TEAM SPORTS

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 VOLLEYBALL

- is a recreational and competitive team sport in the form of hand tennis, in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net.
Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.
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Volleyball is one of the world’s top three participation sports; it has an estimated 250 million players worldwide; 210 different
countries are affiliated to the International Volleyball Federation, more than are affiliated to a world governing body for any other sport –
including football.
In essence, volleyball is a simple game which can be played by anyone, at any level; its worldwide popularity stems from the fact that
it can be played almost anywhere – inside a sports hall or gymnasium, or outside, on grass or sand. All that is needed for a friendly game is a
ball and a net or rope to knock the ball over. Played at its best, volleyball is one of the most exciting and spectacular sports in the world.

Objective:
Two teams of six players attempt to get the ball across the net using any part of the body above the waist, so that the opposing team
cannot return it. A team is allowed to hit the ball three times (in addition to the block contact) to return it to the opponent’s court.

History of Volleyball

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 On February 9, 1895, in Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA), William G Morgan, a YMCA Physical Education Director, created a new
game called Mintonette as a pastime to be played preferably indoors and by any number of players. The game took some of its characteristics
from tennis and handball.

The first rules, written down by William G. Morgan, called for a net 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) high, a 25×50 ft (7.6×15.2 m) court, and any
number of players. A match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, and no limit to the number of ball
contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents’ court. In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. Hitting the ball into
the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)—except in the case of the first-try serve.

After an observer, Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game at its first exhibition match in 1896, played at the
International YMCA Training School (now called Springfield College), the game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally
spelled as two words: "volley ball"). Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread
around the country to various YMCA’s.

The first official ball used in volleyball is disputed; some sources say that Spalding created the first official ball in 1896, while others
claim it was created in 1900. The rules have evolved over time; by 1916, the skill and power of the set and spike had been introduced, and four

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years later a “three hits” rule and back row hitting guidelines were established. In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. In 1919,
about 16,000 volleyball were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of
volleyball in new countries.
IVBF – the International Volleyball Federation, a government body formed in 1974.
1910 – volleyball introduced to the Philippines by Elwood brown, YMCA Director.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

1. THE PLAYING AREA

The playing area for volleyball is made up of the actual playing court, a rectangle measuring 18m x 9m, and the free zone, a
symmetrical area surrounding the court measuring at least 3m wide all around. The playing area must be free from all obstructions to a height
of at least 7 m above the floor.

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 The playing surface – normally wooden or synthetic – must be flat, horizontal and uniform throughout its whole are; it should not be
rough or slippery and must not present any danger or injury to the players (who may fall onto, or dive across, the floor during play). The lines
that mark out different areas on the court are all 5cm wide and should be either painted or taped. Such lines are considered to be part of the
area they mark out; thus, a ball which lands on a line is considered to be in.

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 A center line, directly below the net, divides the court into two halves. The lines surrounding the court are called the side lines and the
end lines. An attack-line is marked in each half of the court, parallel to the center line and 3m from it. This line divides each court into a front
zone and back zone. The front zone is considered to extend into the off court area; players who should be in the back zone are prevented from
making certain types of play in this region.
The service zone is a 9m wide area each end of the court. It extends as far as the available free zone allows. The substitution zone is
the area near the scorer’s table in which all player substitutions must be done. It is bounded by the imaginary extension of the two attack-lines.
In the corner nearest each team bench, outside the free zone, is a warm-up area for the substitutes.

2. THE NET
The net is 9.50 long and 1 m deep. It must be tensioned correctly and hung directly over the center line. The net should be black and
made of 10cm square mesh. At the top of the net is a white band and down each side, directly over each side line, is a white vertical side
band. Fastened immediately outside the side bands are two antennae – flexible rods usually made of fiberglass, measuring 1.8m long. The
ball may not touch the antennae during play and they effectively mark out the area where the ball must cross over the net during a rally.

The official height of the net for men is 2.43m, measured at its center. The height for women is 2.24m. The two ends of the net,
measured over the side lines, may be up to 2cm higher than the center but each end should be at the same height.

The posts which support the net should be rounded and smooth and they must not present any danger to the players. They need to be
adjustable in height and fixed to the floor (without using wires or weight) at a distance 50cm and 1 m away from the side of the court.

3. THE BALL

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 The ball is round and covered in leather with a rubber or similar inside and should be uniform and light in color. Its circumference is
between 65 and 67cm and its weight must be in the range 260-280g. The most important measurement which is always checked just before a
game begins is the pressure – this must be between 0.30 and 0.35 kg/cm.

