CE 8: C O N S T R U C T I O N M A T E R I A L S A N D T E S T I N G

INTRODUCTION
P R O P E RT I E S O F M AT E R I A L S
S TA N D A R D S
 For a material to be considered as
building material, it should have
required engineering properties
CON S TRUCTION suitable for construction works.
MATERIALS These properties of building
materials are responsible for its
quality and capacity and helps to
decide applications of these
material.
PRINCIPAL MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE
GENERALLY;

B itum inous
M etals
mixtures

W oods Masonry materials

C oncrete Plastics
 STRENGTH
THE PRINCIPAL
FUNCTION OF THESE
MATERIALS IS TO
DEVELOP THE
FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS
ADEQUATE
RIGIDITY
TO THE SERVICE FOR
WHICH THEY ARE
INTENDED.

DURABILITY
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

GENERAL CHEMICAL M E C H AN I C AL THERMAL

S treng th:
Density Oxide or Specific heat
Tension,
specific compound Expansion
compression, shear
gravity composition Conductivity
and flexure
Porosity Acidity
Stiffness
Moisture alkalinity
Elasticity,
content Resistance to plasticity
Macrostucture corrosion Ductility,
M icrostructure weathering brittleness
Hardness
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

ELEC TR IC AL AC O U S TIC AL OPTICAL

AND
Sound Color
MAGNETIC transmission Light transmission
Sound Light reflection
C onductivity
reflection
Magnetic
perm eability
Galvanic
action
 (1) to supply routine information on the
quality of a product.

Commercial testing is concerned with;

checking the acceptability of
materials with respect to the
specifications,
control of production.

Generally, the type of the test has been

S IGN IFICAN CE specified, standard procedures are used,
and the object is to determine whether
OF TESTING the properties of a material fall within the

MATERIALS required limits.

 (2) to develop new or better
information on known materials or to
develop new materials.

Materials research is done in order to;

obtain new understanding of known
materials,
discover the properties of new
materials,
S IGN IFICAN CE develop meaningful standards of

OF TESTING quality or test procedures.

MATERIALS
 (3) to obtain accurate measures of
fundamental properties of materials

Scientific testing is the accumulation of

orderly and reliable informations on the
fundamental and useful properties of
materials.

S IGN IFICAN CE
OF TESTING
MATERIALS
 E X P E R I M E N TAT I O N
means that the outcome is uncertain, that
new insights are to be gained.

VS

TESTING
is a more defined procedure, with the limits
and results are clear.
 DESTRUCTIVE TEST
is carried out until the specimen’s failure.
These tests are generally much easier to carry
out, yield more information and are easier to
interpret than non-destructive testing

VS

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST
is the type of testing that does not destroy the
test object. It is vital when the material in
question is still in service.
 A simplistic but idealized working definition…

Standard - a document, developed and used

by consensus of the stakeholders, which
describes how a product is to be obtained or
used.

WHAT IS A
S TAN DARD?
FEATURES OF AN IDEAL STANDARD

Relevant and necessary

Singular,
U nam b ig uous
Consistent
Auditable
Types of Standards

TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY D ATA R E D U C T I O N M E T H O D S

M AT E R I A L S P E C I F I C AT I O N D ATA R E P O RT I N G F O R M AT S

P R O C E S S S P E C I F I C AT I O N S T E S T M AT R I C E S

TEST M E T H O D S (AND PRACTICES S TAT I S T I C A L P R O C E D U R E S

A N D GUIDES)

TEST FIXTURES A N A LY S I S M E T H O D S
Benefits of Standards

R E D U C I N G D U P L I C AT I O N O F FA C I L I TAT I N G C O M M E R C E
E F F O RT O R O V E R L A P A N D
COMBINING RESOURCES

BRIDGING OF T E C H N O L O G Y S TA B I L I Z I N G E X I S T I N G M A R K E T S
GAPS AND TRANSFERRING AND ALLOWING DEVELOPMENT
TECHNOLOGY OF N E W M A R K E T S

R E D U C I N G C O N F L I C T IN P R O T E C T I O N F R O M L I T I G AT I O N
R E G U L AT I O N S

G O O D S TA N D A R D S – T H O S E W I T H C R E D I B I L I T Y, INTEGRITY,
A N D M A R K E T P L A C E A C C E P TA N C E – R E D U C E P R O C U R E M E N T
C O S T S , I M P R O V E P R O D U C T S , E X PA N D M A R K E T S , A N D / O R L O W E R
RISKS
STANDARDIZING AGENCIES &
RELEVANT STANDARDS
Turkish International
Standards Institute Standards
(TSE)-Turkish Organization (ISO)-
Standards (TS) ISO Standards

American European
Society for Testing Commitee for
and Materials Standardization
(ASTM)- A S T M (CEN)- European
Specifications Norms (EN)
 S p ec ific atio n
Test Method
ASTM CURRENTLY Terminology
RECOGNIZES FIVE
SPECIFIC TYPES:
Practice
Guide
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

H I G H C A PA C I T Y P R E C I S I O N B A L A N C E
USED TO MEASURE THE MASS OF AN OBJECT

SIEVE SET
A DEVICE FOR SEPARATING WANTED ELEMENTS
FROM UNWANTED MATERIALS OR FOR
CHARACTERIZING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
OF A SAMPLE OF AGGREGATES, SAND AND
OTHER SOIL PARTICLES
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

MECHANICAL SIEVE SHAKER

U S E D TO S H A K E S TA C K O F S I E V E S

V I C AT A P PA R AT U S
USED TO DETERMINE INITIAL AND FINAL
SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

SLUMP TEST
C O M P O S E D O F S L U M P C O N E A N D TA M P I N G
R O D , U S E D TO D E T E R M I N E W O R K A B I L I T Y
OF FRESH CONCRETE

CONCRETE MIXER
A DEVICE THAT HOMOGENEOUSLY COMBINES
CEMENT, AGGREGATE AND WATER TO FORM
CONCRETE
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

C O N C R E T E V I B R ATO R
A D E V I C E U S E D TO G E N E R AT E V I B R AT I O N S
PREVENT VOIDS

CONCRETE MOULD
USED TO FORM SPECIMENS FOR TESTING
CONCRETE STRENGTH
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

D RY I N G O V E N S
U S E D F O R D RY I N G , C U R I N G A N D
STERILIZING

REBOUND HAMMER TEST

USED FOR QUICK AND EASY DETERMINATION OF
CONCRETE STRENGTH
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

ABRASION MACHINE
U S E D T O D E T E R M I N E D E G R A D AT I O N O F
A G G R E G AT E S F R O M A B R A S I O N , I M PA C T,
G R I N D I N G I N A R O TAT I N G S T E E L D R U M
C O N TA I N I N G S T E E L S P H E R E S

CONE PENETROMETER
USED TO DETERMINE SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

C A S A G R A N D E A P PA R AT U S
U S E D TO D E T E R M I N E L I Q U I D L I M I T O F S O I L

U LT R A S O N I C P U L S E V E L O C I T Y
USED TO DETERMINE CONCRETE UNIFORMITY,
PRESENCE OF CRACKS AND CHANGES IN
PROPERTIES WITH TIME THROUGH ULTRASONIC
PULSES
COMMONLY USED EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS

UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

A M A C H I N E D E S I G N E D T O C O N D U C T VA R I O U S
TESTS SUCH AS TENSILE,COMPRESSIVE,
FLEXURAL ETC.

THE MACHINE HAS BEEN NAMED SO BECAUSE

OF THE WIDE RANGE OF TESTS IT CAN
PERFORM OVER DIFFERENT KIND OF
M AT E R I A L S .