Termodinamica de

Hidrocarburos

Classification of Reservoir Fluids

Oil & Gas Properties From
Correlations

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 Methods to Evaluate Fluid
Properties
Two main models to quantify real
oil and gas volumes

Black Oil models

Compositional models

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 Methods to Evaluate Fluid
Properties
Model Formulations

y1, y2 , y3...yn
G

O, G x1, x2 , x3...xn

Black Oil Compositional

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 Methods to Evaluate Fluid
Properties
Compositional Model
Oil and gas are mixtures of several
components
All components may be present in liquid
and gas phases
Volumetric properties function (P,T,
compositions) are evaluated using an
Equation of State (EOS) for all phases.

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 Phase Behavior and Fluid
Properties
Black Oil Model
Has only two components named as the
phases: Gas (G) and Oil (O).
G may be dissolved in the oil phase and
accounted by the solution gas oil ratio (Rs).
O cannot dissolve in the gas phase.
Phase volumetric properties determined
from separate correlations

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Classification of Reservoirs based
on Phase Diagram

Gas Reservoirs (Single Phase)

Gas Condensate Reservoirs (Dew-

Point Reservoirs):

Undersaturated Solution-Gas
Reservoirs (Bubble-Point
Reservoirs):
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 Phase Diagram of a
Dry Gas Reservoir

Initial Reservoir
Conditions
CP
Pressure

Path of Production

Separator Conditions

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 Phase Diagram of a
Wet Gas Reservoir

CP Initial Reservoir
Conditions
Pressure

Path of Production

Separator Conditions

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Temperature
 Phase Diagram of a
Retrograde Gas Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

CP
Pressure

Path of Production

Separator Conditions

Temperature
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 Phase Diagram of a
Volatile Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

CP

Path of Production
Pressure

Separator Conditions

75%
25%
50%

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 Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

Path of Production
CP
Pressure

75% 50%
25%

Separator Conditions

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Phase envelopes of mixtures with different
proportions of same HC components

7000
TR Critical Points

6000
Volatile I

5000
Condensate Volatile II
Pressure (psia)

4000

3000

2000 Wet Gas

Black Oil
1000

Dry Gas
0
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
o
Temperature F
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Typical Compositions of Reservoir Fluids

Component Black Oil Volatile Oil Gas Condensate Wet Gas Dry Gas
C1 48.83 64.36 87.07 95.85 86.67

C2 2.75 7.52 4.39 2.67 7.77

C3 1.93 4.74 2.29 0.34 2.95

C4 1.60 4.12 1.74 0.52 1.73

C5 1.15 3.97 0.83 0.08 0.88

C6 1.59 3.38 0.60 0.12

+
C7 42.15 11.91 3.80 0.42
+
MwC7 225 181 112 157

GOR 625 2000 18,200 105,000 -

o
Tank API 34.3 50.1 60.8 54.7 -
Liquid Greenish Medium Light Water -
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Color Black Orange Straw White
Components of Typical Petroleum Gases

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 Typical Crude Oil Fractions

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 Classification of Reservoirs based
on Production and PVT data
(see updated rules Mc Cain SPE
paper)
DRY GAS RESERVOIRS:
GOR greater than 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid produced at surface

WET GAS RESERVOIRS:

GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB
No liquid is formed in the reservoir
Separator conditions lie within phase envelope
and liquid is produced at surface
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 Classification of Reservoirs based
on Production and PVT data

GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS:

GOR between 70,000-100,000 SCF/STB
Density greater than 60 ºAPI
Light in color
C7+ composition < 12.5%

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Classification of Reservoirs based
on Production and PVT data

VOLATILE OIL RESERVOIRS:

GOR between1,000-8,000 SCF/STB
Density between 45-60 ºAPI
Oil FVF greater than 2.00 (high
shrinkage oils)
Light brown to green in color
C7+ composition > 12.5%

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Classification of Reservoirs based
on Production and PVT data

BLACK OIL RESERVOIRS:

GOR less than 1,000 SCF/STB
Density less than 45 ºAPI
Reservoir temperatures less than 250 ºF
Oil FVF less than 2.00 (low shrinkage
oils)
Dark green to black in color
C7+ composition > 30%
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 Additional Guidelines
Reservoir Surface GOR range Gas specific API Typical composition, mole %
fluid appearance gravity gravity C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Dry gas Colorless gas Essentially 0.60 - 0.65 96 2.7 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.4
no liquids