The Team
A team consists of a maximum of 12 players. Since there must at all times be six players on court, this means that there can be up to
six substitute player available during the game. In addition, there can be three non-playing team members: a coach, an assistant coach, and a
trainer. This is done in order to verify the team lists as accurate. Once the score sheet is signed, the recorded players cannot be changed.
Only players listed on the score sheet can take part in the game.
The player who signs the score sheet as captain, and who represents the team when the toss is taken, is called team captain. At all time,
a team must have a captain on court. This person is called the game captain and is the only player who is permitted to speak to the match
officials during the game.
Other than the coach, only the game captain can make requests for time-out or substitution. This captain can also ask for equipment to
be checked or for the team’s positions to be verified. The team captain functions as the game captain when on court. Only if the team captain
is substituted off court must another player take over as team captain.

Playing positions
The team to serve first is decided by a toss of a coin. The captain of the team which wins the toss can choose either to serve, or which
side of court to play on.
At the moment that the ball is hit by the server, the players must be in their own court, and in lines, not necessarily straight, but two
distinct lines. The back row players must be further from the net than the front row players.

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 Players on both sides remain in playing positions at each service until a side-out. When the team who is serving changes between sets,
it is the serving team who rotate players, as according to the black arrows on the diagram above, one place clockwise. The team, which lost
the service, does not rotate.
The rotation order remains the same through a set, and can only be changed at the start of a new set. Once the ball has been served, the
players can move around their own side of the court and play in any position.

Substitutions
Up to six substitutes may be played in one set. Any player who joins the game as a substitute can only be substituted themselves by the
player they replaced originally. Substitutes can only be made during breaks in play (time-outs, between set breaks, or when the ball is out of
play), and with the permission of the referee.
The Libero
This player wears a different colored uniform from the rest of the team and can be substituted in backcourt for any player on the team.
The libero (free) cannot serve, spike the ball over the net, or rotate into the front-line positions, but receives serves and defends the backcourt.
There must be at least one point played between a libero substituting off for a player and going back on the court for another player-hence they
cannot be on the court for the whole game.

Scoring System
Two Types of Scoring in Volleyball

Rally Point Scoring

The team winning a rally scores a point. When the receiving team wins a rally, they gain a point and the right to serve, and its players
rotate one position clockwise.

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 The best of three or best of five games will win matches. Each non-deciding game will be won by the team that first scores 25 points
with a minimum two-point advantage. If there is a deciding game, it will be won by the team that first scores 15 points with a minimum two-
point advantage. This system is used for major competitions.

Sideout Scoring
Only the serving team may score a point, except in the deciding game when rally-point scoring is used. When the receiving team wins
a rally, it gains the right to serve (also scoring a point in the deciding game), and its players rotate one position clockwise. Rotation ensures
that players play at both the net and the back zone of the court.
A team wins a game by scoring 15 points with a two-point advantage and wins the match by winning the best of three or five games. In
the event of a 16-16 tie, the team scoring the 17th point wins a non-deciding game with only a one-point advantage. In a deciding game play
continues until one team is two points ahead.
Preparatory to Play

•THE TOSS
Before the official warm-up, the first referee carries out a toss in the presence of the two team captains. The winner of the toss can
choose whether to serve or receive service, or can choose on which side of the court the team wishes to play. Whichever captain loses the toss
choose the remaining alternative. If the set score reaches 2-2, another toss is taken before the fifth set.
•THE WARM-UP
In practice, players will be warming up for some time before the match begins. However, the final part of the warm-up, just before the
match starts, has a special significance and is called the warm-up session, or official warm-up. Each team gets five minutes in which to play
over the actual net, although in practice the two teams usually agree to have a ten minutes warm-up at the net together, rather than five minutes
each.

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 Exactly how the players use this time is not specified in the rules. This is a matter for mutual agreement between the teams. Only if
the teams cannot agree would the referee dictate exactly how the warm-up is conducted. In most domestic competitions, however, the players
usually spend most of this time hitting from different positions across the net, with the final couple of minutes used for serving practice.
If either team wishes to have a separate warm-up, then they take it in turns to use the net for five minutes each. During this time the
other team must leave the playing court completely. The team that is to serve first in the match must warm-up first.

