134 Pressure Vessel Design Manual

Procedure 2-19: Forming Strains/Fiber Elongation

Nomenclature ro

d ¼ Original ID of pipe or tube, in tA

df ¼ Final OD of pipe or tube, in

do ¼ OD of pipe or tube, in
D ¼ Finished ID of pipe or tube, in Do
Db ¼ Diameter of blank plate or intermediate product,
in Rc
Df ¼ Final OD of pipe or tube, in
Do ¼ Original OD of head, in
FE ¼ Fiber elongation, %
L1 ¼ Developed length of two knuckles of head or Figure 2-53. Dimensions of pipe bend.
cone, in
L2 ¼ Developed length of crown of head or hemi-
t
sphere, in r
L
L ¼ Initial length of swaged or flared section of pipe
or tube, in a
Lf ¼ Final length of swaged or flared section of pipe or T.L. β
tube, in
ro ¼ Outside radius of pipe or tube, in SF Dm
Rc ¼ Centerline bend radius of pipe or tube, in
Rf ¼ Final mean radius, in
Ro ¼ Original mean radius of plate for head. Assume
Nif forming begins with a flat plate
t ¼ Thickness of plate, in
tA ¼ Wall thickness of pipe or tube before bending or
forming, in Figure 2-54. Dimensions of head.
tB ¼ Wall thickness of pipe or tube after forming, in
εf ¼ Forming strain or fiber elongation, % • Length of knuckles, L1
L1 ¼ 2rb ðp=180Þ
Expected Wall Thinning of Pipe Bends • Length of crown, L2
L2 ¼ 2La ðp=180Þ
tB ¼ ½ Rc =ðRc þ :5 do Þ ðtA Þ • Diameter of blank necessary, Db (developed length)
Rf ¼ Rc þ ro  :5 tB Db ¼ L1 þ L2 þ 2 SF þ 1 in
Assumes 1 in for machining.

Blank Diameter for Formed Heads (Developed Length)

Example # 1: Formed Head

Dimensions. Given: 100 in ID, 2:1 S.E. Head, 1 in thick

a ¼ :5ðDm  2 rÞ Dm ¼ 101 in
Sin a ¼ a=ðL  rÞ L ¼ :9 Dm ¼ 90:9 in
a ¼ r ¼ :1727 Dm ¼ 17:44 in
b ¼ 90  a a ¼ 0:5ðDm  2rÞ ¼ :5ð101  34:88Þ ¼ 33:06 in