Module 4

Weld Joint Geometry

and Welding Symbols

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 Welded Joints

5 Basic Joints used in welded metal fabrication:

1. Butt joint
2. Corner joint
3. T-joint
4. Lap joint
5. Edge joint
6. Flanged Joint
7. Spliced Joint

Joint design – identifies the shape, dimension and configuration

of the joint.

Flanged joints – are formed into one of the five basic joint
types in which at least one of the joint members has a flanged
edge shape at the weld joint.

Spliced joint – “a joint in which an additional work piece

spans the joint and is welded to each joint member.”

Members – individual workpieces of a joint.

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 Members are classified in three ways:

1. Butting members – A joint member that is prevented by the other

member from movement in one direction perpendicular to its
thickness dimension

2. NonButting members – A joint member that is free to move in any

direction perpendicular to its thickness dimension

3. Splice Members – is the wok piece that spans the joint in a splice
joint

Joint geometry – is “the shape and dimensions of a joint in cross

section prior to welding.”

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When a joint is viewed in cross section, the edge shape of each
mating member , it is often resembles the weld type and weld
symbols specified.

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EDGE SHAPE COMBINATION FOR BUTT JOINT VARIATION

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EDGE SHAPE COMBINATION FOR CORNER JOINT VARIATIONS

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EDGE SHAPE COMBINATION FOR T-JOINT VARIATIONS

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EDGE SHAPE COMBINATION FOR LAP JOINT VARIATIONS

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EDGE SHAPE COMBINATION FOR EDGE JOINT VARIATIONS

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 Parts of the Weld Joint

 Joint root - is defined as “ that portion to be welded where

the members approach closets to each other

 Groove face - is defined as “ that surface of a member included in

the groove

 Root Face - commonly called the “land” “ that potion of the groove
face within the joint root.

 Root Edge - defined as “ root face of zero width

 Root Opening - is described as “ the separation between the work
piece at the joint root
 Bevel - referred to as the “chamfer” is an angular edge preparation
 Bevel Angle - “ the angle between the bevel of a joint member
and a plane perpendicular to the surface member .
 Groove Angle - “ the total included angle of the groove between
work pieces.
 Groove Radius - “ the radius used to form the shape of a J – or U-
groove welds

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Joint Roots

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Groove Face , Root face and Root Edge

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 Bevel Angle , Depth of Bevel, Groove
Angle , Groove Radius, and Root Opening

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 Types of Welds

1. Groove Welds
2. Fillet Welds
3. Plug or Slot Welds
4. Stud Welds
5. Spot or Projection Welds
6. Seam Welds
7. Back or Backing Welds
8. Surfacing Welds
9. Edge Welds

Factors affecting the selection of the suitable weld types :

 accessibility to the joint for welding

 type of welding process being used
 suitability to the structural design
 cost of welding (economy)
 expected distortion

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 Groove Welds

- A weld in a groove between the work piece:

Types of groove welds:

1. Square groove
2. Scarf
3. V-groove
4. Bevel-groove
5. U-groove
6. J-groove
7. Flare-V-groove
8. Flare-bevel-groove

Single-welded joint - a fusion welded joint that s welded from one

side only

Double-welded joint - a fusion welded joint that is welded from both

sides.

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Single & Double Groove Welds

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Single & Double Groove Welds

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 Fillet Welds

-A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces

approximately at right angles to each other in a lap, T-joint or corner
joint.

2 Types of Fillet Welds

 Continuous – the length of weld is equal to the complete length of

the joint

 Intermittent – the length of weld is not continuous either staggered,

or chained.
Staggered Intermittent Fillet weld – an intermittent weld on
both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one
side are alternated with those of the other.

Chained Intermittent Fillet weld – an intermittent weld on

both sides of a joint in which the weld increments on one
side are approximately opposite those of the other.

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Intermittent __________ Welds

Intermittent __________ Welds 22

 Plug and Slot Welds

Plug Weld – is a weld made in circular hole in one member of a joint

fusing that member to another member .

Slot Weld – is a weld made in elongated hole in one member of a

joint fusing that member to another member .

______________

______________
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 Stud Welds

The most common stud materials welded with the arc stud welding
process are low carbon steel, stainless steel, and aluminum. Other
materials are used for studs on a special application basis.

Applications of stud welds include:

 attaching wood floors to steel decks or framework

 fastening linings or insulation in tanks, boxcars, and other
containers
 mounting machine accessories

 securing tubing and wire harnesses &

 welding shear connectors and concrete anchors.

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 Spot and Projection Welds

Spot weld – is a weld made between and upon overlapping members

in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying surfaces or
may begin from the outer surface of one member.