•TEAM STARTING LINE-UP

Before the start of each set, the coach of each team must give to the scorer a rotation slip on which the starting line-up of the team is
listed, in service order. Once this order is recorded on the score sheet, it cannot be changed until the next set. Just before the set begins, the
referees must check it to make sure that the correct players are on court. If the players on court do not match exactly the line-up as recorded
on the score sheet then this must be corrected by insisting that the players on court be change into the correct starting line-up. The only way a
coach can change this playing order is by making a legal substitution.
A team that refuses to play or that is not ready to play by the agreed time, is declared in default and will lose the match with a score of
15-0, 15-0, 15-0.

•COURT POSITION

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 At the moment the ball is hit by the server, and only at this moment, all the other players must be standing on the court and in their
correct positions. If this is not the case then a fault is committed and the opposing team will win the rally.

The three players who can play at the net are called front-court players and they occupy court positions 4 (left), 3 (center), 2 (right).
The other three players are back-court players and occupy positions is the order in which the players of the team will take turns at service.

At the moment the ball is served, each front-row player must be nearer to the center line than the corresponding back-row player, thus,
the player in position 4 must be in front of player 5, player 3 must be in front of player 6 and player 2 must be in front of player 1. These are
the possible front/back faults.

Also, at the instant the ball is hit on service, each right (left) player must be nearer the corresponding side line than the central players.
Player 2 must be to the right of 3 and 4 must be to the left of 3. 1 must be to the right of 6 and 5 must be to the left of 6. These are the
possible sideways faults. The only exception to this rule is the server (in position 1), who must be off court and can stand anywhere behind
the entire end line, in the service zone. For the purposes of this rule, the position of a player is determined by the position of feet in contact
with the ground.

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 Once the ball has been served, the players may move anywhere and take up any position on court or in the free zone.

•ROTATION
When the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve. When the receiving team wins a rally it gains the right to
serve next and its players must rotate, one position clockwise around the court. In this way the players take turns to serve and also to play in
front or back court.

•FAULTS
When the wrong player serves (a rotational fault), or when two or more players are standing in the wrong positions at the moment of
service (a positional fault), the team at fault must be corrected. Also, if the team at fault has scored any points while in the wrong rotation, all
such points should be cancelled.

Volleyball Basic Rules

THE SERVE
1. Server must serve from behind the restraining line (end line) until after contact.
2. Ball may be served underhand or overhand.
3. Ball must be clearly visible to opponents before serve.
4. Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for point.
5. First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent game shall be served by the previous game loser.
6. Serve must be returned by a bump only. No setting or attacking a serve.

SCORING

1. Rally scoring will be used.

2. There will be a point scored on every score of the ball.

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 3. Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.
4. Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit, or serve into the net.
5. Game will be played to 25 pts.
6. Must win by 2 points.

ROTATION

1. Team will rotate each time they win the serve.

2. Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner.
3. There shall be 4-6 players on each side.

PLAYING THE GAME (VOLLEY)

1. Maximum of three hits per side.

2. Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit).
3. Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on serve.
4. A ball touching a boundary line is good.
5. A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player body above and including the waist which does not allow the ball to visibly
come to a rest.
6. If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one play and the players involved may not
participate in the next play.
7. A player must not block or attack a serve.
8. Switching positions will be allowed only between front line players. (After the serve only).

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BASIC VIOLATIONS

1. Stepping on or over the line on a serve.

2. Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully.
3. Hitting the ball illegally (Carrying, Palming, Throwing, etc.).
4. Touches of the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. If the ball is driven into the net with such force that
it causes the net to contact an opposing player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.
5. Reaching over the net, except under these conditions:
5.1 When executing a follow-through.
5.2 When blocking a ball which is in the opponents’ court but is being returned (the blocker must not contact the ball until
after the opponent who is attempting to return the ball makes contact). Except to block the third play.
6. Reaches under the net ( if it interferes with the ball or opposing player ).
7. Failure to serve in the correct order.
8. Blocks or spikes from a position which is clearly not behind the 10-foot line while in a back row position.

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Volleyball Terminologies

Game or Set – the score when one team has reached 15 points and has at least a 2- point advantage.
Match – the number of games or sets in a contest, usually two out of three, or three out of five.
Dead ball – ball after point, side out, or any decision temporarily suspending the play.
Substitution – a player entering the game to replace another player.
Point – a point is called when the receiving team fails to return the ball to the serving team.
Side-out – Loss of the ball to the team due to fault of successful play or on the part of the opponents.
Line Ball – a good ball, one hitting the line of the opponent’s court.
Foul – an infraction of the rules which results in a side-out or a point of the opponent.
Fault – these are errors and fouls. Error is failure to play the ball properly as permitted under the rules.
Foot Fault – player’s foot touches the end line during service.
Holding – when the ball comes visibly to rest at contest.
Invading or Crossing - full contact of the opposite side.
Overreaching – touching the ball in the opponent’s court before it is delivered.
Rotational Fault – is committed when the service is not made according to the rotational order.
Double Contact – player hit the ball twice in succession.
Four Hits – a team hits the ball four times before returning it.
Double Fault – a team commits fouls simultaneously.

