lEiw.kZ dks.k) : The measure of
of a right angle are perpendicular (yEc) to each a complete angle is 3600 .
others.

5) Vertically Opposite Angles ('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k) :

The angles opposite to the common vertex formed
by the intersection of two lines having no common
arm are known as vertically opposite angles.
A D
TERMS RELATED TO ANGLE C B

(dks.k ls lacaf/r 'kCn)
( ∠ AOD and ∠ BOC) form one pair of vertically
1) Complementary Angles (iwjd dks.k): Two angles opposite angles, and ( ∠ AOC and ∠ BOD) form
are said to be complementary if the sum of their
degree measure is 900 . another pair of vertically opposite angles.
2) Supplementary Angles (lEiwjd dks.k) : Two Note : When two lines intersect, vertically opposite
angels are said to be supplementary if the sum of angles are always equal.
their degree measures is 1800.
∠ AOC = ∠ BOD and ∠ AOD = ∠ BOC
3) Adjacent Angles (vklUu dks.k) : Two angles are
said to be adjacent if they have a common vertex 6) Perpendicular (yEc) : The two lines are said to
and a common arm between two other arms. be perpendicular to each other, if they contain an
angle of 900 or one right angle between them.
P C
Common arm
Q 900
O A
E
B
Common Vertex
R
D
∠ POQ and ∠ QOR are adjacent angles. AB and CD are perpendicular to each other.
CD ⊥ AB
Linear Pair Angles (jSf[kd ;qXe dks.k) : A pair of
4)
adjacent angles is said to form a linear pair if the 7) Perpendicular Bisector (yEc lef}Hkktd) : If a
outer arms of the angles lie on one line. line passes through the mid-point of a line segment
A linear pair ( consisting of two angles ) is mea- and perpendicular to it, then the line is called the
sured to be 1800 . perpendicular bisector of the line segment.
C
R
900
A B
D
Q O P
CD is perpendicular bisector of AB.
Note : Every point on perpendicular bisector is
∠ POR + ∠ QOR = 1800
equidistant (leku nwjh ij) from both ends.

** Transversal makes Eight Angles

D
Q 1) Exterior Angles (ckg~; dks.k) : 1, 2, 7, & 8
P
2) Interior Angles (var% dks.k) : 3, 4, 5 & 6
A C B 3) Four pairs of corresponding angles (laxr

AP = PB, AQ = QB dks.k): (2, 6), (1,5), (3,7) & (4,8)
4) Two pairs of Alternate Interior Angles (,dkarj
8) Angle Bisector (v¼Zd) : If a line bisects (lef}
Hkkftr) an angle, then the line is called the bisector
var% dks.k) : ( 3, 5) & (4, 6)
of the angle.
5) Two pairs of Alternate Exterior Angles (,dkarj
ckg~; dks.k) : (2, 8) & (1, 7)
PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES
P
Note : Every point on angle bisector is equidistant
from both arms.
A
S 2 1
Q A B
3 4
B
X Y D
6 5
P C D
R
C 7 8
PX = QX
RY = SY Q
TRANSVERSAL (fr;Zd) AB | | CD & PQ is transversal

Transversal (fr;Zd): A line which cuts two or more given 1) Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
lines at different points is called a transversal.
Angle formed by transversal ∠ 1 = ∠ 5, ∠ 2 = ∠ 6, ∠ 3 = ∠ 7
P & ∠4 = ∠8
2) Pairs of alternate (interior or exterior) angles are

equal.
2 1 B
A 3 4
∠ 3 = ∠ 5, ∠ 4 = ∠ 6, ∠ 2 = ∠ 8
6
& ∠1 = ∠7
C 5
7 D 3) Sum of interior angles or exterior angles on the same
8
side of the transversal is equal to 1800 .
Q ∠3 + ∠6 = ∠4 + ∠5 = ∠2 + ∠7
PQ is transversal. = ∠ 1 + ∠ 8 = 1800

Note : If two lines are intersected by transversal 8)

and if any one of the above mentioned condition is x
true, then the two lines are parallel. x+y
4) Bisector of interior angles intersect at 900.
y

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
900 ( dks.k dh eki )
There are three system used for the measurement of

angles.
5) Bisectors of interior angles encloses a rectangle. 1) Sexagesimal System or English System (Degree)
2) Centesimal System or French System (Grade)
3) Circular measurement (radian)
B
1) Sexagesimal or English System (Degree) : Here
A C a right angle is divided into 900 equal parts known as
degrees. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts
D called minutes and each minutes is further divided
into 60 equal parts called seconds.
ABCD is a rectangle. 60 seconds ( 60” ) = 1 minute (1’)
6) If Transversal is perpendicular then it form a 60 minutes (60’) = 1 degree (10)
square. 90 degree (900) = 1 right angle.
2) Centesimal system or French System (Grade)
A : Here a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts
called grades and each grade is divided into 100
B D equal parts, called minute and each minute is further
divided into 100 seconds.
C
100 seconds (100” ) = 1 minute (1’)
100 minutes (100’) = 1 grade (1g)
ABCD is a square. 100 grade (1000) = 1 right angle
7) 3) Circular measurement or Radian measure : The

x number of radians in an angle subtended by an arc
x+y of a circle at the centre is equal to arc.
y The angle subtended by arc of length radius at

the centre is equal to one radian.
Proof : l =>length of arc

θ=
x r => radius
x
y πC = 180
y

 180 
1C =  
 π 

Name of Polygons

 180
C  No. of Sides Name
x = ×x
 π  3 Triangle
C 4 Quadrilateral
 π  5 Pentagon
x =

×x
 180  6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon

' '' π π
x y z = x ×

+ y× + 8 Octagon
 180 180 × 60
9 Nonagon
C 10 Decagon
π 
z×
180 × 60 × 60  Types of Polygons
i) Convex Polygon (mÙky cgqHkqt) : If each angle of

Angle made by Needle of a Clock a polygon is less than 1800, it is called a convex
polygon.
Hours Needle -
D C E D
1 dial = 360 0

12 hours = 3600

1 hours = 300 F C
E B
60 minute = 300
A A B
1
1 minute =
2 ii) Concave Polygon (vory cgqHkqt) : If at least one
Minutes Needle angle of a polygon is more than 1800, it is called a
concave polygon.
1 dial = 3600

60 minute = 3600

1 minute = 60 A D
A B E
E
Ex – 9 : 32
D C B C
1

Angle =
9 × 30 + 32 × 2  − [32 × 6]
iii) Regular Polygon (le cgqHkqt) : A regular polygon is
a polygon with all its sides and all its angles equal.
= [270 + 16]− [192]
= 286 – 192 = 940
600
POLYGON (cgqHkqt) 600 600

Polygon : A plane geometrical figure, bounded by atleast Equilateral Square Regular Pentagon
three line segments, is called a polygon. Triangle

= ( 6 – 4 ) x 1800 = 3600
iv) Non-Regular Polygon (fo"ke cgqHkqt) : A polygon is
called a non-regular polygon, if all the sides are not E
equal.
A D

Scalene triangle Rectangle Pentagon B C

Terms related to Polygon ∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + ∠ D + ∠ E
= ( 5 – 4 ) x 1800 = 1800
Diagonal (fod.kZ) : Line segment joining any two non-
consecutive vertices. 5) Interior angle + Exterior angle = 1800
6) Exterior angle = 1800 – Interior angle
A B
**For a regular polygon of n sided
1) Each interior angle =

(n − 2 )×180
n
D C 360
2) Each exterior angle =
AC & BD are diagonals. n
360
3) Number of Sides =
FORMULA related to Polygon each exterior angle
n 2  180 
1) Sum of interior angles of a polygon 4) Area = a cot  
= (n – 2) x 1800 4  n 
2) Sum of exterior angles
= 3600 Where a = length of sides
3) Number of diagonals 3 2
5) Area of equilateral triangle = a
n (n − 3) n 4
= = C2 − n
2 6) Area of square = a2
3 3 2
4) Sum of vertices angles of n sided star shaped 7) Area of hexagon = a
polygon = (n – 4) x 1800 2
A
Properties related to Polygon
B F 1. In any polygon (except triangle and quadrilat-

eral) sum of interior angles is greater than sum
of exterior angles.
C E 2. Triangle is only one polygon in which sum of in-
terior angles is half of sum of exterior angles.
D
3. Quadrilateral is only one polygon in which sum
of interior angles is equal to sum of exterior
∠A+ ∠B + ∠C + ∠D + ∠E angles.