1. Resistance Spot Weld

2. Arc Spot Weld

Projection welds – are made using the resistance welding process.

The weld is formed by the heat obtained from the resistance to the
flow of the welding current.

The resulting welds are localized at predetermined points by

projection, embossments, or intersections.

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 Seam Welds

Seam weld - is a continuous weld made between or upon overlapping

members, in which coalescence may start and occur on the faying
surfaces, or may have proceeded from the outer surface of one
member.

The continuous weld may consist of a single weld bead or a series of

overlapping spot welds.

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 Back and Backing Welds

Back Weld - describes as a weld made at the back of a single

groove weld.

Backing Weld - defined as a backing material in the form of a weld.

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 Surfacing Welds

 Buttering – a surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on

one or more surfaces to provide metallurgical compatible weld metal
for the subsequent completion of a weld.

Cladding – a surfacing variation that deposits or applies surfacing

material, usually to improve corrosion or heat resistance.

 Hardfacing – a surfacing variation in which surfacing material is

deposited to reduce wear.

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 Edge Welds

An edge weld is a weld in an edge joint, a flanged butt joint, or a

flanged corner joint in which h the full thickness of the members are
fused.

An edge-flange joint has two flanged members, while a corner flange

joint has only one of the members flanged.

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 Terms related to Completed welds

 Weld Face – is the exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding was done.
 Weld Toe – is the junctions of the weld face and the base metal.

 Weld Root – Opposite the weld toe. intersects the base metal surfaces.

 Root Surface – Similar to weld face.

- is the exposed surface of a weld opposite the side from which welding was done.
 Weld reinforcement – is weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint.

 Face Reinforcement – (commonly referred to as the crown or cap), refers to weld

reinforcement on the side of the joint from which the welding was done.
 Root Reinforcement – is weld reinforcement opposite the side from which welding was

done, is used only in the case of single welded joint.

 Fillet Weld Leg - the distance from the beginning of the joint root to the toe of the fillet

 Concavity & Convexity – are the amount of curvature of the weld face.

 Throat – is the length through the weld cross section.

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 Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Fusion – refers to the actual melting together of the filler metal and base metal, or of the
base metal only.
Weld interface - the boundary between the weld metal and base metal.
Depth of fusion - is the distance from the fusion face to the weld interface
Fusion zone - is the area of base metal melted on the cross section of a weld.

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 Fusion and Penetration Terminology

Root Penetration – is the distance that the weld metal has melted into the joint root
Joint Penetration – is the distance from the farthest extension of the weld into the weld
face excluding any weld reinforcement . This same length is also referred to as weld size.
Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) - that portion that has not been melted but whose mechanical
properties is or microstructure have been altered by the heat.
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 Weld Size Terminology

Weld size – : in CJP groove weld double “V” , the weld size is equal
to the thickness of the two member joined.
:in PJP groove weld double “V” , the weld size is equal to
the sum of the joint penetration from both side
:with transition in thickness, weld size is equal to the
thickness of the two members joined.

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 Weld Size Terminology

Convex –weld face exhibits some buildup causing it to appear curved slightly
outward. This is referred to as the amount of convexity.

Convexity – in a fillet weld is synonymous with weld reinforcement in a groove

weld. If a weld has a concave profile, this means that its face is “dished in.”

For equal leg fillet welds is described as “the leg lengths of the largest isosceles
(two legs of equal length) right triangle which can be inscribed within the fillet weld
cross section.”

Theoretical Throats : - the distance from the beginning of the Joint root
perpendicular to the hypotenuse
Effective Throats : - the minimum distance minus any convexity between the
weld root and the face of the weld.
Actual Throats : - the shortest distance between the weld root and the face of the
weld.

For concave fillet weld : the actual throat and the effective throat are equal.
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 Weld Size Terminology

For unequal leg fillet welds, is

defined as, “the leg lengths of the
largest right triangle that can be
inscribed within the fillet weld
cross section.”

For Spot or Seam Weld, weld

size is defined as, “equal to the
diameter of the weld metal in the
plane of the faying surfaces

For Edge or Flange Weld the

weld size is defined as equal to
the total thickness of the weld
from the weld root to the weld
face.

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 Weld Application Technology

Weld pass – is a single progression of welding along a joint.

Weld bead – weld which results from a weld pass.
Weld Layer – is a single level of weld within a multi-pass weld. It may
consist of a single bead or multiple beads.
Stringer bead – a type of weld bead made without appreciable
weaving motion.
Weave bead – a type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.
Boxing –defined as the continuation of a fillet weld around a corner of
a member as an extension of the principal weld.