Wet gas Colorless gas Greater than 0.65 - 0.85 60o-70o

with small amount 100 MSCF/bbl
of clear or straw
colored liquid

Condensate Colorless gas 3 to 100 0.65 - 0.85 50o-70o 87 4.4 2.3 1.7 0.8 3.8
with significant MSCF/bbl
amounts of light- (900-18000 m3/m3)
colored liquid

“Volatile” or Brown liquid About 0.65 - 0.85 40o-50o 64 7.5 4.7 4.1 3.0 16.7
high shrinkage with various 3000 SCF/bbl
oil yellow, red, or (500m3/m3)
green hues

“Black” or low Dark brown 100-2500 SCF/bbl 30o-40o 49 2.8 1.9 1.6 1.2 43.5
shrinkage oil to black (20-450 m3/m3)
viscous liquid

Heavy oil Black, very Essentially no gas 10o-25o 20 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 71
viscous liquid in solution

Tar Black substance Viscosity >10,000cp <10o _ _ _ _ _ 90+

There4/4/2014 20
are no definite boundaries between these classifications and usage may vary depending on location. Gravities and GOR are also
dependent on separation conditions.
 Fluid Properties for Black-Oil
Reservoir Simulation

Oil and Gas Properties

oil formation volume factor
Bo [=] res bbl/STB

gas formation factor

Bg [=] cu ft/SCF or res bbl/SCF

total formation volume factor

Bt [=] res bbl/STB
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 Fluid Properties for Black-Oil
Reservoir Simulation

Oil and Gas Properties

solution gas-oil ratio
Rs [=] SCF/STB

oil and gas viscosities

mo, mg [=] cp

compressibility and thermal expansion

coefficients.
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 Typical pressure, &
temperature ranges

Location Pressure Temperature (oF)

(psia)
Reservoir 500-10,000 100-300 (500+ thermal)
Separator 100-600 75-150
Stock tank 14.7 Ambient
Standard 14.7 60
Conditions

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DRY GAS RESERVOIRS:

GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB

No liquid produced at surface
Mostly methane

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 Standard Conditions

Unify volumes to common grounds for

sales and regulatory purposes
T = 60 0F
P = 14.65 – 15.025 (State dependent)
Then
VM = RTsc/Psc

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 Reservoir Engineering Properties
of Dry Gases

Gas formation volume factor Bg

Reservoir Conditions
Standard Conditions
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 Gas Formation Volume Factor
[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

Volume of an arbitrary amount

of gas at reservoir T & P

Volume of SAME amount at

standard T & P

VR
Bg 
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V SC
27
 Gas Formation Volume Factor
[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]

ZnRT
Bg  P
Z SC nRTSC
PSC
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 Gas Formation Volume Factor
(McCain)

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 Gas Formation Volume Factor
[res bbl/SCF] or [ft3/SCF]
Gas Formation Volume Factor
Bg

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Pressure 30
 Viscosity Definition & Units

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to

flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,
units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

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 Reservoir Engineering Properties
of Dry Gases

Gas Viscosity
100oF
150oF
Viscosity (cp)

200oF

200oF
T increasing
150oF

100oF
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Pressure
 Viscosity of Ethane (from McCain
book)

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 Viscosity of Gases at
Atmospheric Pressure

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 Viscosity of Gas Mixtures

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 Example

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 Example

Read Molecular Weights

Read Viscosities figure 6-7
Apply formula…

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 Gas Viscosity if Composition
is Unknown

Still at atmospheric
pressure!

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 Viscosity Corrections

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 Viscosity of Gases at High
Pressure

m=mratio*mat

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 Viscosity of Gases at High
Pressure

make sure
you check
the
specific
gravity
range

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 Accuracy for Viscosity
Correlations?