TRIANGLE (f=kHkqt) Note (11) : In right angle triangle sum of other two
angle is equal to 900 .
Triangle - A triangle is a plane and closed geometrical Note (12) : If sum of two angles is equal to third angle
figure, bounded by three line segments. A triangle has than triangle is right angled triangle.
three sides (Hkqtk), three angles (dks.k) and three vertices Note (13) : In right angled triangle c2=a2 + b2 where
('kh"kZ)- a, b & c are length of sides and c is greatest side.
Types of triangle (According to side)
3) Obtuse-angled Triangle (vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt): If one of
1) Equilateral Triangle (leckgq f=kHkqt) : A triangle in the angles of a triangle is an obtuse angle, it is called
which all the three sides are equal. an obtuse-angled triangle.
Note (1) : In equilateral triangle all angles are Note (14) : If sum of two angle is less than 900, than
equal. triangle is obtuse angled triangle.
Note (2) : In equilateral triangle each angle is equal Note (15) : In Obtuse angled triangle c2 > a2 + b2 where
to 600 . a, b & c are length of sides and c is greatest side.
2) Isosceles Triangle (lef}ckgq f=kHkqt) : A triangle in

which any of two sides are equal. Terms related to Triangle
Note (3) : In Isosceles triangle two angles are 1) Median (ekfè;dk) : The straight line joining a vertex
equal. of a triangle to the mid-point of the opposite side is
Note (4) : If two sides of a triangle are equal than called a median. A triangle has three medians.
angle opposite to them are equal.
A
Note (5) : If two angles of a triangle are equal than
sides opposite to them are equal.
3) Scalene Triangle (fo"keckgq f=kHkqt) : A triangle in which

all the sides are unequal.
B D C
Note (6) : In scalene triangle all the three angles are If BD = DC than AD is median
unequal.
Note (7) : If two sides of a triangles are unequal than Note (16) : In equilateral triangle all the three medians
greater side has greater angle opposite to it. are equal in length.
Note (8) : If two angles of a triangle are unequal than Note (17) : In Isosceles triangle medians drawn from
greater angle has greater side opposite to it. vertex of each equal angles are equal. That means
in Isosceles triangle two medians are equal.
Types of Triangle (According to angle)
Note (18) : In isosceles triangle median drawn from
vertex of unequal angle is perpendicular to side.
1) Acute-angled Triangle (U;wudks.k f=kHkqt) : If all the
three angles of a triangle are acute angles it is called
an acute-angled triangle. A
Note (9) : In acute angle triangle sum of any two
10
angles is greater than 900.

0
0
Note (10) : In acute angle triangle c2 < a2 + b2 (where

400 400
a, b & c are length of sides and C is greatest side.
B D C
2) Right-angled Triangle (ledks.k f=kHkqt) : If one of the Note (19) : In Isosceles triangle median drawn from
angles of a triangle is a right angle, it is called right- vertex unequal angle is bisect the vertex angle.
angled triangle.

A
A
Centroid
G
B D C
B D C
∠ BAD = ∠ DAC
AG : GD = 2 : 1
Note (20) : In scalene triangle all the three medians
are unequal. 3) Altitude / Perpendicular / Height (mQ¡pkbZ @ yEc) :
An altitude of a triangle, with respect to a side, is the
Note (21) : In any triangle median lie always inside perpendicular line segment drawn to the side from
of triangle. the opposite vertex.
Note (22) : The three medians of a triangle are
A
concurrent (,d fcUnqxkeh) . That means they have a
common point of intersection.
Note (23) : In right-angle triangle median drawn from
vertex of right angle to hypotenuse is equal to half of
the hypotenuse. C
B D
A AD is altitude with respect to the side BC.
Note (25) : In equilateral triangle all the three perpen-

D dicular are equal in length.
Note (26) : In equilateral triangle perpendicular and
median are same line segment.
A
B C
1
BD = AC
Or, 2
B D C
If median is equal to half of its corresponding side
than triangle must be right-angled triangle. Note (27) : In Isosceles triangle two perpendicular
drawn from equal angles to equal sides are equal and
2) Centroid (dsUæd ;k xq:Ro dsUæ) : The three medians perpendicular drawn from unequal angle to unequal
of a triangle always intersect each-other at the same side is also median and also angle bisector.
point. This point of intersection of the medians is A
called centroid of the triangle.
E D
Centroid
B F C
If AB = AC than BD = CE
Note (24) : Centroid divides the median into the ratio AF is bisector of ∠ A and also median.
of 2 : 1.

Note (28) : In scalene triangle all the three perpen- A

dicular are unequal.
F E
Note (29) : In acute angle triangle all the three per-
pendicular lie inside of triangle. O orthocentre
Note (30) : In right angle triangle two sides containing B D C
right angles are also altitude and one altitude from
vertex of right angle is inside of triangle. Note (35) : Angle made by any side on ortho-centre
C is supplementary of opposite angle.
A
D x
O orthocentre
y
B C
A B
x + y = 1800
AC, AB & AD are altitudes. Note (36) : In equilateral triangle centroid and ortho-
centre are same point.
Note (31) : In obtuse angle triangle two altitudes from
acute angles are outside of triangle and one altitude Note (37) : In isosceles triangle centroid and orthocen-
is inside of triangle. ter are two different points lie on the perpendicular or
median drawn from unequal angle to unequal side.
A A
entre
orthoc
E centroid
B D C
B C
D Note (38) : In isosceles triangle vertex centroid and
orthocenter are collinear points.
Note (39) : A line segment joining centroid and or-
F thocenter makes 900 with side or bisect the side then
triangle is isosceles triangle.
AD, BE and CF are altitudes on the sides BC, AC &
AB respectively. Note (40) : In scalene triangle vertex, centroid and
orthocenter are three non-collinear points.
Note (32) : Greatest side has least altitude and least
side has greatest altitude. Note (41) : In acute angle triangle orthocenter lie
inside of triangle.
Note (33) : In any line segment joining vertex to op-
posite side perpendicular is shortest. Note (42) : In right angle triangle orthocenter is vertex
of right angle.
Note (34) : The three perpendiculars are concur- A
rent.
D
4) Orthocentre (yEcdsUæ) : The three altitudes of a tri-
angle always intersect each-other at the same point.
This point of intersection of the altitudes is called
orthocenter of the triangle orthocentre C
B

Note (43) : In obtuse angle triangle orthocentre lie Note (49) : All the three angle-bisectors are concur-
outside of triangle. rent.
A 6) Incentre (var% dsUæ) : The point of intersection of the

internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle is called
its incentre.
A
Incentre
C
B
B C
Note (50) : Angle made by any side on incentre is

