Ministry of Higher Education

and Scientific Research

Karbala University
College of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department

Reservoir lab.
Third stage / morning study

"FLUID SAMPLING"
A Report
Submitted to the Petroleum Engineering Department of
the University of Kerbala
By the students :
sajjad kareem hashim
karar shaker yousef
Supervised by : Tahseen Al-Taie
Drill Lab lecturer's name: Hawraa adil

Objective
Oil and gas samples are taken to evaluate the properties of produced
fluids at reservoir conditions, in the production tubing, and in pipeline
transportation. The key PVT (pressure-volume-temperature)
properties to be determined for a reservoir fluid include
Introduction
Samples of the reservoir fluid are usually collected at an early
stage in the well’s producing life and dispatched to a laboratory
for the f PVT analysis. The objectives of sampling are to receive
samples from a suitable place in the production wells or surface
facilities. The samples should represent the system in the
reservoir under its initial conditions in order to determine its type,
volumetric and phase behavior, and its composition. PVT analysis
results are needed for geological and reservoir engineering
evaluation and forecasting, as well as for laboratory studies
concerning enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Several sampling
methods can be used to collect reservoir fluids, including RFT
Sampling Bottomhole sampling Separator sampling Wellhead
sampling
 Theory
Downhole sampling of fluids, also referred to as bottomhole

sampling, is a key component of most hydrocarbon fluid

sampling programs. The procedures outlined here apply to

reservoir fluids or production streams above ambient pressure,

and they are highly specific to the petroleum industry. The

American Petroleum Institute publishes a detailed recommended

practice which is the most complete industry standard covering

the sampling of pressurized hydrocarbon fluids. It should be

consulted for additional information to that presented here.

Procedure
1. The dimensions (length and diameter) of the core plug are
recorded.
2. The core plug sample is normally housed a Hassler core
holder (see Figure 10).
3. An appropriate net overburden or confining pressure is
applied radially to the core, via a hydraulic hand pump.
4. A constant reservoir temperature is maintained using the
climatic air bath.
5. A displacement pump and floating piston sample cylinder (for
storage of fluids) combination is used to initiate the flow of
brine or degassed crude oil at either a constant rate or constant
differential pressure.
6. The pressure drop across the core plug is monitored using a
computerized data logging system, and a constant or steady
pressure drop across the sample is recorded for calculations.
7. The flow experiment is sometimes repeated by varying the
liquid flow rates in order to determine the rate dependency, if
any, on the absolute permeability.
8. The viscosity of the brine or the oil is measured at the
flooding pressure and temperature conditions if unknown from
other sources.
9. Finally, the absolute permeability of the core plug sample is
determined using the Darcy equation.
Calculation and Report
 Discussion
‫تقرير الطالب سجاد كريم هاشم‬

Q1)What type of permeability is used in Darcy's law?

Absolute permeability
Q2)Why is nitrogen gas used?
Nitrogen gas is used for liquid compression and drying
Q3) What were the errors in the experiment?
The sample is unsaturated 100%
Entering bubbles
The sample length is not suitable
The sample is heterogeneous
Q 4)What is the type of stress?
The pressure drawn by nitrogen gas
Q5)Why do we mean by negative sign in Darcy's law?
To avoid the negative pressure difference
 :‫تقرير الطالب كرار شاكر يوسف‬

Q1)What type of permeability is used in Darcy's law?

Absolute permeability
Q2)Why is nitrogen gas used?
Nitrogen gas is used for liquid compression and drying
Q3) Why do we dispose of air in the device?
Because we are measuring absolute permeability with a
single phase
Q4) What types of permeability?
Absolute permeability
Relative permeability
Effective permeability
Q5)What is the maximum pressure of the device?
The maximum pressure of the device is 25 psi and is controlled
by regulator
References
1. American Petroleum Institute (API). 1998. Recommended
Practices for Core Analysis, Recommended Practice 40, Second
Edition. API, Dallas, TX.
2. Coussy, O., 2010, Mechanics and Physics of Porous Solids, John
Wiley and Sons Inc. pp 132-135.
3. Gathogo, P.N., Diagenetic Transformations of Tight Shales.
2011. Monograph of the First Shale Science Conference
“Evolution of the Mental Picture of Tight Shales, 28-29 March,
Warsaw, Poland.
4. Handwerger, D.A., Suarez-Rivera, R., Vaughn, K.I., and Keller,
J.F., 2011. Improved Petrophysical Core Measurements on Tight
Shale Reservoirs Using Retort and Crushed Samples, SPE Paper
147456 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, 30 October – 2 November, Denver, CO, USA.
5. Jury, W.A., Gardner, W.R., Gardner, W.H., 1991. Soil Physics,
5th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. pp 61-64.
6. Luffel, D.L., and Guidry, F.K., 1989. Reservoir Rock Properties
of Devonian Shale from Core and Log Analysis. Paper 8910
presented at Society of Core Analysts Conference.
7. Luffel, D.L., and Guidry, F.K., 1992. New Core Analysis
Methods for Measuring Reservoir Rock Properties of Devonian
Shale. J. Petroleum Tech. pp. 1184-90.
8. Nguyen-Huynh, D., Hemptinne, J.C., Lugo, R., Passarello, J.P.,
Tobaly, P., Modeling Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Vapor Equilibria
of Binary Systems Containing Water with an Alkane, an Aromatic
Hydrocarbon, an Alcohol or a Gas (Methane, Ethane, CO2 or
H2S), Using Group Contribution Polar Perturbed-Chain Statistical
Associating Fluid Theory, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 7467–
748