At low Ppr and low gravities + 2%

Agreement is less accurate as
specific gravity increases (fig. 6-12
has about 20% accuracy)

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 Isothermal Compressibility

Definition

 V 
Cg PA , TA   
1
 P 
V   TA
Derivative is evaluated at constant T =
TA and specified pressure P = PA
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 Isothermal Gas Compressibility

 V1  V2  
C g PA , TA   
1
 
Vave  
 1 2  TA
P P 
TA TB

P1
PA
P2

V1 V2

4/4/2014 Vave= (V1+V2)/2 44

 Isothermal Compressibility (Cg)

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 Isothermal Compressibility

Using ideal gas equation

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 Isothermal Compressibility

Using real gas equation

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 Gas
Compressibility

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 Properties of Black Oils
Definitions

Material summarized from

McCain book

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 Phase Diagram of a
Black Oil Reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Conditions

Path of Production
CP
Pressure

75% 50%
25%

Separator Conditions

4/4/2014 Temperature 50
Properties of Black Oils Needed for
Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

Formation Volume Factor of oil Bo

Total Formation Volume Factor of oil Bt

Solution Gas oil Ratio Rs

Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility Co

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Properties of Black Oils Needed for
Reservoir Engineering Calculations:

Coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion bo

Oil Viscosity mo

Interfacial Tension

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 Learning Goals

Understand the behavior of those PVT

properties (Bo,Rs,…) vs P and type of
fluid
Evaluate PVT properties from
Field data
Laboratory studies
Correlations
Equations of State

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 Definitions

Specific gravity of a liquid

o ( P1 , T1 )
o 
 w ( P1 , T1 )
API gravity

141 .5
o
API   131 .5
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o 54
 Definitions

Formation Volume Factor of Oil

Gas out of
Solution
Surface (Ps,Ts)

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Reservoir (P,T)
 Definitions

Volume of Oil + Dissolved gas at

Reservoir Pressure & Temperature
Bo = Volume of Oil entering Stock
tank at Tsc, Psc

Units = Reservoir barrels (bbl) /Stock tank barrels (STB)

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 General Shape of Bo

Reservoir T = constant

Bo

Pb
4/4/2014 57
Reservoir Pressure
 Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)

How much gas is dissolved in the oil

volume per volume basis
Rs depends upon pressure

Units [= ] SCF gas /STB oil

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 General Shape of Solution Gas
Oil Ratio (Rs)
Reservoir T = constant

Rs

Pb
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Reservoir Pressure
 Total Formation Volume Factor Bt

Pb

Bg(Rsb-Rs)
Bob Gas
Oil
Oil Bo
Hg Hg

4/4/2014 60
 Definition of Bt

Also called Two-phase formation

volume factor

Bt  Bo  Bg Rsb  Rs 
Units…

bbl/STB + bbl/SCF * (SCF/STB)

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 General Shape of Bt
Reservoir T = constant

Bt
Bo, Bt

Bt=Bo

Bo Pb
4/4/2014 62
Reservoir Pressure
 Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties

Separator gas
Separator gas
Rv =

Separator gas
Standard
Conditions

Bg =
STB
gas

P P
4
Reservoir
3
P P1
gas gas
2
oil oil
oil oil

Decreasing Pressure
Separator gas

Separator gas
Standard oil
Conditions
4/4/2014 STB Bo Rs 63
= STB = STB
 The Coefficient of Isothermal
Compressibility of Oil

Provides Instantaneous change of

volume with P at constant T

 V 
Co PA , TA   
1
 P 
V   TA
Total, molar or specific volume
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 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion

Specific Volume

V

 Temperature
(Use in Steam Injection Processes)
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 Oil Viscosity

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to

flow exerted by a fluid
This is called dynamic viscosity and has
units of
centipoise = g mass / 100 sec cm
Kinematic viscosity is viscosity / density,
units are in
centistokes = centipoise /g/cc

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 Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity

Calculation of two-phase flow

Gas-lift and pipeline design
Calculate oil recovery either from
natural depletion or from recovery
techniques such as waterflooding
and gas-injection processes

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4/4/2014 68
 Variation of Oil Viscosity

T = constant
Oil Viscosity

Gas Out of
Solution

Two Phase Flow Single Phase Flow

Pb
4/4/2014 69
 Fluid Properties for Reservoir
Engineering
The fluid properties of interest are the
those that affect the fluid mobility these
are used in material balance calculations

PVT properties are determined from 5

specific lab procedures
Flash liberation tests
Differential Liberation Tests
Viscosity Measurements
Separator Tests
Compositional measurements
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 Fluid Properties Determined