Orthocentre equal to 900 + half of opposite angle.
O
A
5) Angle Bisector (v¼Zd) : A line segment joining
vertex to opposite side such that it bisect the vertex I Incentre
angle.
A
B C
1
∠ BIC = 90 + ∠A
B C 2
Note (51) : In-centre is equidistant from all the three
sides.
Note (44) : In equilateral triangle all the three angle
bisectors are equal in length.
A re
Note (45) : In equilateral triangle angle bisector, per- Incent
pendicular and median are same line segment. D E
I
Note (46) : In isosceles triangle angle bisectors drawn
from equal angles are equal in length and angle bisec-
tor drawn from unequal angle is also perpendicular B F C
and median. ID = IE = IF
A
Note (52) : In equilateral, triangle centroid, orthocen-
ter, and incentre are same point.
E D
Note (53) : In Isosceles triangle centroid, orthocenter
and incentre are three different points situated on
C median/ perpendicular/ angle-bisector drawn from
B F
unequal angle to unequal side.
In ∆ ABC, ∠ B = ∠ C & BD, CE & AF Note (54) : In isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre
are angle bisectors than BD = CE and incentre are three different collinear points.
Note (55) : In scalene triangle centroid, orthocen-
Note (47) : In scalene triangle all the three angle ter and incentre are three different non-collinear
bisectors are unequal in length. points.
Note (48) : Angle bisector lie always inside of ∆. Note (56) : In any triangle incentre lie inside of the

triangle. Note (64) : In scalene triangle all the three perpen-

dicular bisector not going through vertices.
7) Incircle (var%o`Ùk ) : A circle inside of triangle touches Note (65) : All the three perpendicular bisectors are
all the three sides of triangle and its centre is incentre concurrent.
of triangle.
A
9) Circumcentre ( ifjdsUæ ) : The point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle
is called circumcentre.
Incentre
B C
circumcentre
Note (57) :
Area of triangle Note (66) : Circumcentre is equidistant from all the

Inradius = three vertices.
semi perimetre of triangle
A
8) Perpendicular Bisector (yEc lef}Hkktd) : If a line
passes through the mid-point of a side of a triangle
and perpendicular to it, then the line is called the circumcentre
perpendicular bisector of the line segment. O

Note (58) : In equilateral triangle all the three perpen- B C
dicular bisector are equal in length. OA = OB = OC
Note (59) : In equilateral triangle perpendicular bisec-
tor, median, perpendicular and angle bisector are Note (67) : Angle made by any side on circumcentre
same line segment. is twice of opposite angle.
Note (60) : In isosceles triangle perpendicular bisec- A

tors drawn on equal sides are equal in length.
x tre
circumcen
A O
F D 2x
B C
E G
B C Note (68) : In quilateral triangle centroid, orthocenter,
incentre and circumcentre are same point.
DE = FG
Note (69) : In Isosceles triangle centroid, orthocenter,
Note (61) : In isosceles triangle perpendicular bi- incentre and circumcentre are four different points
sectors drawn on equal sides not going through situated on one line segment joining vertex and mid-
vertices. point of unequal side.
Note (62) : In isosceles triangle perpendicular bisector Note (70) : In Isosceles triangle centroid orthocenter,
drawn on unequal side is also median, perpendicular incentre and circumcentre are four different collinear
and angle bisector. points.
Note (63) : In scalene triangle all the three perpen- Note (71) : In scalene triangle centroid, orthocenter,
dicular bisectors are unequal. incentre and circumcentre are four different non-
collinear points.

Note (72) : In acute triangle circumcentre lie inside Congruence of Triangle

of triangle. (f=kHkqtksa dh lokZaxlerk )
Note(73): In right angle triangle circumcentre is mid-
point of hypotenuse. Two triangle are said to be congruent if they are
equal in shape and size both.
Note (74) : In obtuse angle triangle circumcentre lies Or,
outside of the triangle. Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of
Note(75): Line segment joining circumcentre and mid- them can be made to superpose (,d nwljs ij js[k nsuk) on
point of side is perpendicular on side or vice-versa. the other, so as to cover it exactly.
10) Circumcircle (ifjo`Ùk) : Circumcircle is a circle passing

A D
through all the three vertices of triangle and its centre
is circumcentre of triangle .
B C E F
If ∆ ABC superposes on ∆ DEF exactly such that

the vertices of ∆ ABC fall on the vertices of ∆ DEF in
the following order.
A ↔ D, B ↔ E, C ↔ F
Note (76) : Length of circum radius =
Then we have following six equalities –
product of sides
AB = DE, BC = EF, CA = FD
4 × Area of triangle (i.e., corresponding sides are congruent)
Note (77) : In right angle triangle circum radius is ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F

equal to half of its hypotenuse. (i.e., corresponding angles are congruent)
Note (78) : In right angle triangle hypotenuse is the (i) Corresponding sides (laxr Hkqtk) = Sides opposite
diameter of circumcircle. to equal angle.
Note (79) : In equilateral triangle
(ii) Corresponding angles (laxr dks.k) = Angles op-
(i) Inradius : circumradius = 1 : 2 posite to equal sides.
(ii) Area of incircle : Area of circumcircle= 1 : 4 (iii) If ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF that means
a ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F and
(iii) In radius =
2 3 AB = DE, BC = EF, Ac = DF
a (iv) If ∆ DEF ≅ ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF ≅ ∆ PQR then

(iv) Circum radius =
3 ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ PQR
(v) Area of shaded region : Area of unshaded region
=1:3
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS (CRITERIA)
FOR CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES
1) SIDE – SIDE – SIDE (S-S-S) Congruence

Criterion : Two triangles are congruent if the
three sides of one triangle are equal to the cor-
responding three sides of the other triangle.

(i)
A D If AB = DE, AC = DF & ∠A= ∠D
then ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF
A D
B C E F x0 7
5 5
If AB = DE, BC = EF & AC = DF, then ∆ x0
ABC ≅ ∆ DEF. B C E 7 F
(ii) (a) ∆ ACB ≅ ∆ FED (RIGHT)

(b) ∆ BAC ≅ ∆ DFE (RIGHT)
A D
(c) ∆ BCA ≅ ∆ FED (WRONG)
5 7 7 6 (d) ∆ CBA ≅ ∆ DEF (WRONG)

(iii)
B C E F
6 5
A D
(a) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ EFD (RIGHT)
5 x0 7
(b) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DFE (WRONG)
x0
(c) ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ FED (WRONG)
B 7 C E F
(d) ∆ CAB ≅ ∆ DEF (RIGHT) 5
(e) ∆ BAC ≅ ∆ FED (RIGHT)
Two triangles are not congruent because
(iii) PQ = LM, QR = MN & PR = LN the equal angle should be the angle included
between the sides.
(a) ∆ PQR ≅ ∆ LMN (RIGHT)
(iv) PQ = ST, QR = TM & ∠Q = ∠T
(b) ∆ PRQ ≅ ∆ LNM (RIGHT)
then, ∆ PQR ≅ ∆ STM
(c) ∆ QRP ≅ ∆ MNL (RIGHT)
(d) ∆ QPR ≅ ∆ LMN (WRONG) 3) ANGLE-SIDE-ANGLE (A-S-A) Congruence
Criterion : Two triangles are congruent if two
2) SIDE-ANGLE-SIDE (S-A-S) Congruence Crite- angles and the included side of one triangle are
rion : Two triangles are congruent if two sides equal to the corresponding two angles and the
and the included angle of one are equal to the included side of the other triangle.
corresponding sides and the included angle of
the other triangle. A D
(i)
A D
B C E F
If ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F & BC = EF
then,
B C E F ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF

4) ANGLE-ANGLE-SIDE (A-A-S) Criterion of Con- SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES

gruence : If any two angles and a non-included (f=kHkqtksa dh le:irk )
side of one triangle are equal to the correspond-
ing angles and side of another triangle, then two Two triangle are said to be similar if they are equal
triangles are congruent.
in shape (vkdkj) but need not to be equal in size.
A Or
D
Two triangles said to be similar if their corre-
sponding angles are equal and their corresponding sides
are proportional
A D
B C E F
If ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E & BC = EF
then, ∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF B C F
E
5) RIGHT ANGLE-HYPOTENUSE-SIDE (R-H-S)
Congruence Criterion : Two right triangles are If ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F and
congruent if the hypotenuse and one side of one
triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse AD BC AC
and one side of the other triangle. = = then ∆ABC ∆ABC  ∆DEF
DE EF DF
A D
CRITERIA OF SIMILARITY
1) A – A / A – A – A : If two triangles are equiangular,

then they are similar.
B C E F
A D
AC = DF, BC = EF & ∠ B = ∠ E = 900
then,
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ DEF
PROPERTIES RELATED TO B C E F
CONGRUENCE OF TRIANGLES
∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E & ∠ C = ∠ F then
Note-1 : If two triangles are congruent then their cor-
responding sides are equal. ∆ABC  ∆DEF .
Note-2 : If two triangles are congruent then their cor- 2) S – S – S : If the corresponding sides of two triangles
responding angles are equal. are proportional, then they are similar.
(i)
Note-3 : If two triangles are congruent then they must A D
be equiangular but if two triangles are equiangular then
they need not be congruent.
Note-4 : If two triangles are congruent then they are

equal in area and perimeter. B C E F
Note-5 : If two triangles are congruent then their all

AB BC AC
corresponding parts are equal. If = = , then ∆ABC  ∆DEF
DE EF DF

(ii)
A D AB AC
(ii) = & ∠A= ∠F
EF DF
4 6 15 18
then ∆ABC  ∆FED
B C E F
5 12
Properties related to Similarity
AB BC AC
= = , then ∆ABC  ∆FED Note-1 : If two triangles are similar than their corre-
EF DE DF sponding sides are proportional.
(iii)
A D AB AC BC
If ∆ABC  ∆DEF then = =
DE DF EF
4 8 12 9
Note-1 : If two triangles are similar than their all cor-
responding parts (except angles) are proportional. That
B C E F means ratio of corresponding sides = ratio of correspond-
6 6 ing median = ratio of corresponding height = ratio of
corresponding angle bisector = ratio of corresponding
4 6 8 perpendicular bisector.
Note- 3 : If two triangles are similar than they are equi-

angular and if two triangles are equiangular then they
6 9 12 are similar.
4 6 8
= =
6 9 12 If ∆ABC  ∆DEF then
AB BC CA ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E & ∠ C = ∠ F
= = , then ∆ABC  ∆EFD
EF FD DE
Note- 4 : If two triangles are similar than ratio between
3) S – A – S : If in two triangles, one pair of correspond- their perimeter is equal to ratio between their correspond-
ing sides are proportional and the included angles are ing sides.
equal then the two triangles are similar.
(i) Note-5 : If two triangles are similar than ratio between
A D their area is equal to ratio between square of their cor-
responding sides.
Note-6 : Line segment joining two sides parallel to third

side is divide triangle into two parts and forms a new
C triangle similar to original triangle.
B E F
A
AB AC
∠ A = ∠ D and = D E
DE DF

then ∆ABC  ∆DEF B C If DE | | BC then there
are two triangles ∆ADE & ∆ABC


∠A= ∠A A
∠D = ∠B
∠E = ∠C
D E

then ∆ADE  ∆ABC AD AE
B C If = then DE | | BC
DB EC
AD AE DE
 = = Note-10 : The line drawn from the mid-point of one side of
AB AC BC a triangle parallel to another side bisect the third side.
Note -7 : (Basic proportionality theorem or Thales theo- A

rem)- If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
intersecting the other two sides, then it divides the two
D E
sides in the same ratio.
A B C
If DE | | BC & D is midpoint of AB then AE = EC

D E
Note-11 : The line joining the midpoint of two sides of a
C triangle is parallel and equal to half of third side.
B
A
AD AE
If DE | | BC then =
DB EC D E
Note – 8 :
A B C
If D & E are midpoints of AB & AC then,

D E (i) DE | | BC
1
(ii) DE = BC
B C 2
(iii) Area of ∆ ADE : Area of ∆ ABC = 1 : 4
If DE | | BC then,
(iv) Area of ∆ADE : Area of  DBCE = 1 : 3
(i) ∆ADE  ∆ABC (v) Area of ∆ ABC : Area of  DBCE = 4 : 3
AD AE DB EC Note-12 : In right angle triangle perpendicular drawn

(ii) = (iii) = from the vertex of right angle to hypotenuse is divide the
DB EC AD AE triangle into two parts and forms two small triangle similar
to each other and also similar to original triangle.
AB AC AD AE
(iv) = (iv) =
AD AE AB AC A
x0
AB AC DB EC D
(vi) = (vii) =
DB EC AB AC
y
x y0
Note-9 : (Converse of the basic proportionally theorem) C
B
– If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, then the line must be parallel to the third side.
∆ABD  ∆BCD  ∆ACB

(a) (i) AB2 = AC x AD

(ii) BC 2
= AC x CD (i) ∆AOD  ∆COB &
(iii) BD 2
= AD x CD (ii) Area of ∆ AOB = Area of ∆COD
AB2 AC Note-15 : Line segment joining vertex and midpoint of

(b) (i) = a median divide the third side into the ratio of 1 : 2.
BD 2 CD
A
BC2 AC
(ii) =
BD 2 AD
E
2
F
AB AD
(iii) 2
=
BC CD B D C
If AD is median and F is midpoint of AD then
1 1 1 (i) AE : EC = 1 : 2
(c) (i) 2
= 2
+
BD AB BC 2 1
(ii) AE = AC
3
AB × BC
(ii) BD =
AC Note-16 : The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle
divides the opposite side internally in the ratio of the
Note-13 : Two poles of height x and y metres are ‘p’ sides containing the angle.
meters apart ( x > y). The height of the point of intersec-
tion of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot A
of the opposite pole is z metre than relation between x,
y & z is –
1 1 1 xy
(i) = + (ii) z = B
z x y x+y D C BD = AB
DC AC
Note-17 : If a line through one vertex of a triangle divides

the opposite sides in the ratio of other two sides, then,
x the line bisects the angle at the vertex.
y
z
Note-18 : The external bisector of an angle of a triangle
divides the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
Note-14 : Diagonal of trapezium divide it into four tri- containing the angle.
angles. Two triangles along with parallel side are similar
and two triangles along with non-parallel sides are equal A
in area.
A D
o
B C D
B C BD AB
If AD | | BC then =
CD AC

Note -19 : If three or more parallel lines are intersected 5) Angle made by bisector of any two angles is equal
by two transversals, than the intercepts made by them
on the transversals are proportional. 1
to 90 + of third angle.
2
P E A
Q
F O
R G B C
PQ EF
= 1
QR FG ∠BOC = 90 + ∠A
2
Note -20 : The line segment joining the midpoints of the
sides of a triangle form four congruent triangles, each of 6) Angle made by bisectors of any two exterior angles
which is similar to the original triangle. That means all the
four triangles are equal in area. 1
is equal to 90 − of third angle.
2
A
A
D E
B F C
B C
O
PROPERTIES RELATED TO TRIANGLE
(f=kHkqt ds xq.k ) 1
∠BOC = 90 − ∠A
2
1) The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 1800 .
2) Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than 7) Angle made by bisectors of one interior and one
the third side. exterior angle is equal to half of third angle.
3) Difference between any two sides of a triangle is A O

less than the third side.
4) If a side of triangle is produced the exterior angle
so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior
opposite angles.
B C
1
1
∠BOC = ∠A
2
2 1+2 8) Angle made by perpendicular and angle bisector
on vertex is equal to half of difference of other two
angles.