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 Actual Sequence in Welding

 Back step Sequence –

technique where each individual
weld pass is deposited in the
direction opposite that of the
overall progression of welding.

 Block Sequence – a combined

longitudinal and cross sectional
sequence for a continuous
multiple pass weld in which
separated increments are
completely or partially welded
before intervening increments are
welded.”

 Cascade Sequence – a
combined longitudinal and cross
sectional sequence in which weld
passes are made in overlapping
layers.”

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 Welding Symbol

Welding Symbol :
provide a system for placing complete welding information on
drawings. It indicates the total symbol, including all information applied
to it.

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 Weld Symbol

Weld Symbol :
provide identification for each specific type of and is only a
part of the total welding symbol

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 Weld Symbol Elements
• Reference Line (required element)
• Arrow (required element)
• Tail
• Basic weld symbol
• Dimensions and other data
• Supplementary symbols
• Finish symbols
• Specification, process, or other reference

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Weld Symbol Locations

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Reference Line Locations for Basic Weld
Symbols

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 Combined Symbols

Combined Weld Symbols is common occurrence in groove welded joint for structural
fabrication:

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 Multiple Reference Lines

Multiple reference lines use to show the sequence of operations .

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 Supplementary Symbols

Are used in connection with the weld symbol and can indicate
extent of welding, weld appearance, material included in the
preparation of the welded joint, or to indicate welding which is
performed in some place other than in the shop.

 Finish Methods

Mechanical Methods
C = Chipping
G = Grinding
H = Hammering
M = Machining
R = Rolling
U = Unspecified

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 Field Weld Symbols

 Melt-Through Symbols

 Backing and Spacer Symbols

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 Spacer Symbols

 Consumable insert

 Weld-All-Around Symbol

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 Weld Symbol Dimensioning

Type of Welds that needs dimensioning:

 Fillet Welds Dimensioning

1. Fillet size – is located to the left of the weld symbol

2. Fillet length – is placed to the right of the symbol
3. Pitch – placed to the right of the length dimension separated by hyphen
4. Chain intermittent fillet weld –placed on both sides of the ref. line and the welds
are made opposite to its other
5. Staggered intermittent fillet weld – welds are place on opposite sides of the
joints and spaced symmetrically.

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Fillet size location -

Fillet length and Pitch location

4. Chain and Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld

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 Plug Welds Dimensioning

1. Plug weld size - located to the left regardless of arrow side

3. Angle of countersink – located above or below the weld symbol on the ref. line, it is
the included angle for tapered holes.
4. Depth of filling – located inside the plug weld symbol for filling less than complete.
5. Spacing or Pitch – is placed to the right of the symbol
6. Number of Plug Welds – specified in parenthesis on the same side of the ref. line
as the weld symbol.
7. Plug Weld Contours- will have the appearance of approximately flush or convex.

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 Slot Welds Dimensioning
1. Slot weld width – located to the left of the symbol
2. Slot weld length – located to the right of the symbol
3. Angle of countersink – located above or below the weld symbol on the ref. line, it is
the included angle for tapered holes.
4. Depth of filling – located inside the plug weld symbol for filling less than complete.
5. Spacing or Pitch – center-center distance of 2 or more slot welds, is place to the
right of the length dimension, separated by a hyphen.
6. Number of Slot Welds – specified in parenthesis on the same side of the ref. line as
the weld symbol.
7. Slot Weld Contours- will have the appearance of approximately flush or convex.

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 Spot Welds Dimensioning
1. Spot weld size or strength – is placed t the left side of the welding symbol .Weld size
is measured by the diameter of the weld at the point of contact between the faying
surfaces. Either size or strength will appear in conjunction with the welding symbol.
2. The number of spots welds – is placed below or above the symbol and is specified in
parenthesis.
3. Spacing or pitch is placed to the right of the weld symbol
4. Group Spot welds : use of intersecting center lines in the drawing. To at least one of
the centerlines passing through its other locations.
5. Extent of spot welding – the extent of welding must be dimensioned on the drawing.

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 Projection Welds Dimensioning

1. The weld symbol is placed either above or below the reference line but never placed
to straddle the reference line.
2. The welding process will always be identified in the tail of the welding symbol.
3. The side designation of the projection weld symbol indicates which member is
embossed.

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Seam Welds Dimensioning
1. Size or strength - is placed to the left of the welding symbol on the same side as
the weld symbol location
2. Length and Pitch of Seam Weld – is placed on the right side of the weld symbol.
Length dimensioning s omitted if the seam extends to the full length of the weld joint
Pitch dimension will be placed to the right of the length separated by a hyphen.
3. Number of seam weld – placed above or below the symbol specified in parenthesis.
4. Seam Weld Contours- face appearance will have approximately flush or convex.