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 Basic Volleyball Skills

1. Volleying – It is applicable and very basic in playing volleyball. It is also an act of passing or crossing the ball to the net.
a. One –Hand Bounce Pass – is used as an emergency return when neither the overhand or forearm pass is possible and
usually for a very low and offside retrieve of a player.
b. Underhand Pass/Forearm Bounce Pass –is the skill in which the body is in good position.
c. Overhand Pass/Set – is used to pass the ball to a teammate to set an offensive play or to place the ball to the opponents’
court.
2. Spiking (Spike) – the most effective play in volleyball and when properly done is extremely difficult to return properly. This is
done by hitting the ball over or above the net with any strong force or smash.
3. Blocking – is done to prevent the strong spike of the opponent to drive the ball to the court.
Blocking is the action made by players standing close to the net who try to intercept the ball coming from the opponents’
side by placing their hands or arms over the top of the net.
Sometimes, two (or even three) players will jump together and make a blocking action. This is permitted but will be
considered as a collective block only if the players are close to each other.
4. Service – is starting the play from the end line
Service is the act of putting the ball into play by the right back-row player (the player in positions 1), who hits the ball
with one hand or an arm. The ball must be thrown in the air (or released) before being hit. It cannot be served while resting on
the other hand. At the moment the ball is hit the server must either be standing in, or have just jumped from, the service zone.
After hitting the ball the server may step onto the court.

The team takes turns to have first service in each set. Whichever team starts the first set, the other team will serve first
in which to serve. Failure to do so is a fault and the team will lose service. A service made before the referee’s whistle is not a
fault. It is cancelled and should be repeated. If the served ball touches the net, it is a fault and the team will lose service.
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 Kinds of Serve:
a. Underhand Serve – is the basic kind of serve in putting the ball in play.
b. Side–Arm–Serve – is a serve that is semi-wallop that hits on the side, using the side arm.
c. Overhand Serve – requires more practice but it is considered a more effective serve.
d. Jump Serve - an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and
jumps to make contact with the ball, hitting it with much pace and topspin. This is the most popular serve amongst college
and professional teams.

The Officials

•THE FIRST REFEREE

The first referee directs the match from start to finish and is in overall control of the game.
Before the game begins, the first referee inspects the playing area and equipment, takes the toss with the two team captains, briefs the
other officials on their duties and controls the team’ official warm-up period at the net. He gives the signal which authorizes the service

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 and begins each rally; during the match only the first referee can sanction misconduct or delay (i.e., award yellow or red cards), and
only the first referee is authorized to decide upon:
1. faults of the server or the serving team;
2. faults in playing the ball (handling errors); and
3. faults above the nets.
During the game he is situated on a stand or raise platform at one end of the net.
•THE SECOND REFEREE
The second referee is an assistant to the first referee but also has a range of specific responsibilities. These duties are carried out
standing at the post on the opposite side of the net and facing the first referee.
He is responsible for checking that the positions of the players on court correspond to the official line-up sheet.
During the match, he is empowered to whistle and signal faults involving:
1. positional faults of the team receiving the service;
2. players touching the net;
3. back-court players (making attack hits or blocking); and
4. a ball touching an antenna or going over the net outside the legal crossing space.

There are specific technical duties carried out by the second referee:
• controlling the work of the scorer;
•supervising the behavior of the team members on the benches;
•controlling substitute players in the warm-up areas;
•checking the floor condition during the play and supervising floor-wiping; and
•ensuring that the match balls stay within specifications.

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 •THE SCORER
The scorer is responsible for filling in the match score sheet as the game progresses. He sits at the scorer’s table located on the
opposite side of the court to, and facing the first referee. This position directly behind the second referee makes it easier for these two officials
to cooperate.
Before the game begins, the scorer registers all the match details – date, venue, teams, etc. – On the score sheets and obtains the
signatures of the captains and coaches.

•THE LINE JUDGES

Line judges should stand about 2m away from each corner of the court. They perform their duties by mean of flag signals. Their
main duty is to signal whether the ball land ‘in’ or ‘out’ of court. They also signal if they see a ball which has been ‘touched’ on its way
out of court.

Volleyball Referees Hand Signal

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