14) Area of triangle form by centroid and midpoint of any

A 1
two sides is equal to of original triangle.
12
B D E C F E
centroid
If AD ⊥ BC and AE is bisector of ∠A then o
1 B C
∠DAE = (∠B − ∠C )
2
1
9) Sum of exterior and interior opposite angle is equal Area of ∆OEF = Area of ∆ABC
12
to twice of the angle made by angle bisector on the
same side.
15) Any line segment joining vertex to opposite side is
bisected by the line segment joining midpoints of
others two sides.
A
x z y
x + y = 2z D E
10) Sum of any two sides greater than twice the median
drawn to the third side. C
B
A 16)
y
B D C x z
AB + AC > 2 AD
x+y+z
11) Perimetre of a triangle is greater than the sum of its
three medians. 17) In equilateral triangle, sum of perpendicular distances
of all the three sides from any point inside of triangle
12) The sum of three altitudes of a triangle is less than is equal to height of triangle.
the sum of three sides of the triangle.
A
13) Median divide the triangle into six small triangles equal
in area.
P Q
O
B R C
Height of equilateral triangle
ABC = OP + OQ + OR

18) In equilateral triangle – 23) Two triangle having equal perimeter, equilateral tri-
angle is maximum in area.
(i) Side : Height = 2: 3
(ii) (Side)2 : (Height)2 =4:3 A D
(iii) 3 x side2 = 4 x Height2
5 4 4 4
19) Line segment joining vertex to opposite side, divides
triangle into two parts and ratio between area of these
two triangles is equal to ratio between their bases. B C E F
3 4
A
Area of ∆DEF > Area of ∆ABC
24) Two triangle inscribed in circle equilateral triangle is

maximum in area.
B D C
25) PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
Area of ∆ABD BD (i) In Right Angle Triangle –

=
Area of ∆ADC DC A
20) Median divides the triangle into two parts equal in

area.
21) Two triangle having same base and between same

parallel equal in area. B C
A D AC2 = AB2 + BC2

R S
(ii) In Obtuse Angle Triangle –
B C
If RS | | BC then
Area of ∆ABC = Area of ∆BDC D B C
22) Area of triangle is equal to half of area of a paral- AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC x BD
lelogram having same base and between same
parallel. (iii) In Acute Angle Triangle –
A E D A
B C
1 B D C
Area of ∆BEC = Area of parallelogram ABCD
2 AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC x BD

(iv)
A (viii) Basic Pythagorean Triplets –
(3, 4, 5), (5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25),
(8, 15, 17), (9, 40, 41), (11, 60, 61)
n
B n+
D C 2n + 1
AD is median If n = 1 =>
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
(v) 1 1 (4) +1
1+ = 1+ = (5)
2 ×1 + 1 3 (3)
A
(3, 4, 5)
F E If n = 2 =>
2 2 (12) +1
2+ = 2+ = (13)
B C 2× 2 +1 5 (5)
D
(5, 12, 13)
AD, BE & CF are medians
3 (AB2 + BC2 + CA2 ) = 4 (AD2 + BE2 + CF2 )
FORMULA RELATED TO TRIANGLE
(vi) In a right angle triangle, four times the sum of
the square of the medians drawn from the acute
angles is equal to five times the square of the 1
1) Area of triangle = x base x height
hypotenuse. 2
A 2) Area of triangle = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c
a+b+c
F Where, s = and a, b & c are length of
sides. 2
B E C 4
3) Area of triangle = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c
3
4 (AE2 + CF2 ) = 5AC2
a+b+c
Where, s = and a, b & c are length of
(vii) ABC is right triangle right-angled at B. D and E medians. 2
be any points on AB and BC respectively. Then
AE2 + CD2 = AC2 + DE2
A 3
4) Height of equilateral triangle = × side
2
5) Length of side of equilateral triangle
D
2
= × height
3
B E C

QUADRILATERAL (prqHkqZt)
3
6) Area of equilateral triangle = × side 2 A geometrical figure bounded by four line seg-
4 ment is called quadrilateral.
(height )
2
7) Area of equilateral triangle = Properties related to quadrilateral

3
1) Sum of interior angles is equal to 3600
1
8) Height of isosceles triangle = 4b 2 − a 2 2) Sum of exterior angles is equal to 3600
Where b is equal side 2
3) Angle made by bisectors of any two consecutive
angles is equal to half of sum of others to angles.
a
9) Area of isosceles triangle = 4b 2 − a 2 A D
4
o
B C
1
∠BOC = (∠A + ∠D )
2
4) Sum of pair of interior opposite angle is equal to
sum of pair of other two exterior opposite angles.
p s
r q
r+s=p+q
5) Line segment joining midpoints of any two adjacent

sides is parallel and equal to half of corresponding
diagonal.
A Q D
B C
1
PQ | | BD & PQ = BD
2
6) Quadrilateral formed by line segment joining mid-
points of sides of original quadrilateral is a paral-
lelogram.
7) Area of quadrilateral joining midpoints of sides is

equal to half of original quadrilateral.

TYPES OF QUADRILATERAL 2) Bisectors of the angles of a parallelogram form a

rectangle.
3) Sum of any two consecutive angles are
1) Parallelogram ( lekarj prqHkqZt ) supplementary.
2) Rectangle ( vk;r ) A D
3) Square ( oxZ )
4) Rhombus ( leprqHkqZt )
5) Trapezium ( leyEc prqHkZt )
Parallelogram (lekarj ;k lekukarj prqHkqZt) B C
A quadrilateral whose both pair of opposite sides ∠ A+ ∠ B = ∠ B+ ∠ C = ∠ C + ∠ D =

are parallel, is called a parallelogram.
∠ D + ∠ A = 1800
A D
4) Bisector of any two consecutive angles intersect

at 900 .
A D
B C
AD | | BC & AB | | CD o
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if any one of the

following holds : B C
1) Each pair of opposite sides are parallel. ∠ BOD = 900

Or
2) Each pair of opposite sides are equal. 5) Two parallelograms having same base and between
Or same parallel equal in area.
3) Each pair of opposite angles are equal.
Or A E D F
4) One pair of opposite sides are parallel and equal.
Or
5) Diagonal bisect each other.
B C
Properties related to parallelogram
Area of | | gm ABCD = Area of | |gm EBCF
1) In parallelogram, diagonal bisect each other and
6) Area of a parallelogram and a rectangle having
each diagonal bisect the parallelogram into two
same base and between same parallel equal in
congruent triangles.
area.
A D
E A F D
B C
B C
Area of | | gm ABCD = Area of rectangle EBCF