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Stud Welds Dimensioning
- The stud weld symbol does not indicate the welding of a joint therefore no arrow side or
other side significance.
- The symbol is always placed below the reference line and points directly to the
surface where the studs are welded.
- Studs are dimensioned according the stud size placed to the left of the symbol.
- Spacing is placed on the right of the symbol
- Number of studs is placed below the symbol in parenthesis .

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Surfacing Weld Dimensioning
- The surfacing weld symbol does not indicate the welding of a joint therefore no arrow
side or other side significance.
- The symbol is always placed below the reference line and points directly to the area
to be built \up by surface welds.
- Size (minimum thickness) dimension are placed to the left of the weld symbol.
- Direction of welding is placed in the tail of the weld symbol.

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Back or Backing Weld Dimensioning & Symbols
- Backing Welds are made to the opposite side of a groove before the groove weld is
applied
- Back Welds are made after the groove has been welded usually after back gouge operation
- The symbol will always appear on the opposite side of the welded groove.

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Groove Weld Dimensioning

- All groove weld symbols have an arrow-side, other side and both side significance.
- Broken arrows are used for bevel groove, J groove ad flare bevel groove.
- Single groove dimension are place on the same side as the symbol
- Double groove dimensions are placed on both sides of the reference line for each groove.
1. Depth of bevel - the perpendicular distance from the base metal surface to the root edge
or the beginning go f the root face. Place to the left of the symbol and represented by “S”.
2. Groove Weld Size – the joint penetration of the weld placed on the groove. Place to the
left of the weld symbol and represented by “E”.
3. Root Opening- a separation at the joint root between the work pieces forming the joint.
It can either be open or closed. The dimension appears inside the groove weld symbol.
4. Groove Angle- is specified by a º indicating the angle formed by the members to be
welded. It is specified outside the weld symbol.
5. Radius and Root face – dimension can apply for U or J-grooves. The dimension do not
appear in connection with the welding symbol.

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Flare Groove Weld Dimensioning
- Dimensions related to groove angle and depth of the bevel is a function of the edge shape .
- With flare groove welds, the depth of the bevel is defined as the radius or the point of
tangency.

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Flare Groove Weld Dimensioning
- Dimensions related to groove angle and depth of the bevel is a function of the edge shape .
- With flare groove welds, the depth of the bevel is defined as the radius or the point of
tangency.

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Supplementary Symbols for Groove Welds
“ R” – is placed in the backing symbol to indicate removal.
“Spacer”- when this is used, the specific weld symbol is modified to show a rectangle within it.
Consumable insert- is placed on the side of the reference line opposite the weld symbol.
Back gouging – placed in the tail of the welding symbol

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  Key Term and Definitions

 Actual Throat
 Back weld
 Backing weld
 Backstep sequence
 Bevel
 Bevel angle
 Bevel groove weld
 Block sequence
 Boxing
 Buildup
 Butt joint
 Buttering
 Butting member
 Cascade sequence
 Chain intermittent fillet weld
 Cladding
 Complete joint penetration
 Complete joint penetration weld
 Concave fillet weld
 Concavity
 Convex fillet weld
 Convexity
 Corner joint
 Depth of the bevel
 Depth of fusion
 Edge joint
 Edge shape
 Effective throat
 Face reinforcement
 Faying surface
 Fillet weld
 Fillet weld leg
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  Key Term and Definitions
 Flanged butt joint
 Flanged corner joint
 Flange joint
 Flange lap joint
 Flange T-Joint
 Flare bevel groove weld
 Flare V-groove weld
 Fusion
 Fusion face
 Groove angle
 Groove face
 Groove radius
 Groove weld
 Hardfacing
 Incomplete joint penetration
 J-groove weld
 Joint
 Joint design
 Joint filler
 Joint geometry
 Joint penetration
 Joint root
 Joint type
 Lap joint
 Nonbutting member
 Partial joint penetration weld
 Plug weld
 Projection weld
 Root edge
 Root face
 Root opening
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  Key Term and Definitions

 Root penetration
 Root reinforcement
 Root surface
 Scarf weld
 Seam weld
 Slot weld
 Spliced joint
 Splice member
 Spot weld
 Square groove weld
 Staggered intermittent fillet weld
 Stringer weld
 Surface preparation
 Surfacing weld
 T-Joint
 Theoretical throat
 U-groove weld
 V-grove weld
 Weave bead
 Weld bead
 Weld face
 Weld groove
 Weld interface
 Weld layer
 Weld pass
 Weld reinforcement
 Welding sequence
 Weld throat
 Weld toe

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