Oil Properties
Bubble Point Pressure
Bo
Rs
Bt
Co and mo
Gas properties
z
Bg and mg
Compositions oil & gas
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 Constant Compostion
Expansion test (CCE)
Also called flash vaporization test
1 2 3 4 5

gas gas

V t3 = V b
V t1
V t2 V t4 V t5
oil oil oil
oil

oil

Hg Hg Hg
Hg
Hg

P 1 >> P b
P2 > P b
P3 = P b
P4 < P b
P5 <P 4

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Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature
Flash Vaporization Test or CCE

Properties determined
Pb
Co

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 Determination of Pb

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 Determination of Co

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 2.Differential Liberation Test

Gas off
1 2 3 4 5

gas gas
gas
oil
oil oil oil

oil
Hg Hg oil
Hg

Hg
Hg
P1 = Pb P2 < Pb P2 < Pb P2 < P b P3 < P 2 < Pb

Temperature of Test = Reservoir Temperature

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 2.Differential Liberation (or
Separation) Test
Properties Determined
Oil formation volume factor at the Bubble
Point pressure Bodb and below the bubble point
pressure Bod
Solution gas-oil ratio at the Bubble Point
pressure Rsdb and below the bubble point
pressure Rsd
Isothermal compressibility (derived property)

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 3. Separator Tests

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 3. Separator Tests
Goals: Maximize API, minimize BoSb
& RsSb

4/4/2014 79
 Optimization of Separator 2
Conditions
3300 2.86
High Pressure Separator @ 900 psia and 100 ºF

Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

3280
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)

2.84

3260
2.82
3240

2.80
3220

3200 2.78

3180
o
T = 75 F 2.76
Sep2
3160
4/4/2014 50 100 150 200 250 300 80
Separator 2 Pressure (psia)
 Comparison between 1 & 2
Separators Stages (volatile oil)
3460

Formation Volume Factor at Pb (Bob)

2.96
Solution Gas Oil Ratio at Pb (Rsb)

3440

One Separator Stage

3420 2.94

3400
2.92

3380

Low Pressure Separator @ 300 psia and 75ºF 2.90

3360 o
T = 160 F
Sep1
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
4/4/2014 Separator 1 Pressure (psia) 81
Typical PVT Properties for a Black
Oil and a Volatile Oil
3.2
o
Black Oil T =180 F
3.0 R
Volatile Oil
2.8
Formation Volume Factor (Bo)

Black Oil Correlation

2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2 P P
b b
1.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
4/4/2014 Pressure (psia) 82
Typical PVT Properties for a Black
Oil and a Volatile Oil
4000
Black Oil o
T =180 F
R
Volatile Oil
Black Oil Correlation
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rs)

3000

2000

1000

P P
b b
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pressure (psia)
4/4/2014 83
 Nomenclature

4/4/2014 84
 Water in Petroleum Engineering

Presence of Water
Connate Water
Aquifer
Production
Well Log Analysis
Injection
Water Treatment

4/4/2014 85
 Water in Petroleum Engineering

Formation Water (Brine) Properties

Solubility of Gas in Water
Water Compressibility
Water Formation Volume Factor
Water Viscosity
Chemical Properties
Resistivity

4/4/2014 86
 Chemical Analysis of Water

All formation water contains dissolved

ions. The ions may be classified into two
groups. Positively charged, or cations,
and negatively charged or anions, these
ions proceed from salts in solution and
conduct electricity offering more or less
resistance depending upon the salt
concentration (property used in electric
logs).

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 Chemical Analysis of Water

Formation waters are neutral, that is

positive and negative charges
balance
Require brine compatibility with
injection fluids (clay swelling,
precipitations)

4/4/2014 88
 Additional PVT Tests

Chromatography
Swelling tests (miscibility tests) by
gas injection
See notes (and given references) for
chomatography techniques and
additional material for this module
Click to see an animation of separation.

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 Chromatography Principles &
Applications

Know what are the principles of

operation of a chromatograph
Learn the different types and capabilities
of chromatographs
Calibration fluids
Components of a GC / HPLC
How to interpret/read chromatographs

4/4/2014 90
 Reading Material

Files
Visco models.pdf
Reservoir Fluid Classification-
guidelines.pdf
Viscosity-MAB-Dominique.pdf

4/4/2014 91