∆ABD ≅ ∆CDB

7) Area of a triangle is equal to half of area of a | | gm Properties of Rectangle

having same base and between same parallel.
1) Pair of opposite sides are equal.
A E D
A D
B C
B C
1
Area of ∆BEC = Area of ||gm ABCD AD = BC & AB = CD
2
2) Each angle is equal to 900
8) Parallelogram inscribed in circle is rectangle or
3) Diagonals are equal.
square.
4) Diagonal bisect each other but not perpendicu-
9) Parallelogram circumscribed is circle is rhombus larly.
or square.
5) Diagonals are not angle bisector.
10) Sum of squares of sides is equal to sum of squares 6) Line segment joining midpoints of rectangle forms
of diagonal.. a rhombus
A D 7) Area of rectangle = Length x Breadth
8) Perimetre of rectangle = 2 ( l + b)
9) Diagonal rectangle = l2 + b 2
B C
SQUARE
(i) AC2 + BD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2
Square is a parallelogram in which all sides are equal and
(ii) AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2 )
each angle is equal to 900.
11) Area of parallelogram = Base x Height
A D
12) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal then
all its angles are right angles that means it is a
rectangle or square.
900 900
B C
RECTANGLE
AB = BC = CD = DA
Rectangle is a parallelogram in which each angle is
equal to 900. Properties of Square
A D 1) All sides are equal

2) Each angles is equal to 900 .
3) Diagonals are equal.
900 900
B C 4) Diagonals bisect each-other perpendicularly.
5) Diagonals are angle bisector.

6) Area = (Side)2 Diagonal side & Angle properties of all Parallelo-

gram
7) Perimetre = 4 x side
8) Diagonal = 2 × side
Diagonal side & Parall- Rect- Rhom- Squ
9) Line segment joining midpoints of sides is form a Angle properties elogra angle bus are
square. 1) Diagonal bisect
each other
   
RHOMBUS
2) Diagonals are
equal
   
Rhombus is a parallelogram in which all sides are
equal. 3) Diagonal is an-
gle bisector
   
A 4) Diagonals are
perpendicular to    
each other
B D 5) Diagonal makes
4 congruent trian-    
gle
C 6) All sides are
equal
   
AB = BC = CD = DA 7) All angle are
Right Angle.
   
Properties of Rhombus
1) All sides are equal. Trapezium (leyEc prqHkqZt )

2) Pair of opposite angles are equal.
3) Diagonals are not equal. A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides
are parallel.
4) Diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly. D
A
5) Diagonals are angle bisector
1
6) Area = × product of diagonals
2
7) Perimetre = 4 x side
B C
8) Line segment joining midpoints of sides forms a AD | | BC

rectangle.
If non-parallel sides are equal then it is called isos-
Relation between Parallelogram, Rectangle, celes trapezium.
Square & Rhombus
A D
Parallelogram
Rhombus
Rectangle
Square
B C
AD | | BC & AB = CD

Properties related to trapezium

A D
1) Consecutive angles along both parallel sides are
supplementary.
A D
B C
If AD | | BC & AB = CD then
AC = BD
B C
6) In Isosceles trapezium consecutive angles along
AD | | BC then
each parallel sides are equal.
∠ A + ∠ B = ∠ D + ∠ C = 1800 A D
2) Diagonal of trapezium intersect each other propor-
tionally.
A D B C
o ∠B = ∠C & ∠A= ∠D
7) In Isosceles trapezium pair of opposite angles are

B C supplementary.
AO OD A D
=
OC OB
3) If the diagonal of a quadrilateral divide each other

proportionally, then it is a trapezium.
B C
4) Any line parallel to the parallel side of a trapezium
divides the non-parallel sides proportionally. ∠ A + ∠ C = ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800
A D 8) Vertices of Isosceles trapezium are concyclic.
9) Area of trapezium =
E F
1
( sum of parallel sides) x height
2
B C
AD | | EF | BC then
AE DF
=
EB FC
5) In Isosceles trapezium diagonals are equal.

CIRCLE (o`Ùk)
Arc is denoted by counter clockwise direction.
A circle is a simple closed curve, all the points of 
 | Major arc => BA
which are at the same distance from a given fixed point. Minor arc => AB
The fixed point is called centre of the circle.
5) Concentric Circles (ldsfUæ;o`Ùk) : Circles having the
same centre are said to be concentric circles.
centre (dsUæ)
circumference (ifjf/)
Terms related to Circle

6) Secant of a circle ( izfrPNsnhjs[kk ) : A straight line inter-
secting the circle at two points, is called a secant.
1) Radius (f=kT;k) : Line segment joining centre and
any point of circle.
Radius (f=kT;k)
7) Tangent of a circle ( LiZ'kjs[kk) : A straight line touch-

2) Chord (thok) : A line segment joining any two points ing the circle at one point only is called a tangent.
on a circle is called chord of the circle.
Chord (thok)
8) Semicircle (v¼Zo`Ùk) : A diameter of a circle divides

3) Diameter (O;kl) : A chord passing through the cen-
the circumference of the circle into two equal arcs
tre of a circle is known as its diameter. Diameter is
and each of these arcs is known as a semicircle.
longest chord.
9) Sector of a circle (f=kT;[k.M) : The part of a circle

Diameter (O;kl) enclosed by an arc and two radii is called a sector.
4) Arc of a circle (pki ) : A continuous piece of a circle

is called an arc. Major Sector
A B Minor Sector

2. The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a

10) Segment of a circle (o`Ùk[k.M) : The part of the circu- chord bisects the chord.
lar region enclosed by an arc and the chord joining
the end points of the arc is called a segment of the
circle. O
Major Sector
P L Q
If OL ⊥ PQ then PL = LQ
Minor Sector
3. The line joining the centre of a circle to the midpoint
of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
11) Central Angle ( dsUæh;dks.k) : An angle subtended by
4. Perpendicular bisector of a chord passing through
an arc (or a chord) at the centre is called a central
the centre.
angle.
5. Perpendicular bisectors of two or more chords inter-
sect at its centre.
6. If two circles intersect at two points then the line seg-

ment joining their centre is perpendicular bisector of
common chord.
12) Inscribed Angle ( ifjf/dks.k) : An angle, whose vertex A

lies on the circumference of a circle and the two arms
are the chords of the circle, is called an inscribed
O O'
angle.
C
AC = BC and OC ⊥ AB
Properties related to Circle 7. If two circle intersect each other and they are passing
through each other centre then circles are congruent
1. If to arcs of a circle are congruent then corresponding that means they have equal radius.
chords are equal.
O O'
C
A B
8. If two circles intersect each other and they are pass-
ing through each other centre then length of common
If  = CD
AB  then AB = CD
chord is equal to 3r

15. If the angles subtended by two chords of a circle at

P the centre are equal, the chords are equal.
16. If two chords are unequal then larger chord is nearer

to the centre.
17. If two chords of a circle are equally inclined to the

diameter through their point of intersection then the
Q chords are equal and their segments are equal.
B O A C
PQ = 3 r
9. Bisectors of two or more parallel chords passes

through the centre. P
10. If a diameter of a circle bisects each of the two chords A D B

of a circle then the chords are parallel.
AB = AC AB = CD
11. If two circles intersect each other than the line seg- AP = CP
ment joining their centre make equal angle at point PD = PB
of intersection.
A C
C
A B
B D
P
D
AB = CD
AP = CP
∠ACB = ∠ADB BP = DP
12. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre. 18. If two chords of a circle bisect one another they must
be diameters.
13. Chords of a circle which are equidistant from the
centre are equal. 19. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the
centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
14. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angle at the point on the remaining part of the circle.
centre.
O 2x x
A D
20. Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
B C
x0 x0
If AB = CD then ∠ AOB = ∠ COD

21. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 25. If two circle touches each other then point of contact
divide the line segment passing through their point
of contact such that it touch circumference of both
900 the circle, in the ratio of their radius.
22. Angle made by a chord in minor segment is obtuse r1 r2

and in major segment is acute.
B
PA r1
Acute Angle
=
PB r2
26. Two equal chords AB and CD of a circle with centre

O, when produced to meet at point E, then BE = DE
Obtuse Angle that means AE = CE
23. If a line segment makes equal angle at two points A

than two end points of line segment and two point B
that means all the four points are concyclic. E
B D
A
C
x0 x0
If AB = CD, then BE= DE & AC = CE
P Q 27. If two chords intersect each other then angle

made by them on point of intersection –
A, P, B, Q are concyclic
A
24. If two chords intersect each other internally or ex- B
ternally then product of their segments are equal. x0
D
A D
C
P
1
C B x= × angle by
2
( arc AC – arc BD) at the centre
A
PA x PB = PC x PD
D
x0
A
B
B
C
P
D
1
C x= × angle by
2
PA x PB = PC x PD (arc AC + arc BD) at centre

Cyclic Properties of Circle 5. If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel then
the remaining two sides are equal and diagonal are
Cyclic quadrilateral (pfØ;prqHkqZt) : A cyclic quadrilat- also equal.
eral is called cyclic quadrilateral if its all vertices lie on a
circle. 6. If two opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are
equal, then the other two sides are parallel.
C
D
7. If the bisectors of the opposite angles ∠ P and ∠
R of a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS intersect the cor-
B responding circle at A and B respectively, then AB
A is a diameter of the circle.
B
1. The sum of either pair or opposite angles of a cyclic P S
quadrilateral is 1800.
D Q R
A
A
8. The sum of the angles in the four segments exterior

C
to a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to 6 right angles.
B
A
∠ A + ∠ C = 1800 and ∠ B + ∠ D = 1800 P S
2. If the sum of any pair of opposite angles of a quad- D B

rilateral is 1800, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Q R
3. If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced,
C
then the exterior angle is equal to interior opposite
angle.
∠ A + ∠ B + ∠ C + ∠ D = 900 x 6 = 5400
A
D 9. ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. AB and DC are pro-
duced to meet in E, then ∆ EBC ~ ∆ EDA .
D
C E C
B
E
∠ CDE = ∠ A B
A
4. The quadrilateral formed by angle bisectors of a
cyclic quadrilateral is also cyclic. 10. AB is diameter of a circle. Chord CD is equal to
radius. If AC and BD when produced intersect at P,
A D then ∠ APB = 600
P
A
Q S
B
R
B C 600
D
PQRS is cyclic quadrilateral
C

TANGENT AND ITS PROPERTIES

(ii) ∆PAO ≅ ∆PBO
(iii) ∠ P + ∠ O = 1800
1) A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius
through the point of contact. (iv) PO is a angle bisector of ∠ P & ∠ O
(v) OP is perpendicular bisector of AB
(vi)  < BA
AB 
O
8) If a line touches a circle and from the point of contact

a chord is drawn, the angles between the tangent
A P B OP ⊥ AB and the chord are respectively equal to the angles
in the corresponding alternate segment.
2) A line drawn through the end point of a radius and
Q
perpendicular to it is a tangent to the circle.
3) One and only one tangent can be drawn to a circle

at a given point on the circumference. S
T
4) The perpendicular to a tangent through its point of
a contact passes through the centre of the circle.
P B
A
5) If two circles touches each-other, the point of contact

lies on the straight line joining their centers.
∠ QPB = ∠ PSQ & ∠ QPA = ∠ PTQ
X Y
A P B
6) From any point outside a circle two tangents can be
drawn to it and they are equal in length. ∠ APX = ∠ PYX & ∠ BPY = ∠ PXY
A
9) If a chord and a tangent intersect externally then the
product of the lengths of the segments of the chord is
equal to the square of the length of the tangent from
P the point of contact to the point of intersection.
T
B PA = PB
7) P
A Q
R
P O PR x RQ = TR2
10) Two circles touch externally and through the point

B of contact a straight line is drawn, touches the
circumference of both circle, then the tangent at its
(i) PA = PB extremities are parallel.

14)
A A E
B B
C C D
F
D
If AB | | CD than ∠ EOF = 900
AB | | CD
15) Tangents at the end point of a diameter of a circle
11) If a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral are parallel.
then the sum of opposite pair of sides are equal.
R S
A
d
c
B
C a P Q
b PQ | | RS
D
16) Common tangents to two circle
AB + DC = BC + DA
Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)(s − d)
12) A circle touching the side BC of ∆ABC at P and touch-

ing AB and AC produced at Q and R respectively
No common tangent
1
then AQ = (perimeter of ∆ABC)
2
A
B P C
Q R
One common tangent
13) Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with

centre O from an external point T, then ∠ PTQ = 2
∠ OPQ . Two common tangent
T O
Q
Three common tangent

22)
A
E B
Four common tangent D

C F
17) The two direct common tangent (vuq Li'kZ js[kk) drawn (i) AB = CD = EF
to two circles are equal in length. (ii) AE = EB = EG = GF = CF = FD
A
B 23)
A
B
D
C
AB = CD
∠ ACB = 900
24) If direct common tangent of two circle and the line

18) The length of a direct common to two circles is segment joining their centres intersect each-other
at a point. Then point of intersection divide the line
d 2 − (r1 − r2 ) , where d is the distance between
2
segment joining their centre externally into the ratio
of their radius.
the centres of the circles, and r1 and r2 are the radii
of given circles. r1
r2
19) The two transverse common tangent (vuqizLFk Li'kZ o o' B
js[kk) drawn to two circles are equal in length. BO r1
=
BO ' r2
A
D
Area and Perimetre of Circle
C B 1. Area of circle = π r2
AB = CD 2. Perimetre of circle = 2 π r
20) The length of a transverse common tangent to two 1 2

3. Area of semicircle = πr
2
d 2 − (r1 + r2 )
2
circles is
4. Perimeter of semicircle = ( π +2)r
1 2
21) The transverse common tangents drawn to two
5. Area of a quadrant of a circle = πr
4
circles intersect on the line drawn through the cen-
tres of the circles. π 
6. Perimeter of a quadrant of a circle =  + 2 r
2 
θ
7. Area of a sector of a circle = × πr 2
360
θ
8. Length of arc = × 2πr
360

MENSURATION ( 3-D) 10) A box having open top (fcuk <Ddu dk ckWDl)
(i) Internal length (Hkhrjh yEckbZ ) =
CUBOID (Parallelepiped) ?kukHk (lekarj "kV~iQyd) External length – 2 (thickness of material )
(ii) External length = Internal length +
2 ( thickness of material )
(iii) Internal breadth = External breadth -
h 2 (thickness of material)
(iv) External breadth= Internal breadth+
l 2 ( thickness of material)
b (v) Internal height = External height –
( thickness of material)
1) Volume (vk;ru) = Area of base x height (vi) External height = Internal height +
(thickness of material)
2) Volume = lxbxh
CUBE ( ?ku @ le"kV~iQyd )
3) Volume = A1 × A2 × A3 where A1, A2
& A3 are area of three adjacent
faces.
4) Diagonal (fod.kZ) = l 2 + b2 + h2
h
5) Lateral surface Area or Area of four walls ( ik'ohZ;
lrg dk {ks=kiQy ;k pkjksa nhokjksa dk {ks=kiQy ) = Pe- l
rimeter of base x height
b
6) Lateral surface Area = 2 ( l + b) h
1) Volume = a3 (a = length of side)
7) Total surface area (lEiw.kZ lrg dk {ks=kiQy)
= 2 (lb + bh + hl) 2) Lateral surface Area = 4a2
8) Total surface Area = 3) Total surface Area = 6a2
( l + b + h)2 - (diagonal)2
9) For a box having closed top (<Ddunkj ckWDl) 4) Diagonal = 3a

(i) Internal length (Hkhrjh yEckbZ ) =
External length – 2 (thickness of material )
(ii) External length = Internal length + Right Circular cylinder ( yEc o`Ùkh; csyu )
2 ( thickness of material )
(iii) Internal breadth = External breadth -
2 (thickness of material)
(iv) External breadth= Internal breadth+
2 ( thickness of material) h
(v) Internal height = External height –
2( thickness of material)
(vi) External height = Internal height + r
2 (thickness of material)

1) Volume = Area of base x height h = height of cone

l = slant height (frjNh mQ¡pkbZ ) of cone
2) Volume = π r2h r = radius of cone
3) Curved surface Area (oØ i`"B {ks=kiQy) =

Perimeter of base x height 1) Slant height = h2 + r 2
4) Curved surface Area = 2 π rh 1

2) Volume = × Area of base x height
3
5) Total surface Area = 2 π rh + 2 π r2
= 2 π r ( h + r) 1 2
3) Volume = πr h
3
1
Hollow Cylinder ( [kks[kyk csyu ) 4) Curved surface Area = × Perimeter of base x
slant height = π rl 2
R
5) Total surface Area = π rl + π r2
= π r(l+r)
h
6) If a cone is formed by sector of a circle then
(i) Slant height of cone
r = Radius of sector
(ii) Circumference of base of cone
= length of arc of sector
1) Thickness of material = R – r
7) Two cones having equal vertex angle
2) Area of each end = π ( R2 – r2 ) Cone – I
3) External surface Area = 2 π Rh
4) Internal surface Area = 2 π rh θ
5) Curved surface Area = 2 π Rh + 2 π rh L

H
= 2 π (R + r) h
6) Total surface Area = 2 π RH + 2 π rh

+ 2 ( π R 2 - π r2 ) R
= 2 π (R + r) ( R – r + h)
Volume of cone-I = A
Curved surface Area of cone-I = B
7) Volume of material =
External volume – Internal Volume
Cone – II
= π R2 h – π r2h = π (R2 – r2) h
Right Circular Cone ( yac o`Ùkh; 'kadq ) θ

h l
l
h r
r Volume of cone-II = a
Curved surface Area of cone-II = b

SPHERE ( xksyk )
H L R
(i) = =
h l r
r
A H 3 L3 R 3
(ii) = = =
a h3 l 3 r3
B H 2 L2 R 2
(iii) = = = 4
π r3
b h2 l 2 r 2 1) Volume =
3
Frustum of Cone ( fNUud ) 2) Surface Area = 4 π r2
r HEMISPHERE ( v¼xksyk )
l r
h
r
R
2 3
2 2
1) Volume = πr
1) Slant height of frustum = h + (R − r) 3
1 2) Curved surface Area = 2 π r2
2) Volume = × π (R2 + r2 + R  r) h
3
3) Total surface Area = 3 π r2
h
3) Volume = ( A1 + A2 + A1A 2 )
3 SPHERICAL SHELL ( xksykdkj [kksy )
Where A1 & A2 are area of base and top.
4) Curved surface Area = π (R + r) l r

R
5) Total surface Area = π (R + r) l +
π R2 + π r2 = π [ (R+r) l + R2 + r2 ]
4
hR 1) Volume of material = π (R3 – r3)
6) Height of cone of which frustum is a part = 3
R-r 2) Outer surface Area = 4 π R2
7) Slant height of cone of which frustum is a part
lR TORUS
=
R-r
hr
8) Height of cone of upper part of frustum =
R-r R
9) Slant height of cone of upper part of
lR r
frustum =
R-r

1) Volume = 2 x π 2 x R x r2 TETRAHEDRON ( leprq"iQyd )
2) Surface Area = 4 x π2 x R x r
PRISM ( fizTe )
Hexagonal base
Hexagonal face
2 3
1) Volume = a
12
2) Total surface Area = 3 a2
Hexagonal base
1) Volume = Area of base x height OCTAHEDRON ( lev"ViQyd )
2) Lateral surface Area =

Perimeter of base x height
3) Total surface Area = Lateral surface area + 2 x

Area of base
PYRAMID
2 3
1) Volume = a
3
2) Total surface Area = 2 3 a2
1
1) Volume = × Area of base x height
3
1
2) Lateral surface Area = × Perimeter of base x
2
slant height
3) Total surface Area = Lateral surface Area +

Area of base

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vmentoracademy.com SSCResult.

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

1) POINT (fcUnq) : A point is a mark of position which B

1) LINE (js[kk) : A line is a straight path that extends

A, B & C collinear points 3) RAY (fdj.k) : A line segment extended endlessly

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 2 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 3 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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5) Vertically Opposite Angles ('kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k) :

TERMS RELATED TO ANGLE C B

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 4 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

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** Transversal makes Eight Angles

A C B 3) Four pairs of corresponding angles (laxr

PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES

TRANSVERSAL (fr;Zd) AB | | CD & PQ is transversal

2) Pairs of alternate (interior or exterior) angles are

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 5 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

Note : If two lines are intersected by transversal 8)

900 ( dks.k dh eki )

There are three system used for the measurement of

7) 3) Circular measurement or Radian measure : The

y The angle subtended by arc of length radius at

Proof : l =>length of arc

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 6 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

i) Convex Polygon (mÙky cgqHkqt) : If each angle of

POLYGON (cgqHkqt) 600 600

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 7 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

1) Each interior angle =

B F 1. In any polygon (except triangle and quadrilat-

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 8 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

2) Isosceles Triangle (lef}ckgq f=kHkqt) : A triangle in

3) Scalene Triangle (fo"keckgq f=kHkqt) : A triangle in which

angles is greater than 900.

Note (10) : In acute angle triangle c2 < a2 + b2 (where

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 9 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

A AD is altitude with respect to the side BC.

Note (25) : In equilateral triangle all the three perpen-

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 10 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

Note (28) : In scalene triangle all the three perpen- A

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 11 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

A 6) Incentre (var% dsUæ) : The point of intersection of the

Note (50) : Angle made by any side on incentre is

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 12 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

triangle. Note (64) : In scalene triangle all the three perpen-

Area of triangle Note (66) : Circumcentre is equidistant from all the

Note (60) : In isosceles triangle perpendicular bisec- A

MATHEMATICS BY- RAHUL RAJ 13 GEOMETRY & MENSURATION

Downloaded From SSCResult.in

Note (72) : In acute triangle circumcentre lie inside Congruence of Triangle

10) Circumcircle (ifjo`Ùk) : Circumcircle is a circle passing

If ∆ ABC superposes on ∆ DEF exactly such that

Note (77) : In right angle triangle circum radius is ∠ A = ∠ D, ∠ B = ∠ E, ∠ C = ∠ F

a (iv) If ∆ DEF ≅ ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF ≅ ∆ PQR then

1) SIDE – SIDE – SIDE (S-S-S) Congruence